Significant Risk Factor For Asthma Research Articles

Association between visceral adipose tissue and asthma based on the NHANES and Mendelian randomization study.

Obesity is a crucial risk factor for asthma. Observational studies have examined the association between abdominal obesity and asthma symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and asthma and its potential as an independent indicator. This study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey spanning 2011-8. Multivariable logistic regression and stratified variable selection were employed to identify associations between asthma and VAT. Moreover, a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis, using 221 genetic variants as instrumental variables, was conducted to assess this relationship further. Our findings indicated that individuals with higher VAT levels were more likely to develop asthma. Visceral obesity remained a significant risk factor for asthma after adjusting for demographic characteristics. Genetic predictions suggest a positive association between VAT and an elevated risk of asthma (odds ratio [OR] = 1.393, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.266-1.534, and P = 1.43E-11). No significant polymorphisms were detected using the Mendelian randomization-Egger intercept test. This study presents potential evidence supporting the causal role of VAT in asthma development. Furthermore, the findings from the Mendelian randomization analysis further reinforce the relationship between VAT and asthma risk.

Risk prediction model construction for asthma after allergic rhinitis by blood immune T effector cells.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma (AS) are prevalent and frequently co-occurring respiratory diseases, with mutual influence on each other. They share similar etiology, pathogenesis, and pathological changes. Due to the anatomical continuity between the upper and lower respiratory tracts, allergic inflammation in the nasal cavity can readily propagate downwards, leading to bronchial inflammation and asthma. AR serves as a significant risk factor for AS by potentially inducing airway hyperresponsiveness in patients. Currently, there is a lack of reliable predictors for the progression from AR to AS. In this exhaustive investigation, we reexamined peripheral blood single cell RNA sequencing datasets from patients with AS following AR and healthy individuals. In addition, we used the bulk RNA sequencing dataset as a validation lineup, which included AS, AR, and healthy controls. Using marker genes of related cell subtype, signatures predicting the progression of AR to AS were generated. We identified a subtype of immune-activating effector T cells that can distinguish patients with AS after AR. By combining specific marker genes of effector T cell subtype, we established prediction models of 16 markers. The model holds great promise for assessing AS risk in individuals with AR, providing innovative avenues for clinical diagnosis and treatment strategies. Subcluster T effector cells may play a key role in post-AR AS. Notably, ACTR3 and HSPA8 genes were significantly upregulated in the blood of AS patients compared to healthy patients.

Association between living habits, indoor humidity, ventilation and asthma among residents in the tropical regions of China.

Asthma is a major public health problem that affects both children and adults, and its prevalence varies among people with different climatic characteristics and living habits. However, few studies have investigated the prevalence and risk factors for asthma among tropical residents in China. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the correlation between individuals' living environment and daily habits in Hainan Province, and the occurrence of asthma. This cross-sectional study collected data from 1021 participants in three regions of the Hainan Province. A questionnaire derived from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey was used to collect data on demographics, living habits, self-reported asthma, and respiratory system-related symptoms. Logistic regression was used for univariate and multivariate analyses to screen for relative risk factors associated with asthma. Among the 1,021 subjects investigated, the prevalence rate of self-reported asthma was 18.6%. Significant risk factors for asthma include hair dyeing, longer living time in Hainan, higher BMI, and living in a damp and musty room. Protective factors included fruit intake, years of higher education, and indoor timing of natural ventilation. Higher frequency of hair dyeing, higher body mass index (BMI), longer living in Hainan, lower frequency of fruit intake, fewer years of education, a damp and musty room, and no indoor timing natural ventilation were associated with an increased risk of asthma.

The association of asthma and air pollution: Evidence from India

In the last two decades, air pollution has increased throughout India resulting in the deterioration of air quality. This paper estimates the prevalence of self-reported asthma in women aged 15–49 years and examines the link between outdoor air pollution and disease prevalence in India by combining satellite data on particulate matter (PM2.5) and the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–16. The results indicate that both indoor pollution as well as outdoor air pollution are important risk factors for asthma in women as both independently increase the probability of asthma among this group. Strategies around the prevention of asthma need to recognize the role of both indoor as well as outdoor air pollution. The other significant risk factors for asthma are smoking, second-hand smoking, type of diet and obesity.

Study on Intestinal Flora and Asthma: Knowledge Graph Analysis Based on CiteSpace (2001-2021).

Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airway. Intestinal flora, a significant risk factor for asthma, has become a widespread concern in the pathogenesis of asthma. To review the literature related to intestinal flora in asthma, summarize research direction, and report trends, this study used CiteSpace to perform bibliometric statistics and analysis on the research papers of intestinal flora and asthma collected in the Web of science core collection from 2001 to 2021. Eventually, a total of 613 articles were included. The results demonstrated that research on gut flora and asthma continued to heat up, with article numbers increasing, especially in the last decade. Moreover, analysis of the keywords showed that the research topics of intestinal flora and asthma range from confirming the link between intestinal flora and asthma to investigating mechanisms and then to asthma treatment. According to the summary of research hotspots, we expand on three emerging issues that require attention in the intestinal flora and asthma research, including (regulatory T)Treg cells, probiotics, and chain fatty acid. Evidence illustrated that Treg cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of asthma caused by dysbiosis of the gut flora. Furthermore, in contrast to probiotic supplements, which do not reduce the risk of developing asthma, short-chain fatty acids supplements do. Overall, the research direction in the field of intestinal flora and asthma has recently evolved from macro to micro with depth broadened. As a robust scientific evaluation, our study provided a comprehensive overview of the area, particularly for research focus, which could more precisely direct scholars on future research and clinical diagnosis, therapy, and individualized prevention.

Investigation of Specific IgG4 and IgE Antibodies to Cat Allergen Among 296 Subjects in the Project Viva Birth Cohort: Evidence that a Low Ratio of sIgG4:sIgE is a Significant Risk Factor for Asthma and Asthma Severity

Investigation of Specific IgG4 and IgE Antibodies to Cat Allergen Among 296 Subjects in the Project Viva Birth Cohort: Evidence that a Low Ratio of sIgG4:sIgE is a Significant Risk Factor for Asthma and Asthma Severity

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asthma in Children and Adolescents in Rabigh, Western Saudi Arabia

The worldwide prevalence of asthma in children is variable. The different epidemiological definitions of asthma, the use of various methods of measurement, and the environmental variations between countries are responsible for such different prevalence rates. This study has been performed to identify the prevalence/risk factors of asthma in Saudi children/adolescents in Rabigh. A cross-sectional epidemiological survey has been conducted using the validated Arabic version of the "International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire". Data on the sociodemographic characteristics of participants and risk factors of asthma have also been collected. Three hundred and forty-nine Children/adolescents with an age range of 5-18 years have been randomly selected for an interview from public places and houses in different regions of Rabigh City. The prevalence rates of physician-diagnosed asthma, any wheezing, and wheezing in the last 12 months among children/adolescents (mean age: 12.22 ± 4.14 years) have remarkably increased in association with the rapidly developing industrialization of Rabigh from previously recorded rates of 4.9%, 7.4%, and 6.4% in the only study that has previously been conducted in Rabigh in 1998 to 31.5%, 23.5%, and 14.9%, respectively. The univariate analysis has detected some significant risk factors for asthma. However, in younger aged children (5-9 years), allergic rhinitis, associated chronic illnesses, and viral respiratory infection-induced wheezing have remained significant risk factors of any wheezing. Drug allergy, exposure to dust, and viral respiratory infection-induced wheezing have persisted as significant risk factors for wheezing in the last 12 months. Eczema in the family, exposure to perfumes/incense, and viral respiratory infection-induced wheezing have remained as significant risk factors of physician-diagnosed asthma. The results of this survey should be useful in future targeted preventive plans/measures with special attention to improving air quality to limit the progressive increase in asthma prevalence in Rabigh, as well as in other similar industrial communities.

Cigarette Smoking and Asthma

Cigarette smoking is a well-know health hazard, probably not least for patients suffering from asthma. This review gives a short overview concerning the effects of passive and active smoking on the inception and outcome with regard to longitudinal changes in lung function and mortality for patients with asthma. Substantial evidence suggests that smoking affects asthma adversely. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in children, especially maternal smoking, may be a significant risk factor for asthma. Environmental tobacco exposure in patients with established asthma is not only associated with more severe symptoms, but also with lower quality of life, reduced lung function, and increased health care utilisation for asthma, including hospital admissions. Active smoking appears not to be a significant risk factor for asthma, but it is associated with worse outcome with regard to both longitudinal changes in lung function and asthma-related mortality. Based on the current knowledge, it therefore seems of utmost importance to encourage patients with asthma not to smoke. In line with this, patients with asthma should be given full support in their right to a smoke-free environment.

Smoking and respiratory allergic diseases

The review presents a modern view on the problem of the impact of smoking on allergic respiratory diseases. Smoking is known to be a significant risk factor for asthma. Currently, it is of scientific interest to study the effect of smoking on allergic rhinitis and sensitization to allergens. Tobacco smoke affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, contributing to a change in structure and dysfunction, and when exposed to allergens simultaneously, it can increase the activation of the Th2-immune response, increase the production of IgE, which may contribute to the development of allergic diseases.
 In recent years, e-cigarette smoking has become especially popular. The aerosol components of electronic cigarettes are characterized by irritant properties and inhalation toxicity. Smoking electronic cigarettes, like smoking traditional cigarettes, can affect the immunity of the respiratory mucosa, including the functions of epithelial cells, macrophages and neutrophils.
 The article presents conflicting data on the effect of smoking on sensitization to allergens. Tobacco smoke is a known trigger and exposure to it increases the risk of developing new cases of asthma in patients with allergic rhinitis. The influence of smoking on the development and clinical course of allergic pathology requires further study.

RISK FACTORS FOR INNER CITY ASTHMA PATIENTS

Asthma patients in inner cities have the highest prevalence of asthma and the highest death rates in America. The purpose of this study was to evaluate sensitization and exposure to common indoor allergens seen for asthma treatment at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Ga. Eighty asthma patients were enrolled in the emergency department and 64 in hospital clinics in this study. Neither sensitization nor visibility In this population, cat allergens are prevalent. The findings show that black asthma patients are exposed to high levels of mite and cockroach allergens in downtown Atlanta and that a high percentage of patients with asthma are sensitized to these allergens; a significant risk factor for asthma in this population is the combination of sensitization and exposure.
 Keywords: asthma; mechanical ventilation, status asthmaticus , Pathophysiology epidemiology mechanisms.

United States prevalence of pediatric asthma by environmental tobacco smoke exposure, 2016–2017

Objectives We sought to update the prevalence estimates of parent-reported asthma diagnosis by Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure in the United States (US) pediatric population. Methods This cross-sectional study included 71,811 families with children who participated in the 2016–2017 National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH). Weighted asthma prevalence estimates were calculated for ETS-exposed and non-exposed children. Chi-square analysis compared asthma prevalence between the two exposure groups and logistic regression analysis generated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of asthma diagnosis by ETS exposure by sex, race/ethnicity, and household education and income level. Results Asthma prevalence estimates were significantly higher in ETS-exposed vs. non-exposed children (10.7% vs. 7.8%, p < 0.001). Children with a smoker in the house are 30% more likely to have an asthma diagnosis vs. children with no smokers in the house (aOR 1.29, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.09–1.52). Significant predictors for ETS exposure included < high school education and lower family income. Conversely, non-Hispanic black and Hispanic children were less likely to have ETS exposure vs. non-Hispanic white children. Conclusions ETS exposure is a significant risk factor for asthma in the US pediatric population. Smoking cessation initiatives targeting non-Hispanic white parents from lower socioeconomic may improve children’s chronic pulmonary health risk.

Investigation of the Relationship between Asthma and Visceral Obesity by Epicardial Fat Thickness Measurement.

Obesity is a risk factor defined in recent years for asthma. It is associated not only with asthma but also with many cardiovascular diseases. Visceral obesity is a more significant risk factor than general obesity in cardiovascular diseases. Although the association of visceral obesity with cardiovascular diseases is well known, the relationship in patients with asthma is not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between asthma and visceral fat by using epicardial fat thickness (EFT) measurement. A total of 401 subjects (229 patients with persistent asthma and 172 controls) were enrolled in the study. In our study, EFT was measured, recorded by echocardiography, and was evaluated whether there was a statistical significant difference between the two groups. The mean EFT was 5.84±0.79 mm in the patient group and 5.71±0.93 mm in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p=0.145). Similarly, when we compared control and asthma severity subgroups, we did not find statistically significant differences (control group mean 5.71±0.93 mm, mild group mean 5.86±0.81 mm, moderate group mean 5.8±0.84 mm, and severe group mean 5.83±0.67 mm, p=0.505). In the present study, we observed that the EFT did not increase in patients with asthma compared with the normal population. Based on our results, we suggest that visceral obesity may not be a significant risk factor for asthma.

Obesity, but not metabolic syndrome, as a risk factor for late-onset asthma in Japanese women

BackgroundSeveral cross-sectional studies have suggested an association between obesity and asthma. However, few studies have investigated this relationship longitudinally, especially in middle-aged subjects. Although metabolic syndrome is a well-known risk factor for many non-communicable diseases, its contribution to asthma remains controversial. MethodsFrom 2008, specific health checkups for metabolic syndrome have been conducted throughout Japan. To seek relationships of obesity and metabolic syndrome with late-onset asthma in Japan, we analyzed data collected from health insurance claims and specific health checkups for metabolic syndrome at three large health insurance societies. Among subjects aged 40–64 years (n = 9888), multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationships of obesity and metabolic syndrome in fiscal year 2012 (from April 2012 to March 2013) with the incidence of late-onset asthma in the following two years (from April 2013 to March 2015). ResultsIn women, BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2 or ≥30 kg/m2, waist circumference ≥90 cm, and waist-to-height ratio ≥0.5 were shown to be significant risk factors for asthma, with adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of 1.92 (1.35–2.75), 2.24 (1.23–4.09), 1.89 (1.30–2.75), and 1.53 (1.15–2.03), respectively. Significance was retained even after adjustment for metabolic syndrome, and there were no significant relationships between metabolic syndrome itself and the incidence of asthma in men or women. ConclusionsOnly the obesity measures, not metabolic syndrome, were shown to be significant risk factors for the incidence of late-onset asthma but only in middle-aged Japanese women, and not in men.

Pediatric Asthma and its Relation to SocioDemographic Factors in Baghdad

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of children, causing a huge burden on family and society It‟s prevalence has risen sharply over the past 30 years in many parts of the world with large geographical variations. However, in Iraq there is no national database which could be obtained. Due to the increasing number of cases and the burden of this health problem we investigated the sociodemographic and other risk factors related to asthma among primary school children. Modified ISAAC questionnaires were completed by the parents of 2262 children randomly chosen. We found males having higher rat of asthma Bing male be more at risk of developing asthma steadily increasing (27.4%), (28.3%)and (39.5%) with increased (CR) crowding rate (&lt;3, 5 - 5,and &gt;5) respectively. only CR of &gt;5 acts as a significant risk factor for asthma. Urbanization acts as significant risk for developing asthma.

Risk Factors for Asthma at Age 7 to 8 in Early Childhood Wheezers: Results from a Japanese Asthma Cohort Study

Previous studies have demonstrated that a proportion of children with wheezing episodes in early childhood do not have asthma at school age. We sought to determine the risk factors for asthma at school age among early childhood wheezers in a Japanese asthma cohort study. A total of 632 children aged 0 to 3 with recurrent wheezing episodes were recruited in 2004 to 2006. Information including family history, environmental factors, wheezing symptoms and treatment were collected by annual questionnaires. Among the 545 children with adequate baseline information, we analyzed the 433 children followed up at 7 to 8 years old. Asthma at 7 to 8 years old was defined as having wheeze or the regular use of asthma controller medication in the past 12 months. Of the analyzed 433 children, 299 (69.1%) were boys and 350 (80.8%) children were on treatment of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) or leukotriene receptor antagonists at recruitment. At 7 to 8 years of age, 276 (63.7%) had asthma. Multivariate regression analysis showed that low birth weight, personal history of atopic dermatitis and food allergy at baseline, parental allergic rhinitis or pollinosis, the use of ICS at baseline were significantly associated with asthma at age 7 to 8 (each p<0.05). Predisposition to atopy was a significant risk factor for asthma at school age in early childhood wheezers, similar to previous studies. Children with the early use of ICS had a high risk of asthma at school age in our study population, probably due to the initial severity.

Impact of medically recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis on incidence of asthma.

The long-term impact of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with or without allergic rhinitis (AR) on asthma is poorly documented. This study analyzed potential associations of ongoing CRS and AR on asthma. Using the MarketScan™ claims database, patients with CRS and endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in 2010 were identified. The date of first sinusitis was determined for all. Patients with asthma at time of first sinusitis diagnosis were excluded. The remaining patients were grouped based on duration of sinusitis, from first diagnosis to surgery-group 1: 1 to <2 years (n = 181); group 2: 2 to <3 years (n = 195); group 3: 3 to <4 years (n = 292); and group 4: 4 to <5 years (n = 536). Yearly incidence and prevalence of newly diagnosed asthmatics was analyzed for all groups. A secondary analysis evaluated the association between AR and asthma. Preoperatively, yearly incidence of patients with new asthma diagnoses averaged 4.48% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.93% to 5.11%) and was significantly greater for patients with AR (5.93%; 95% CI, 4.56% to 7.66%) vs non-AR (4.15%; 95% CI, 3.56% to 4.82%); p = 0.03. Postoperatively, yearly incidence of asthma was 0.42% (95% CI, 0.18% to 0.88%). No patient had asthma at time of first diagnosis; however, by time of surgery, 9.4%, 12.8%, 18.2%, and 22.40% of patients had been diagnosed with asthma, in groups 1 through 4, respectively. AR was a significant risk factor for asthma in patients with CRS. Medically recalcitrant CRS was associated with high incidence rates of asthma, which declined post-operatively. Patients operated earlier in the disease continuum were therefore at decreased risk of developing asthma.

Low eosinophils during bronchiolitis in infancy are associated with lower risk of adulthood asthma.

Infant bronchiolitis may be the first manifestation of asthma. To evaluate the association of early-childhood risk or protective factors for asthma and lung function reduction in adults 30 years after bronchiolitis in infancy. Forty-seven former bronchiolitis patients attended the clinical study at the median age of 29.5 years, including doctoral examination and measurement of post-bronchodilator lung function with flow-volume spirometry. Data on early-life risk factors including blood eosinophil counts on admission for bronchiolitis and on convalescence 4-6 weeks after bronchiolitis were available. Low blood eosinophil count <0.25 × 10E9/l on admission for bronchiolitis was a significant protective factor and high blood eosinophil count >0.45 × 10E9/l on convalescence was a significant risk factor for asthma in adulthood independently from atopic status in infancy. Parental asthma and high blood eosinophil count >0.45 × 10E9/l during bronchiolitis were significant risk factors for irreversible airway obstruction (FEV1/FVC ratio below the 5th percentile lower limit of normality after bronchodilation). Our adjusted analyses confirmed that eosinopenia during infant bronchiolitis predicted low asthma risk and eosinophilia outside infection predicted high asthma risk up to the age of 28-31 years. Parental asthma and eosinophilia during bronchiolitis were recognized as risk factors for irreversible airway obstruction.

Particulate matter 2.5 induces autophagy via inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin kinase signaling pathway in human bronchial epithelial cells.

Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) is a significant risk factor for asthma. A recent study revealed that autophagy was associated with asthma pathogenesis. However, the specific mechanisms underlying PM2.5-induced autophagy in asthma have remained elusive. In the present study, PM2.5-induced autophagy was evaluated in Beas-2B human bronchial epithelial cells and the potential molecular mechanisms were investigated. Using electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining and immunoblot studies, it was confirmed that PM2.5 induced autophagy in Beas-2B cells as a result of PM2.5-mediated inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in Beas-2B cells. LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, reduced the accumulation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 II and attenuated the effect of PM2.5. Phosphorylated (p-)p38, p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase were dephosphorylated following exposure to PM2.5. The roles of p53, reactive oxygen species scavenger tetramethylthiourea and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine in PM2.5-induced autophagy in Beas-2B cells were also investigated. The results suggested that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway may be a key contributor to PM2.5-induced autophagy in Beas-2B cells. The results of the present study therefore provided an a insight into potential future clinical applications targeting these signaling pathways, for the prevention and/or treatment of PM2.5-induced lung diseases.

High risk of adult asthma following severe wheezing in early life.

Severe wheezing in early life is associated with an increased risk of asthma during childhood and adolescence. The aim of the present follow-up was to investigate the asthma prevalence and risk factors for asthma in adulthood. We have prospectively studied asthma development in 101 children hospitalized due to severe wheezing before the age of 24 months. The cohort was re-investigated at a mean age of 27 years and tested for bronchial hyper-responsiveness and allergic sensitization. The response rate in adulthood was 81% (82/101). The results were compared with a population-based, age-matched control group (n = 1,210) recruited from the West Sweden Asthma Study. Current doctor-diagnosed asthma was found in 37% (30/82) compared with 7% (82/1,210) in the control group. The risk of adult asthma in the cohort compared with the control group was increased 10-fold (adjusted OR 10.0, 95% CI 5.3-18.7), independently of allergic rhinitis, gender, smoking and heredity. Within the cohort, current allergy (aOR 9.6, 95% CI 3.0-31.2) and female gender (aOR 3.2, 95% CI 1.1-9.3) independently increased the risk of adult asthma. Females with current allergy had the highest risk of adult asthma (OR 29.4, 95% CI 5.0-173.3), compared with males without allergy. When separately adjusting for factors present at admission in early life within the cohort, a family history of asthma was a significant risk factor for asthma in adulthood (aOR 4.0, 95% CI 1.3-12.5). Subjects with severe early wheezing have a 10-fold increase in the risk of adult asthma compared to an age-matched control group, adjusted for allergic rhinitis, gender, smoking and heredity.

The Prevalence of Asthma Diagnosis and Symptoms is Still Increasing in Early Adolescents in Turkey

This study was performed to evaluate the time trends in prevalence of asthma and related factors in Denizli, Turkey. Two cross-sectional surveys were performed, 6 years apart (2002 and 2008) using the ISAAC protocol, in the 13-14 age groups and comparisons were made between the results. Lifetime prevalence of wheeze, 12 month prevalence of wheeze, and the prevalence of wheeze after exercise in the previous 12 months were significantly increased respectively from 10.2% to 13.4% (POR = 1.37, 95%CI = 1.18-1.58, p < 0.001), from 5.0% to 6.2% (POR = 1.26, 95%CI = 1.02-1.55, p = 0.016) and from 9% to 10.2% (POR = 1.15, 95%CI = 0.98-1.35, p = 0.046) in 2008 study. Doctor diagnosed asthma prevalence also increased significantly from 2.1% to 12.9 (POR = 6.80, 95%CI = 5.22-8.85, p < 0.001). Prevalence of sleep disturbed by wheeze in the last 12 months; but, never woken with wheezing (POR = 1.62, 95%CI = 1.26-2.09, p = < 0.001) and less than one night per week (POR = 1.58, 95%CI = 1.06-2.36, p = 0.013) were significantly increased in 2008 study. Severe attacks of wheeze limiting speech in the last year was increased from 1.3% to 2.2% (POR = 1.67, 95%CI = 1.14-2.43, p = 0.004). The number of wheeze attacks in the previous 12 months was increased significantly for 4-to-12 attacks (POR = 1.54, 95%CI = 1.03-2.32, p = 0.02) in 2008 study. However, prevalence of waking with cough in the last 12 months did not change. While history of family atopy and domestic animal at home were found as significant risk factors for asthma in 2002 study, male gender, history of family atopy and stuffed toys were found significant in 2008. The prevalence of asthma symptoms were increased in Denizli. History of family atopy, male gender and stuffed toys were important risk factors for asthma in 2008.