Significant Predictors Of Loneliness Research Articles

Unveiling loneliness: health determinants of feeling alone in the older urban residents

Abstract In older people health condition contributes to the feeling of being alone (loneliness). We aimed to assess which chronic health conditions are the strongest determinants of loneliness in older urban residents. Participants of the Polish part of the HAPIEE Study (Health Alcohol and Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe) examined in 2019-20 were included to the analysis. Trained nurses interviewed respondents in their homes. Loneliness was assessed using 3-item UCLA scale (range: 3-9, cuf-off≥ 6 points). Socioeconomic data, self-rated health (SRH) and the history of 18 diseases diagnosed by the doctor was assessed using standardized questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was used; odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals are presented (OR (95%CI)). There were 461 participants (48% males) of mean age 72 years (SD = 6.3). In 34 participants (7%) UCLA score was 6 or more. The majority (63%) of respondents were married or cohabiting. Nearly 90% declared having children. After adjustment for marital status and having children, poor distance vision 3.84 (1.31-6.12), hearing problems 2.20 (1.07-4.53), acute back pain syndrome 2.21 (1.06-4.59) and cancer 2.36 (1.03-5.41) were determinants of loneliness. Further adjustment for age weakened the association with distance vision 2.74 (1.26-5.94) and waved the relationship with hearing problems 2.06 (0.99-4.29). The estimates for remaining health conditions remained almost unchanged. The strongest predictor of loneliness was SRH. After adjustment for age, marital status, having children and objective burden of chronic diseases, compared to good SRH, participants with moderate and poor SRH were more likely to report loneliness by over 3 and 6 times: 3.41 (1.29-9.05) and 6.60 (2.16-20.18), respectively. The perception of poor health and diagnosis of cancer strongly determined loneliness in older people, but other important predictors of loneliness were conditions that objectively hinder maintaining social contacts. Key messages • In older people health condition is related to the feeling of being alone, and the strongest objective health determinant of loneliness was diagnosis of cancer. • Independently of objective burden of chronic diseases, self-rated health was a significant predictor of loneliness in older urban residents.

Prevalence of Unwanted Loneliness and Associated Factors in People over 65 Years of Age in a Health Area of the Region of Murcia, Spain: HELPeN Project.

Background/Objectives: Population aging poses many challenges to public health, highlighting loneliness and social isolation as severe problems that affect the physical and mental health of older adults. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these became aggravated. The objective of the present study was to assess the prevalence of loneliness and its relationship with social isolation, depression, cognitive deterioration, sleep quality, and the level of physical mobility and functioning of older adults in Health Area 3 of the Region of Murcia. Methods: A descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional study was performed. The inclusion criteria were age ≥ 65, living in Health Area 3 of the Region of Murcia, and not being institutionalized. The following variables were evaluated: sociodemographic variables, loneliness (UCLA scale), social isolation (DUFSS), depression (GDS), cognitive deterioration (Pfeiffer), sleep quality (PSQI), and mobility (Barthel index). A univariate and multivariate regression model was created to examine how the dependent variable was related to the independent variables. Results: A total of 102 older adults participated in the study. Of these, 31.4% perceived unwanted loneliness and 14.7% low social support. The multivariate regression analysis showed that social isolation, geriatric depression, and cognitive deterioration were significant predictors of loneliness. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of developing multifaceted interventions that address not only social isolation but also other interrelated factors such as depression, cognitive deterioration, and sleep quality. The strategies should be centered on community programs and support networks. It is fundamental to perform longitudinal studies to better understand the causal relationships between these variables.

Prevalence and predictors of loneliness and its association with health-seeking behaviors among the elderly population, Gujarat, A community-based cross-sectional study.

To determine the prevalence and predictors of loneliness and its associations with health behaviors among elderly adults in Gujarat, India. This community-based cross-sectional study included 250 participants aged ≥60 years. Loneliness was measured using the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Associations with socio-demographic, health, and social factors were explored through regression models. Health behaviors were compared between lonely and non-lonely groups. The prevalence of moderate and severe loneliness was 24% (n = 60) and 16% (n = 40), respectively. 40% (n = 100) were found to be lonely. Widowhood (55/125, OR 3.67), living alone (75/125, OR 1.85), social isolation (90/125, OR 2.38), recent bereavement (68/125, OR 1.69), depression (85/125, OR 6.52), and disability (70/125, OR 6.35) were significant predictors of loneliness (P < 0.05). Lonely elders had poorer diet, exercise, sleep, increased smoking, screen time, reduced medical checkups, and social engagements versus non-lonely peers (P < 0.05). Loneliness was highly prevalent among 40% of elderly Indians and strongly linked to adverse health behaviors. Interventions promoting social connectedness, counseling, and peer support are recommended.

Psycho-social and health predictors of loneliness in older primary care patients and mediating mechanisms linking comorbidities and loneliness

BackgroundAging is associated with many personal, social, and environmental challenges that increase the risk of loneliness. Loneliness is a painful emotional experience associated with a perceived lack of connection and intimacy. Loneliness accelerates health deterioration, but the presence of chronic health conditions (comorbidities) in older individuals may potentiate the feeling of loneliness. The relationships between health status and loneliness in older individuals have not been assessed in an integrated manner, although it is necessary for planning efficient interventions. The aim of this study was to fill in this knowledge gap, by attempting to create an integrated model of loneliness in older individuals.MethodsThe sample consisted of 189 (58% F) older individuals (> 60 years) (mean ± SD, 78.47 ± 6.65), attendees in Primary Health Care. Different factors associated with loneliness in the older population were assessed, and classified as demographic, environmental, physical (health-related), and psychological, in addition to functional abilities. A set of standard questionnaires was used to assess psychological factors and functional abilities. The hierarchical regression model assessed the effect of particular blocks of factors on status loneliness. The second aim was to analyze how psychological factors mediate associations between health status (comorbidity level) and loneliness.ResultsIndicated that increasing comorbidity, anxiety, lack of positive moods, not having hobbies/activities, low perception of social support, impaired cognitive function, and suppression of emotion expression, are significant predictors of loneliness. Mediation analysis informed us of how to help patients with comorbidities feel less lonely. Interventions that were suggested were those that can reduce anxiety and depression, improve cognitive abilities and emotional regulation control, and enhance social support.ConclusionsResults can help understand the pathophysiology loops linking poor health status (comorbidity level) of older individuals and loneliness, and have significant potentials from the translational perspectives, as a decision-support tool.

Loneliness among the elderly in Baltic nations during the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic

Abstract Background The population in the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania is ageing rapidly. Loneliness is one of the most disruptive transformations facing older adults. Loneliness implies a lack of meaningful social relations or absence of human contact, and adversely impacts the health and quality of life of older adults. Loneliness is associated with an increased risk of premature death, dementia, heart disease, depression anxiety and suicide. This study is based on the Cacioppo Evolutionary Theory of Loneliness (ETL), that posits, that an individual's perception of loneliness triggers nonconscious evolutionary behavior that may have long term deleterious consequences. There is evidence of the heritability of loneliness as a population parameter. Research Objectives To determine the nature of loneliness experienced by older adults in Baltic states, specifically is loneliness among older adults the same across countries, genders, age and employment status. Study Design Data from Wave 9, COVID-19 Survey 2 (Summer 2021) of the of the cross-national panel dataset of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) were examined using a sample of 6303 adults over 50 years old from Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. Analysis: Nonparametric one-way ANOVA (Kruskal-Wallis test) was performed to test the null hypothesis that the rate of loneliness is equal across gender, age, and country in Baltic states. Principal Findings There was a statistically significant difference in the loneliness reported by country. The indicate that country is a significant factor [χ2= 77.14, df = 2; p&amp;lt; .001], and the rate of loneliness varies significantly by gender [χ2= 93.94, df = 1; p&amp;lt; .001, and age [χ2= 187.80, df = 6; p&amp;lt; .001]. Conclusions These finding suggest that age and gender are significant predictors of loneliness. Implications for Policy and Practice: Care of older adults should aim at alleviating loneliness difficulties faced by this population. Key messages • Age and gender was a significant predictor of loneliness among the elderly in Baltic states at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic. • Policy initiatives that aim to alleviate loneliness among older adults should address age and gender factors.

Combined effects of loneliness and inflammation on depression in people with HIV

ObjectiveLoneliness is prevalent in people with HIV (PWH) and associated with adverse health-related consequences, including depression. Chronic inflammation has been linked to depression in PWH, though its association with loneliness is less well established. Simultaneous examination of inflammation, loneliness and depression is needed to clarify these relationships. This study investigated the relationship between loneliness and inflammation, and the effects of loneliness and inflammation on depression in PWH. Methods82 PWH who were on suppressive ART (mean age [SD] = 53.2 [9.0]) completed the UCLA Loneliness Scale-Version 3 and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale as part of a comprehensive evaluation. Biomarkers of systemic inflammation (CRP, IL-6, CCL2/MCP-1, sCD14) and coagulation (D-dimer) were measured in blood using commercial immunoassays.ResultsMultivariable linear regression analyses revealed that higher D-dimer, CCL2/MCP-1, and sCD14 were significant predictors of loneliness (ps < .05) while accounting for relevant covariates. Stepwise multiple linear regression models that included loneliness, biomarkers, and their interactions as predictors of depressive symptoms revealed significant main effects of loneliness and CCL2/MCP-1 levels (ps < .05), and a significant loneliness by D-dimer interaction (p < .05) whereby higher D-dimer was associated with increased depressive symptoms only at higher levels of loneliness. ConclusionsIncreased coagulation activity is associated with loneliness, and in the context of loneliness, may increase risk for depression. Increased inflammation was associated with depression suggesting potentially dissociable underlying biological processes. To the extent that these processes are modifiable, such findings could have important implications in the treatment of loneliness and depression in PWH.

Social cognitive bias increases loneliness both directly and by decreasing social connection in patients with schizophrenia.

While considerable emphasis has been put on investigating the mechanisms that drive reduced social connection in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), recent studies have increasingly focused on the issue of loneliness in SCZ. As both social cognitive bias and self-reported empathy predict loneliness in non-clinical populations, the current study aims to examine the relationship between loneliness, reduced social connection and social cognitive biases, and self-reported empathy in SCZ. Ninety-three adult SCZ and sixty-six matched healthy individuals completed a battery of questionnaires measuring loneliness and social connection (Revised-UCLA Loneliness Scale, Lubben-Social Network Scale, Social Disconnectedness Scale), cognitive biases (Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire, Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale, Cognitive Biases Questionnaire for psychosis) and self-reported empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index). Significant predictors of loneliness in SCZ were entered into two latent variables ("Social Threat Bias", "Social Connection"), and structural equation modeling was used to explore the direct and indirect relationships between Social Threat Bias, symptoms. and loneliness in SCZ. Patients reported higher levels of loneliness, cognitive biases and personal distress compared to controls. Furthermore, SCZ reported less social connection and perspective taking compared to controls. Structural equation modeling revealed that Social Threat Bias was linked to increased loneliness in SCZ both directly and indirectly via decreased social connection. Negative symptoms were directly linked with loneliness, while the association between affective symptoms and loneliness was mediated via Social Threat Bias. The results of the current study suggest that social threat bias should be considered while planning the interventions aimed to reduce loneliness in schizophrenia.

DO I GET BY WITH A LITTLE HELP FROM MY FRIENDS? FINDINGS FROM THE IOWA UNMARRIED SURVIVORS STUDY

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the role that selected personality variables (Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, and Openness), social support, and coping played in loneliness of 227 (M = 78.2, SD = 8.1) participants in the Iowa Unmarried Survivors Study. This study is a sample of never married, divorced, and widowed participants. Blocked multiple regression analyses were used in this study. In the first block, age, gender, ethnicity, past schooling, current marital status, total illnesses, and childhood poverty were included. The second block contained the aforementioned personality variables, and the third block included both social support and coping. Results indicated that both Neuroticism and Extraversion were significant predictors of loneliness, β = .266, p &amp;lt; .00, β = -.294, p &amp;lt; .05, and β = .27, p &amp;lt; .00, respectively. In short, the greater the neuroticism, the higher the score in loneliness. Moreover, the lower the level of extraversion, the higher the score in loneliness. In addition, social support served as a significant predictor of loneliness, β = -.412, p &amp;lt; .00. The more social support in the participants’ lives, the lower level of loneliness. Finally, coping predicted loneliness. In essence, the more loneliness in their lives, the greater the use of coping mechanisms utilized. This model explained 58% of the variance in loneliness scores. Navigating through late adulthood as an unmarried survivor presents a host of challenges, and these results add to our understanding of the link between personality, social support, coping, and loneliness in late life.

Decreased self-reported receiving of social touch and social support predict loneliness in healthy adults

Loneliness has emerged as a public health concern. Previous research has reported its deleterious effects on physical and mental health; however, some specific psychophysiological mechanisms in healthy adults remain to be elucidated. The aim of the current study is to investigate whether self-reported social support and social touch (giving and receiving social touch), as well as resting heart rate variability (HRV), are significant negative predictors of loneliness in healthy adults. The study sample consists of 120 healthy students (50% female) with a mean age of 21.85 years old (DP= 2.21). The students were asked to complete a psychiatric screening questionnaire utilizing loneliness, social support, and social touch scales. HRV was derived from an electrocardiographic signal recorded for 15 min, with the participant relaxed in a supine position. Linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate loneliness as a function of social support, social touch (giving or receiving touch), and resting HRV. The results show that social support (p< 0.001) and social touch, specifically receiving touch (p< 0.002), accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in loneliness. However, neither giving touch nor resting HRV was a significant predictor of loneliness. The current study highlights specific psychosocial factors in healthy adults that should be considered as promising pathways in order to reduce or work toward preventing loneliness, thus promoting better health and well-being.

The relationship of loneliness and attitude towards social deviances among nursing and health students during the coronavirus 2019 pandemic

Background and aims: Loneliness can increase stress, anxiety, and engagement in social deviances (SDs) among adolescents and youngsters. The present study was conducted to evaluate the relationship of loneliness and attitude towards SDs among nursing and health students during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2020. Participants were 105 nursing and health students of Ramsar Faculty of Nursing, Mazandaran, Iran. Data were collected using the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale and the Social Deviances Attitude Scale. Data were entered into the SPSS software (v. 16.0) and analyzed through the independent-sample t, Mann Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, the analysis of variance, the Spearman’s correlation analysis, and the multiple regression analysis. Results: Most participants were female (73.3%) and single (90.5%) and studied nursing (55.2%). The mean scores of loneliness and attitude towards SDs were 40.19±10.51 and 68.57±8.32, respectively. The highest dimensional score of attitude towards SDs was related to the drug abuse dimension (15.31±2.65). Loneliness had significant relationship with attitude towards SDs and all its dimensions (P&lt;0.05). The significant predictors of loneliness were attitude towards SDs, its aggression dimension, family income, father’s occupation, and father’s educational level (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Students have low level of loneliness and negative attitude towards SDs. Attitude towards SDs, its aggression dimension, family income, father’s occupation, and father’s educational level are the significant predictors of loneliness. Health and education policy makers need to use strategies to reduce students’ loneliness in order to reduce the risk of their engagement in SDs.

Limitations in Physical Activities and Loneliness: The Role of Guilt for Perceiving Oneself as a Burden

Loneliness is a prevalent problem associated with negative health consequences for older adults, such as greater cognitive decline. Limitations to perform physical activities have been associated with greater loneliness in older adults. This association could be moderated by maladaptive social cognition or feelings, such as guilt associated with perceiving oneself as a burden. The objective of this study was to analyze the moderating effect of guilt associated with perceiving oneself as a burden in the relationship between limitations in physical activities and loneliness. Participants were 195 community-dwelling people 60 years or older not showing explicit cognitive or functional limitations that prevent activities of daily life, but who may present limitations in some physical activities (e.g., walking a kilometer or more). A linear regression analysis was conducted for testing the interaction between limitations in physical activities and guilt for perceiving oneself as a burden in loneliness, controlling for gender and age. The interaction between limitations in physical activities and guilt for perceiving oneself as a burden was the only significant predictor of loneliness and the model explained 18.30% of the variance. Limitations in physical activities influenced loneliness when people have high levels of guilt for perceiving oneself as a burden. This study suggests that guilt for perceiving oneself as a burden may play an important role in the association between limitations in some physical activities and loneliness.

Loneliness unlocked: Associations with smartphone use and personality

Communication and relationships have been dramatically altered among emerging adults thanks to the rapid adoption of the smartphone in just over a decade. Studying the effects of evolving personal technology helps researchers understand both the detriments of widespread adoption and the benefits that accompany the technology. One such area of concern is the relationship of technology with loneliness. Emerging adulthood is described as the period of transition from adolescence to adulthood, taking place from age 18–25. This period is characterized by change, exploration, but also a vulnerability to psychological distress. Young adults are not only at greater risk of loneliness compared to other developmental stages, but report greater distress about being lonely (Rokach, 2000). Previous research has found support for the hypothesis that use of social communication on the Internet has a bidirectional relationship with loneliness (Nowland et al., 2018); use of the Internet can support relationships and decrease loneliness, but if used as a compensation for social skill deficits, the Internet can also displace quality time spent in relationships, and thereby increase loneliness. This study examines loneliness and its relationship with smartphone use, while also accounting for individual differences in facets of neuroticism, communication apprehension, emotional support, and nomophobia for emerging adults. Participants (N = 302; MAGE = 18.85) completed self-report measures of loneliness and the individual differences variables. They also reported average daily smartphone data of screen time, pickups, and application (app) use, which was measured by their personal devices. Correlations indicated loneliness was positively associated with screen time, social media app use, neuroticism, social recognition, communication anxiety, and nomophobia. Loneliness was negatively associated with smartphone pickups, communication application use, need for affiliation, and emotional support. A regression analysis revealed that neuroticism, need for affiliation, social recognition, emotional support, and smartphone pickups were significant predictors of loneliness, when taking into account all the individual difference and smartphone use variables. Neuroticism and loneliness have a strong relationship, but a hierarchical regression showed that over and above neuroticism and its facets, smartphone screen time and pickups predict loneliness. Overall, the results for this sample of emerging adults supported the hypotheses by Nowland et al. (2018) about social use of the Internet, but applied to smartphone use. More time spent on one's smartphone and on social media apps is related to increased loneliness, and is discussed in context of identity development. More frequent use (pickups) and use of communication apps is related to decreased loneliness and is discussed with respect to development of relationship intimacy. These results suggest that loneliness in young adults is related to different types of smartphone use, even when accounting for stable characteristics such as personality. Finally, neuroticism remains a significant variable in understanding loneliness, and further examination of lower-order facets help define a more nuanced profile in individual differences.

Apakah Anda Merasa Kesepian ? Eksplorasi Kepribadian dan Kualitas Pertemanan pada Remaja

This study examined the role of hardiness, friendship quality, and loneliness on first-year college students. 333 participants completed three scales: hardiness scale, friendship quality scale, and loneliness scale. A multiple linear regression test was used with hardiness and friendship quality as an independent variable and loneliness as a dependent variable. The result showed that hardiness and friendship quality simultaneously were significant predictors of loneliness (F = 101,03; p <,001). Loneliness variance was explained by both hardiness and friendship quality of 38% (R2 =,38). When given separately, hardiness was significant predictor to loneliness with variance explained of 26,22% (R2 = ,2622 ; p < ,001) and friendship quality was significant predictor to loneliness with variance explained of 11,25% (R2 = ,1125 ; p < ,001). It can be concluded that improving the hardiness and friendship quality of the first-year college students will lead them to reduce loneliness.

Prevalence and Predictors of Loneliness Among Youth During the Time of COVID-19: A Multinational Study.

Given the restrictions associated with COVID-19, feelings of loneliness among youth may increase. The aims of the current study were to assess the prevalence of loneliness among young people at the time of COVID-19 and to identify whether selected variables related to the pandemic predicted the level of loneliness. A cross-sectional study using WhatsApp and Facebook social media platforms was conducted to survey 1,057 young people aged 15 to 24 years from six Middle Eastern countries. Participants completed survey items including demographic and COVID-19-related questions; the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS); the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS); and the UCLA Loneliness Scale. The prevalence of experienced loneliness was 1 (0.1%), 625 (59.1%), 429 (40.6%), and 2 (0.2%), reflecting low, moderate, moderately high, and high experiences for loneliness, respectively. History of depression or anxiety, being dissatisfied with life, and having depression at the time of COVID-19 were significant predictors of loneliness among youth. The model was significant (F = 44.95, p < .05) and accounted for 29.8% of the variance in UCLA Loneliness Scale scores. We found that the high prevalence rate of loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic was correlated with depression and impaired life satisfaction among Middle Eastern youth. Thus, special attention and interventional action plans need to be developed taking into consideration the youths' special situation during COVID-19.

Civic Engagement and Loneliness in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex, and Queer+ Australian Volunteers

ABSTRACT Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, and queer (LGBTIQ+) people in Australia are actively engaged in civic life, contributing volunteer service to various political, activist, and community organisations. Although there is emerging evidence that civic engagement contributes to the health and wellbeing of the general population, information about how volunteerism contributes to LGBTIQ+ community wellbeing has only recently emerged. We used a prospective cross-sectional design to investigate responsibility for civic engagement, sense of community, and loneliness among a convenience sample of LGBTIQ+ volunteers (N = 195). Findings were that volunteers reported a consistent and high degree of community engagement and a strong sense of attachment to the Australian LGBTIQ+ community. A higher-than-expected degree of loneliness was reported in this sample of volunteers, and it was notable that being transgender or gender diverse was a significant predictor of loneliness. This highlights the importance of loneliness among transgender and gender diverse people and the value of discerning differences between groups in the LGBTIQ+ community. IMPLICATIONS Social workers must be mindful that, despite being connected to communities and demonstrating civic engagement, certain LGBTIQ+ volunteers could be at risk of loneliness. The higher rate of loneliness among transgender and gender diverse volunteers indicates a need for LGBTIQ+-affirming organisations to develop particular strategies to address isolation and loneliness among this group.

Understanding Psychological Distress and Protective Factors Amongst Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic

This study examined the emotional distress and loneliness during COVID-19 and the roles of resiliency and activities. A cross-sectional national survey. Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk) and Prolific Research Platforms. Five hundred and one U.S. dwelling English-speaking adults 60 years old and older. Participants completed an online survey with the PHQ-9; GAD-7; Short Health Anxiety Inventory; 3-item UCLA Loneliness scale; PROMIS measures of global health, instrumental, and emotional support; 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; and COVID-19 needs assessment. Across the sample 13% reported moderate depressive symptoms, 9% reported moderate anxiety symptoms, and 26% endorsed being "lonely." The emotionally distressed group endorsed more loneliness, lower resiliency, less physical exercise, and worse physical health. The low Socio-Economic Status group endorsed less loneliness, less likely to engage in physical exercise and worse physical health.The lonely group endorsed less resilience, less physical exercise, and worse physical health. A multiple logistic regression found that resilience, socioeconomic status, and physical health were significant predictors of loneliness, whereas global health was the best predictor of emotional distress. Even after prolonged social distancing, older adults in this study did not report greater psychological distress compared to earlier studies of older adults during COVID-19. Older adults with lower SES, worse physical health, and less resiliency, were more likely to report more loneliness. It is this group that should be the focus of intervention.

Companion Animal Relationships and Adolescent Loneliness during COVID-19

Simple SummaryThis study assessed the relationship between pet ownership, pet attachment, loneliness, and coping with stress before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Contrary to our hypotheses, results did not support the presence of a buffering effect of pet ownership on loneliness, with pet ownership predicting increases in loneliness from pre-pandemic to during the pandemic. Dog owners showed lower levels of loneliness prior to the pandemic as well as higher levels of attachment, suggesting possible species-level differences in these relationships. Pet owners also reported spending time with their pet as a highly used strategy for coping with stress, suggesting that future research should explore the role of pets in coping with stress and social isolation during the pandemic. These results indicate that the relationship between pet ownership and adolescent loneliness during the pandemic is complex and warrants further research.The pandemic associated with the emergence of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is an unprecedented historical event with the potential to significantly impact adolescent loneliness. This study aimed to explore the role of companion animals and attachment to pets in the context of the pandemic. We used longitudinal quantitative survey data collected prior to and during the pandemic to assess the role of pets in predicting adolescent loneliness. Pet ownership was not a significant predictor of loneliness before the pandemic, but did predict higher levels of loneliness during COVID-19 as well as higher increases in loneliness from before to during the pandemic. Dog ownership predicted lower levels of loneliness prior to, but not during the pandemic, and dog owners were significantly more attached to their pets than non-dog pet owners. Adolescents with pets reported spending more time with their pets during the pandemic, and frequently reported pet interactions as a strategy for coping with stress. Overall, the results from this study did not support the presence of a buffering effect of companion animals on loneliness for adolescents and indicate complexity in the relationships between pet ownership, attachment, loneliness, and coping with stress. These results suggest a need for additional research further assessing how features of the relationship such as species and relationship quality might contribute to adolescent mental health outcomes.

Loneliness, Social Support, and Adjustment to Aging in Older Portuguese Gay Men

BackgroundOlder LGBT adults are growing in visibility throughout the Western world. An emerging body of research reveals that this population is at greater risk for a variety of negative physical and mental health problems compared to the general population. One such problem is loneliness, which is emerging as a major public health issue around the world. Unfortunately, loneliness has not been studied in a diverse range of older LGBT people. The purpose of this study was to assess levels of loneliness, as well as possible demographic and psychosocial predictors, in a population of older Portuguese gay men.MethodsUsing online surveys, 110 older Portuguese gay men (mean age = 63.5) completed the UCLA Loneliness Scale for Portuguese Older Adults, Connectedness to the LGBT Community Scale and Adjustment to Aging Scale, as well as measures of support from family and friends.ResultsOverall, high levels of loneliness were found, particularly among those with lower education levels. Low levels of family support, friends support and connectedness to the LGBT community were all significant predictors of loneliness in the regression analyses, but adjustment to aging was not.ConclusionsThese findings add to the international literature on the correlates of loneliness among older sexual minorities. Such findings may inform the development of psychosocial interventions and promote healthcare engagement among older sexual minorities, which are important steps toward reducing health disparities that affect this population.

Relationship between social loneliness and dissatisfaction and family life quality in early childhood

In this study, the relationship between 66-72 months old children’s loneliness and social dissatisfaction at school and their family life quality was examined. The study included 194 kindergarten children who are 5-6 years old. As the data collection instruments, the personal information gained by the researchers, the Loneliness & Social Dissatisfaction Scale (60-72 months), and the Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale were administered. As a result of the study, children in this sample generally reported high levels of loneliness-social dissatisfaction. A negative relationship between loneliness-social dissatisfaction of children and family quality of life was found. As a result, it was seen that the only significant predictor of loneliness and social dissatisfaction scores of children is the emotional well-being subscale. This result shows that the emotional well-being of children in the context of family life quality is the most effective factor in the loneliness and social dissatisfaction

Predicting Loneliness from Where and What People Do

The many devastating mental health outcomes associated with chronic loneliness is the motivation behind research into examining personal and demographic characteristics of the lonely. The present study sought to examine the connection of where people live (degree of urbanization) and what people do (leisure activities) with self-report of loneliness in a large sample (N = 8356) of unrelated Dutch adults. Information regarding where people live and what they do in their leisure time was entered into a regression analysis for self-reported loneliness. The overall regression was significant and accounted for 2.8% of the loneliness scale scores. Significant independent predictors for loneliness were living in heavily urbanized areas and engaging in fewer social activities. People who went sightseeing or to amusement parks/zoos or who participated in clubs reported being less lonely. Spending time using a computer predicted higher self-report loneliness scores. Consistent with previous research, after controlling for other variables, gender was not a significant predictor of loneliness but both a younger age and a curvilinear or U-shaped curve of age predicted loneliness (the younger and the much older). The results suggest that meaningful interpersonal interactions may result in lower feelings of loneliness.