Significant Negative Direct Effect Research Articles

Phosphorus starvation response genes and function coupling: A mechanism to regulate phosphorus availability in a subtropical estuary

Phosphorus (P) plays an important role in regulating primary production in estuarine environments. However, knowledge of the P-functional gene composition of microbial communities and the mechanisms of microbial adaptation to changes in available P in estuaries remain limited. This study coupling 16 s rDNA and metagenomics sequencing was conducted to reveal the relationship between P cycling functional genes, microbial interactions, and P availability in the Jiulong River Estuary. The results showed that the relative abundance of P cycling functions genes was highest in winter, and lowest in summer. Spatially, the total relative abundance of P cycling functions genes was higher in the riverward than that in the seaward. P cycling functional microbial interactions and P cycling gene coupling were strongest in summer and in the seaward. Changes in both temperature and salinity had significant direct and indirect effects on P cycling function, and the influence of salinity on P cycling function was greater than that on the microbial community in the estuary. Salinity had significant direct negative effects on inorganic P-solubilization (IP), organic P-mineralization (OP), and P uptake and transport functions (PT). Whereas, salinity had a significant positive effect on P-starvation response regulation (PR) function. Thus, salinity and microbial communities regulate the soluble reactive phosphate concentrations in estuarine environments by strengthening internal coupling among P cycling functions, promoting PR function, and facilitating PT gene expression. PR is the most important predictors, PR, PT, and PR-PT together explained 38.56 % of the overall soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) variation. Over 66 % of the explained SRP variations can be predicted by the PR, PT, and PR-PT functional genes. This finding improves the knowledge base of the microbial processes for P cycling and provides a foundation for eutrophication management strategies in the estuary.

Perceived Coach-Created Empowering and Disempowering Climate Effects on Athletes' Intentions to Use Doping: The Mediational Role of Self-Regulatory Efficacy and Attitudes towards Doping.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived coach-created empowering and disempowering motivational climate and doping likelihood among athletes and whether the attitudes towards doping and doping self-regulatory efficacy mediates these relationships. Athletes (N = 948; 50% male; mean age, 20.32, SD = 2.45) recruited from a variety of sports completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of coach-created motivational climate, attitudes towards doping, doping self-regulatory efficacy, and doping likelihood. The study's results showed significant negative direct effects of a perceived empowering climate on doping likelihood (β = -0.50) and attitudes towards doping (β = -0.48), and a positive effect on self-regulatory efficacy (β = 0.48). On the contrary, a disempowering climate had positive direct effects on doping likelihood (β = 0.53) and attitudes towards doping (β = 0.45), and a negative effect on self-regulatory efficacy (β = -0.49). Significant indirect effects on doping likelihood via attitudes and self-regulatory efficacy were found. Our findings suggest that athletes who perceive a more empowering climate created by the coach are less likely to use banned substances due to their more negative attitudes towards doping and stronger belief in their ability to resist the temptation to use doping.

Exploring the Mediating Role of Self-Directed Learning Behaviours in the Relationship Between Work-Family Conflict and Job Satisfaction, with Direct Influence of Organizational Commitment

Balancing work and family demands presents challenges for employee well-being and job performance. Continuous skill development is also crucial for career success in today's changing workplace. However, few research studies have looked into the role of self-directed learning behaviour (SDLB) in managing work-family conflict (WFC). The current study aimed to investigate the relations between WFC, job satisfaction (JS), organizational commitment (OC) and SDLB and whether SDLB mediates the relation between WFC and JS. A sample of 157 employed adults aged 18-65 years completed self-report measures of WFC, JS, SDLB, OC and demographic variables. SEM analysis was performed to examine the proposed relationships. Results showcased a significant direct negative effect of WFC on JS (β = -0.438, p < 0.001) but no indirect effect through SDLB (β = -0.012, p > 0.05). Moderated mediation analyses were also performed with gender as a moderator which revealed no significant conditional indirect effects. The findings suggest WFC directly impacts employees' job attitudes, but SDLB may not buffer these effects as hypothesized. Implications and limitations are discussed. The study's findings carry significant implications for organizations striving to enhance employee performance and well-being amidst evolving workforce trends.

Impact of Spiritual Leadership on Stress Among University Teachers Through Organizational Trust

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between spiritual leadership, trust, and stress in two private-sector universities located in Lahore, Pakistan. The sample consisted of 375 participants. Data was collected through surveys, and the analysis was conducted using the Heys process macro in SPSS. The findings of the study revealed several important insights. Firstly, the study found a significant positive direct effect of spiritual leadership on trust, indicating that higher levels of spiritual leadership were associated with increased levels of trust among individuals within the universities. Furthermore, a significant negative direct effect of trust on stress was observed, suggesting that higher levels of trust were linked to lower levels of stress among participants. Additionally, the study identified trust as a mediator in the relationship between spiritual leadership and stress. The mediation analysis highlighted that part of the influence of spiritual leadership on stress was transmitted through its impact on trust. Trust was found to play a significant role in mediating the relationship between spiritual leadership and stress levels in the context of these private-sector universities. Based on these findings, the study concludes that spiritual leadership plays a crucial role in fostering trust in the investigated universities. Moreover, trust serves as a protective factor against stress, indicating that individuals who perceive higher levels of trust experience reduced levels of stress. These results have implications for leadership practices within educational institutions, particularly in the private sector in Lahore, Pakistan. Fostering spiritual leadership qualities and building trust among faculty members and administrators may contribute to reducing stress levels and promoting a healthier work environment. However, it is important to note that these conclusions are based on the specific context and sample of this study.

Individual and Collective Forms of Stigma Resistance: Pathways Between HIV and Sex Work Stigma and Viral Suppression Among Female Sex Workers in the Dominican Republic.

Intersecting forms of stigma including both HIV and sex work stigma have been known to impede HIV prevention and optimal treatment outcomes among FSW. Recent research has indicated that intersectional stigma can be resisted at the community and individual level. We assessed pathways between HIV stigma, sex work stigma, social cohesion and viral suppression among a cohort of 210 FSW living with HIV in the Dominican Republic. Through Poisson regression we explored the relationship between HIV outcomes and internalized, anticipated and enacted HIV and sex work stigma, and resisted sex work stigma. We employed structural equation modeling to explore the direct effect of various forms of stigma on HIV outcomes, and the mediating effects of multi-level stigma resistance including social cohesion at the community level and occupational dignity at the individual level. 76.2% of FSW were virally suppressed and 28.1% had stopped ART at least once in the last 6 months. ART interruption had a significant negative direct effect on viral suppression (OR = 0.26, p < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.13-0.51). Social cohesion had a significant positive direct effect on viral suppression (OR = 2.07, p = 0.046, 95% CI: 1.01-4.25). Anticipated HIV stigma had a significant negative effect on viral suppression (OR = 0.34, p = 0.055, 95% CI: 0.11-1.02). This effect was mediated by the interaction between cohesion and dignity which rendered the impact of HIV stigma on viral suppression not significant. Findings demonstrate that while HIV stigma has a negative impact on viral suppression among FSW, it can be resisted through individual and collective means. Results reinforce the importance of community-driven, multi-level interventions.

Stress and well-being in autistic adults: Exploring the moderating role of coping.

The wider stress literature points to negative associations between stress and well-being. Similarly, the use of engagement coping strategies and disengagement coping strategies in the face of stress are related to improved and reduced well-being respectively. However, in the autistic population stress and coping research is limited to date, and the extent to which coping may moderate the relationship between stress and well-being is not known. Using data from an Australian online study, we explored the potential moderating (i.e. buffering or exacerbating) role of coping in the relationship between stress and well-being in a sample of autistic adults (N = 86). Our findings indicated that increased stress was associated with lower well-being. Further, moderation analyses showed that while both engagement coping (e.g. problem solving, positive appraisal) and disengagement coping (e.g., self-distraction, being in denial) strategies had significant positive and negative direct effects on well-being respectively; engagement coping also moderated the relationship between stress and well-being, buffering the impact of stress on well-being. Our results illustrate the different underlying mechanisms by which coping strategies may be associated with stress and well-being. They also highlight the potential protective role of engagement coping strategies, which can be incorporated into the promotion and maintenance of well-being in autistic adults.

Integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior and Motivation to Explore Residential Water-Saving Behaviors

Water scarcity in the United States needs to be addressed with demand- and supply-side initiatives. Yet, water is often provided for a low cost to households in residential areas that have the potential to reduce water consumption. The theory of planned behavior (TpB) is a social science theory used to understand why volitional conservation behaviors, including water conservation, are performed by consumers. Additional predictors are included in TpB in water literature, and motivations for behavioral actions may help further explain residential water conservation behavior. This study sought to determine whether TpB and motivation predicted residential water conservation behavior. Data were collected with an online survey (n = 907) in September 2022 from residents of Florida, Georgia, and Alabama using non-probability opt-in quota sampling. The data were analyzed in R using the lavaan package. The results indicate that there was a significant direct effect of attitude and subjective norms on intention. There was a significant direct effect of intention on behavior. There was a significant negative direct effect of extrinsic motivation on behavior. Mediation was present in the model with intrinsic motivation. Perhaps the respondents had not thought about rewards or punishments in the context of water conservation because of the availability of water at a low cost and therefore were not extrinsically motivated to conserve water.

Impact of depression on the perception of fatigue and information processing speed in a cohort of multiple sclerosis patients

BackgroundInformation processing speed is commonly impaired in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). However, depression and fatigue can affect the cognitive profile of patients: fatigue has a negative impact from the disease’s earliest stage and a reduced information processing speed is often associated with higher levels of depression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the correlations between information processing speed and physical fatigue in a cohort of Italian PwMS from a single center, considering the effect of depression.MethodsTwo hundred (W = 128; mean age = 39.83 years; SD = 11.86) PwMS, from the Bari University Hospital, underwent testing for processing speed (Symbol Digit Modalities Test [SDMT]), fatigue level (Fatigue Severity Scale [FSS]), and depression (Beck’s Depression Inventory [BDI]).ResultsStatistically significant correlations emerged between SDMT and FSS, SDMT and BDI, FSS and BDI. Mediation analyses revealed that while physical fatigue had no significant direct negative effect on information processing speed (z=-0.891; p > 0.05), depression predicted the relationship between fatigue and information processing speed (z=-2.181; p < 0.05).ConclusionOur findings showed that cognitive performance at SDMT was not affected by patients’ perceived level of physical fatigue, but by depression. The presence of a high BDI score mediates the physical fatigue on cognitive performance impact.

Psychopathic traits in the interpersonal context: Is the effect of psychopathic traits on prosocial behavior mediated by peer problems?

Psychopathic traits are often investigated within the individual, while most traits come to expression within the interpersonal context. Low social communion might even be an important overlooked core feature of psychopathy. This raises the question how psychopathic (i.e., Grandiose-Manipulative, Callous-Unemotional, and Irresponsible-Impulsive) traits affect the tendency to show prosocial behavior, and whether peer problems explain this relationship. Besides, the effects of gender on these subrelations are explored. In total, 541 community adolescents and emerging adults (26.4 % men; 16–25 years old, Mage = 21.7, SDage = 2.50) completed questionnaires, measuring psychopathic traits, prosocial behavior, and peer problems. The relationship between psychopathic traits and prosocial behavior was investigated with three separate moderated mediation regression analyses (for Grandiose-Manipulative, Callous-Unemotional, and Impulsive-Irresponsible traits separately) including peer problems as mediator and gender as moderator. Significant direct negative effects of Grandiose-Manipulative and Callous-Unemotional traits on prosocial behavior were found, though not for Impulsive-Irresponsible traits. Peer problems did not mediate this relation and gender was no moderator. The significant moderation effect indicated that only for women a significant direct positive effect of Callous-Unemotional traits on peer problems was found, but not for men nor other psychopathic traits. More gender differences were found with men (vs. women) scoring significantly higher on all three psychopathic traits and lower on prosocial behavior. Implications of psychopathic traits within the interpersonal context are discussed and future research could further investigate how this relationship can be explained, for example by including different types of measures and other potential mediators (e.g., empathy).

Utility of the capability, opportunity, and motivation behaviour (COM-B) model in explaining the negative association between pre-pregnancy body mass index and exclusive breastfeeding at six weeks postpartum

The mechanisms underlying the negative associations between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and exclusive breastfeeding remain poorly understood. Thus, the study aimed to determine whether the negative associations between high pre-pregnancy BMI and exclusive breastfeeding at six weeks postpartum are mediated by components of the capability, opportunity, and motivation behaviour (COM-B) model. In this prospective observational study, we assigned 360 primiparous women to a pre-pregnancy overweight/obese group (n = 180) and a normal-BMI group (n = 180). A structural equation model was designed to study how capabilities (onset of lactogenesis II, perceived milk supply, breastfeeding knowledge, and postpartum depression), opportunities (pro-breastfeeding hospital practices, social influence, social support), and motivations (breastfeeding intention, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and attitudes towards breastfeeding) affected exclusive breastfeeding at six weeks postpartum in groups of women with different pre-pregnancy BMIs. In all, 342 participants (95.0%) possessed complete data. Women with high pre-pregnancy BMI were less likely to exclusively breastfeed at six weeks postpartum than women with a normal BMI were. We observed a significant negative direct effect of high pre-pregnancy BMI on exclusive breastfeeding at six weeks postpartum and a significantly negative indirect effect of high pre-pregnancy BMI via the explanatory mediating variables of capabilities (onset of lactogenesis II, perceived milk supply, and breastfeeding knowledge) and motivations (breastfeeding self-efficacy) on exclusive breastfeeding at six weeks postpartum. Our findings support certain capabilities (onset of lactogenesis II, perceived milk supply, and breastfeeding knowledge) and motivations (breastfeeding self-efficacy), partially explaining the negative association between high pre-pregnancy BMI and exclusive breastfeeding outcome. We suggest that interventions aimed at promoting exclusive breastfeeding among women with high pre-pregnancy BMI should address the capacity and motivation factors specific to this population.

Organizational adaptation to working from home in a crisis situation (COVID-19): the interaction between leaders' openness and followers' voice.

We investigated the effect of time spent at home on employee voice behavior and leadership openness during Covid 19. According to DeRue's adaptive leadership theory which offers an interactionist perspective to explain adaptive organizational behavior during an environmental crisis, we proposed that in the WFH's (work from home) reduced and limited communication space, leaders, who need more feedback, will encourage employees to express their opinions and will show more willingness to listen to them. Meanwhile, employees will ask more questions and make more suggestions to alleviate uncertainty and misunderstanding. Using an online questionnaire, a cross-sectional study (N = 424) has been carried out with employees working from home for a different amount of their working time during the pandemic. Data were analyzed using structural equation models (SEM) in which the effect of leadership openness on employee voice behavior was assessed through the mediation of affective commitment, psychological safety, and intrinsic motivation. The results showed that in the WFH situation, time spent in home office had a low but significant direct negative effect on promotive voice behavior. At the same time, leadership openness was growing with the amount of time spent at home. Leadership openness counteracted the negative effect of WFH on voice behavior: although leadership openness did not have a direct significant effect on voice behavior, it had a positive effect on psychological safety and work motivation which, in turn, influenced positively both promotive and prohibitive voice behavior. Employee's voice, for its part, further augmented leadership openness. In our research we could demonstrate the contingent nature and the mutual influence patterns and feedback loops of leaders-employees exchange. In the WFH situation the openness of the leader is growing with the amount of time spent at home and with the amount of promotive voice manifested by the employee. In consent with DeRue social interactionist adaptive leadership theory, a mutually reinforcing process of leadership openness and employee voice could be demonstrated. We argue that leadership openness is a key factor to motivate employee voice behavior during WFH.

The indirect effect of cognitive reserve on the relationship between age and cognition in pathological ageing: A cross-sectional retrospective study in an unselected and consecutively enrolled sample.

Cognitive reserve (CR) allows individuals to maintain cognitive functionality even in the presence of pathologies. The compensation hypothesis suggests that CR plays an indirect role between age and cognitive decline, contrasting the negative effect of ageing on cognition. We test this hypothesis in an unselected and consecutively enrolled sample of memory clinic attendees (n = 134) who completed the CR Index questionnaire and three neuropsychological tests assessing global cognition (MMSE, FAB, CDT). Participants were divided into two groups based on standard diagnostic criteria (DSM-5): those who were cognitively impaired (n = 92) and those who were preserved (n = 42). A principal component analysis was used to extract a composite measure of global cognitive functioning from the three neuropsychological tests, and mediation analysis was used to examine the relationship between CR, age and global cognitive functioning in the two groups. Results revealed that: (i) age had a significant direct negative effect on the global cognitive score in both groups; (ii) the three socio-behavioural proxies of CR together suppress the direct negative relationship between age and global cognitive score in cognitively impaired patients but not in cognitively preserved participants. This study confirms the association between CR, age and cognition and allows us to validate its role in a population with cognitive impairment and extend findings to a low-to-middle educated population. These results hold important implications for public health and wellness promotion, emphasising the beneficial role of maintaining healthy and active physical, cognitive and social lifestyles.

Combining conservation tillage with nitrogen fertilizer measures promotes maize straw decomposition by regulating microbial community and enzyme activities

Straw return can effectively improve the farmland soil microenvironment and soil fertility. However, excessive straw in the topsoil adversely affects seed germination and crop growth. At present, the characteristics and key driving factors of straw decomposition in dry farmlands are unclear. Based on the interaction between three tillage practices (i.e., zero-till (ZT) and chisel-till (CPT) vs. conventional plow-till (PT)) and three nitrogen fertilizer rates (i.e., low nitrogen (N1: 180 kg N ha-1) and high nitrogen (N3: 300 kg N ha-1) vs. normal nitrogen (N2: 240 kg N ha-1)), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology and an enzymatic detection kit were used to investigate the effects of key straw-decomposition enzyme activities and microbial abundance on straw decomposition during the growth period of winter wheat. Between 2018 and 2020, repeated in situ measurements of straw decomposition indicated that zero-till and chisel-till significantly increased winter wheat yield (ZT: 10.94%; CPT: 12.79%) and straw decomposition velocity (ZT: 20%; CPT: 26.67%), compared with plow-till. N2 (240 kg N ha-1) significantly increased wheat yield (N1: 4.65%; N3: 5.31%) and straw decomposition velocity (N1: 26.33%; N3: 13.21%), compared to N1 (180 kg N ha-1) and N3 (300 kg N ha-1), respectively. The partial least squares pathway model showed significant positive direct effects of soil moisture, NO3-, NH4+, total nitrogen, bacteria, cellulase, laccase and xylanase activities on straw decomposition, while pH, fungi and Actinomycetes had significant negative direct effects on straw decomposition. Overall, conservation tillage (zero-till and chisel-till) combined with N2 (240 kg N ha-1) is beneficial for straw decomposition in the drylands of the Loess Plateau and improve straw resource utilization and basic soil fertility. The results of the study clarify the key drivers of straw decomposition in dryland farmlands, and provide new ideas for developing updated soil management practices and adaptive nitrogen application strategies to promote the resource utilization of straw and achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.

Concentration camp memorials: how emotion clusters affect meaning and visit intention

ABSTRACT The emotional experience of a visit to a concentration camp memorial is high in intensity and wide in diversity. Clustering of this emotional experience has led to a better understanding of the valence of emotions. It is not known how these emotion clusters affect the meaning derived from the experience and how this affects visit intention. This study addressed this gap in research and explored the potential relations between emotion clusters and meaning in the context of an expected visit to a concentration camp memorial. This study finds that the emotion cluster Sympathy is the only cluster to have a significant and large positive direct effect on Meaning and a significant, but small, positive indirect effect on Visit Intention. The Misery cluster is the only cluster that has a significant but small negative direct effect on Visit Intention. The Positivity cluster has no effects on Meaning and Visit Intention. In the discussion, we address the role of empathy, and theoretical implications are framed in Terror Management Theory. Managerial implications include a discussion on the use of promotion to trigger empathy.

The Impact of Parent Torture and Family Functioning on Youth Adjustment in War-Affected Families: A Path Analysis Describing Intergenerational Trauma and the Family System.

The direct exposure to physical or psychological trauma from torture or war leads to well-documented individual health consequences. Less understood are the inclusive and intergenerational effects of war trauma on family systems and youth adjustment. The purpose was to examine mechanisms in war-affected families that explained the significant emotional and behavioral consequences of intergenerational trauma in youth through the use of multiple methods. Quantitative assessments of maternal and paternal caregivers and youth characterized associations between parent torture, parent mental health distress, parent physical health problems, family functioning, and youth adjustment. Narrative statements further contextualized processes through which the trauma of a parent impacted youth and family systems. The research was conducted in partnership with local, refugee-serving community-based organizations. The study sample included parents and youth in 96 Karen families, originating from Burma in Southeast Asia, who had been resettled to the United States through the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program. Path analysis results indicated that parent torture (β = -0.173) had statistically significant negative direct effects on youth adjustment. Parent torture had a negative indirect effect on youth adjustment through the mental health (β = -0.345) and physical health problems of parents (β = -0.305), and youth gender (β = 0.126) and trauma exposure of youth (β = -0.048). Family functioning type demonstrated a positive direct effect on youth adjustment (β = 0.449). Family type had an indirect effect on youth adjustment through youth gender (β = 0.142), youth trauma exposure (β = -0.165), parent physical health problems (β = -0.202), and parent mental health (β = 0.509). The current study developed and tested the first model of intergenerational trauma's effects on the adjustment of Karen refugee youth. Results emphasize that individual recovery from torture must be accompanied by adjunct interventions focused on family systems and youth adjustment, to holistically address intergenerational sequala of trauma.

In-home environment and happiness among older adults in Thailand.

The fact that housing can play a critical role in maintaining the health and independence related to happiness of the older population has been studied in more developed countries. However, research on the effect of housing conditions on happiness is rare in less developed countries. This study aimed to construct and test a structural equation model describing the structural relationship among personal aspects (living alone and physical disability), in-home environment (sleeping place and toilet/bathroom), and happiness among older adults in Thailand. The data on the population age 75 years or over were extracted from the 2017 national Survey of Older Persons in Thailand (n = 7,829). The median age of the sample population was 79. Almost 60 percent were women. The structural equation model showed a good fit with the data. Living alone did not directly influence happiness. Physical disability had a statistically significant negative direct effect on happiness. In-home environment not only had an impact on happiness directly, but also moderated the relationship between physical disability and happiness. The research suggested that interventions to improve happiness of older adults, particularly those with physical disability, should aim to adapt their housing, including sleeping place and toilet design.

Does industry-university-research cooperation promote the environmental efficiency of China’s high-tech manufacturing?

As one of the important strategic measures to increase the international competitiveness of high-tech manufacturing (HTM), industry-university-research cooperation (IURC) has received increasing attention in China. However, there is little literature to explore the links between IURC and the environmental efficiency (EE) of HTM. To incorporate a variety of environmental pollution indicators into the efficiency analysis framework and reduce the adverse effects of random errors on the estimation results, this article combined the projection pursuit model with the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) method and proposed a translog stochastic frontier model considering undesirable outputs to analyze the multiple impacts of IURC on the EE of HTM. The results show that IURC has both a significant negative direct effect and a significant positive indirect effect on HTM’s EE. Although IURC cannot directly promote EE, it has a positive impact on EE of HTM through its complementary effect with research and development (R&amp;amp;D) investment. The results also confirm that the average EE of the whole country is only 0.346, while that of the eastern area is 0.595, and that of the central and western areas are 0.199 and 0.171, respectively. Therefore, it is particularly urgent to improve the EE of China’s HTM industry through a variety of measures, such as promoting IURC and increasing R&amp;amp;D investment in environmental technology. This study not only provides an improved SFA method for measuring EE, but also deepens research on the mechanism of the impact of IURC on HTM’s EE.

Cognitive function is mediated by deficit accumulation in older, long-term breast cancer survivors.

This study aims to examine whether cognitive function in older, long-term breast cancer survivors is both a direct effect of cancer and cancer treatments and an indirect effect mediated by deficit accumulation. Female breast cancer survivors who had been diagnosed and treated at age 60 or older and were 5-15-year survivors (N = 220) and age- and education-matched non-cancer controls (N = 123) were assessed at enrollment and at 8-, 16-, and 24-month follow-ups with standard neuropsychological tests and the comprehensive geriatric assessment which was used to calculate the deficit accumulation frailty index (DAFI). Blood or saliva samples for APOE genotyping were collected at enrollment. Participants were purposely recruited so that approximately 50% had a history of treatment with chemotherapy or and 50% were not exposed to chemotherapy. Latent variable mediation analysis revealed that cognitive performance was mediated by deficit accumulation for all three domains. The direct effect of cancer diagnosis and treatment history was significant for the Language domain (p = 0.04), a trend for the learning and memory domain (p = 0.054), and non-significant for the attention, processing speed, executive function (APE) domain. Carrying the APOE ε4 allele had a significant negative direct effect on the APE domain (p = 0.05) but no indirect effect through deficit accumulation. Cognitive function in older, long-term breast cancer survivors appears to be primarily mediated through deficit accumulation. These findings have important clinical implications suggesting that the most effective intervention to prevent or slow cognitive aging in older cancer survivors may be through prevention or management of comorbidities and interventions that maintain functional capacity (exercise, physical therapy) and social and mental health.

Modeling Premenstrual Syndrome based on Quality of Life with the Mediating Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas

Aim: The aim of the present study was to model premenstrual syndrome based on quality of life with the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas. Methods: The research method is cross-sectional correlation. The statistical population of this research was made up of all married students of Azad University of Tehran in the fall and winter of 2020-2021, from among them, 400 people were selected by staged cluster sampling method. In this study, the tools of premenstrual syndrome (Siah Baz et al., 2011), health-related quality of life (Walker et al., 1987) and early maladaptive schemas (Young, 1988) were used, all of which have acceptable validity and reliability. SPSS-V23 and Amos-V8.8 software were used to analyze the data. Structural equation modeling was also used to answer the research hypotheses. Results: Findings showed that the model has a good fit. The results also showed that health-related quality of life had a significant direct negative effect on premenstrual syndrome. Health-related quality of life has had a direct negative effect on early maladaptive schemas. Early maladaptive schemas had a direct effect on premenstrual syndrome. Conclusion: The level of premenstrual syndrome increases with the increase of early maladaptive schemas. Therefore, paying attention to the mentioned variables in prevention and designing more appropriate treatments helps researchers and therapists.

Analisis Determinan Fungsi Intermediasi dan Profitabilitas Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia

This study aims to identify and analyze the direct effect of third party funds (DPK), capital adequacy (CAR), and problem finance (NPF) on the intermediation function (FDR) of sharia commercial banks in indonesia. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling, the number of samples obtained from all Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia for the period January 2013-February 2021. The data were analyzed by path analysis using the PLS method assisted by the SPSS program. The results showed that Third-Party Funds (TPF), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), and Non-Performing Financing (NPF) had a significant direct negative effect on the intermediation function (FDR). Furthermore, for the profitability variable, the results of the study show that the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) and Non Performing Financing (NPF) directly have a significant negative effect on Profitability (ROA). However, Third-Party Funds and Intermediation Functions have no direct significant effect on profitability. For the mediator variable, the results show that the intermediation function has not been able to mediate the independent variables of Third-Party Funds (TPF), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), and Non Performing Financing (NPF) on Profitability (ROA).