Significant Increase In Lean Mass Research Articles

Evaluating Weight Loss Efficacy in Obesity Treatment with Allurion’s Ingestible Gastric Balloon: A Retrospective Study Utilizing the Scale App Health Tracker

Obesity represents a growing public health concern, affecting more than 15% of the global adult population and involving a multi-billion market that comprises nutritional, surgical, psychological, and multidisciplinary interventions. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the short-term efficacy and body weight measurements associated with differing levels of physical activity following the use of Allurion’s ingestible gastric balloon that was designed to increase feelings of fullness and decrease food consumption, being naturally eliminated after approximately 16 weeks. This study involved 571 individuals who qualified for the intervention for being older than 20 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 27 kg/m2 or more. Utilizing the Scale App Health Tracker and Allurion’s smartwatch, this study was able to track vital signs and physical activity in real time. The participants had an average initial BMI of 34.1 kg/m2 and a median age of 41 years. Notable outcomes were observed in both study groups, “Less Active” and “More Active”, which were classified by achieving less or more than a median number of 8000 daily steps. Specifically, body fat percentage saw a reduction from 33.1 ± 9.4 to 28.3 ± 10.2 in the less active group and from 32.2 to 27.5 in the more active group, with both groups achieving statistical significance (p < 0.001). Additionally, there was a significant reduction in average weight, dropping from 98.2 ± 22.8 kg to 84.6 ± 19.3 kg in the less active group and from 97.7 ± 21.0 kg to 82.1 ± 22.9 kg in the more active group (both p < 0.001). Interestingly, those in the more active group also experienced a significant increase in lean mass compared to their less active counterparts (p = 0.045), although no substantial differences in weight loss, BMI reduction, and total body fat decrease were observed between the two groups. This investigation confirms the hypothesis that Allurion’s ingestible gastric balloon significantly reduces weight in the short term and enhances several physical health metrics, demonstrating effectiveness as an autonomous method for challenging weight management, regardless of the level of daily physical activity.

Effects of blood flow restriction training on muscle fitness and cardiovascular risk of obese college students.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with low-intensity resistance training (RT) on cardiovascular risk factors in obese individuals. Methods: Twenty-six male obese college students were recruited and randomly assigned to a control group (CON, n = 8), a low-intensity RT group (RT, n = 9), and a combined BFR training and low-intensity RT group (BFRT, n = 9). Results: The subjects in BFRT group showed significant reductions in body fat percentage and waist-to-hip ratio and a significant increase in lean mass and muscle mass; the peak torque, peak power, and endurance ratio of knee extensors and elbow flexors were significantly upregulated; the root mean square (RMS) for the medial femoral muscle, lateral femoral muscle and biceps significantly increased; the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) showed a significant decrease. The BFRT group also showed significant up-regulations in RMS of the difference between the adjacent R-R intervals (RMSSD), high-frequency power (HF) of parasympathetic modulatory capacity, the standard deviation of R-R intervals (SDNN) of overall heart rate variability (HRV) changes and low-frequency power (LF) of predominantly sympathetic activity. In addition, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were all significantly downregulated in BFRT group. In parallel, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) significantly reduced while high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) significantly increased in BFRT group. Conclusion: BFR combined with low-intensity RT training effectively improved body composition index, increased muscle mass, improved neuromuscular activation, enhanced muscle strength and endurance, which in turn improved abnormal glucolipid metabolism and enhanced cardiac autonomic regulation.

Libifem® (Trigonella foenum-graecum) in conjunction with exercise on muscle strength, power, endurance, and body composition in females aged between 25 and 45 years.

This study examined the effects of Libifem® on exercise performance and body composition in females 25-45 years old. Participants were randomized to three equal groups to consume: 600 mg Libifem®/day, 300 mg Libifem®/day or a placebo for 8 weeks. Participants completed a whole-body exercise program three times a week for 8 weeks. At baseline, week 4 and week 8, muscle strength and endurance, functional threshold power, body composition, and sex hormones were measured. At week 8, all three groups increased leg press 1RM compared to baseline. A significant difference between group treatment effect was seen for leg press at week 8 (p = 0.045), with the 600 mg Libifem® group significantly increasing their leg press 1RM compared to placebo (p = 0.014). The 600 mg Libifem® group significantly reduced their total fat mass (0.96 kg loss) from baseline compared to placebo group (0.09 kg gain). There was no significant difference in fat mass for the 300 mg Libifem® group (0.23 kg loss). The 600 mg Libifem® group had a significant increase in lean mass compared to both the 300 mg and placebo groups (p = 0.011 and 0.009, respectively). Overall, there were significant and dose-related changes in body composition and ergogenic parameters, comparable with previous findings in males. This trial was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials registry [ACTRN12618001538235].

The Effect of a Sprint Interval and Resistance Training Program on Body Composition, Aerobic Fitness, and Self-regulation in Young Women

Background: Exercise has positive effects on overall health and reduces risk for several chronic diseases. Diverse program modalities are growing as a potential intervention to improve physiological and psychological outcomes. Purpose: The present study examines the effect of a 10-week sprint interval training (SIT) and resistance training program on physiological and psychological variables in young women. Methods: 37 women (M Age = 24.9±4.3, BMI = 24.7±4.3) participated in a 10-week exercise intervention, consisting of a SIT treadmill protocol and resistance training three times a week for a total of 30 sessions. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two SIT programs (0% incline and 6% incline) and assessed at baseline and post testing for body composition, muscular strength and aerobic fitness. Enjoyment was assessed via a semi-structured interview following the intervention. Results: There were no significant group by time interactions. There was a significant reduction in body fat percentage (p<0.001, Δ 2.23% & 2.52% respectively), as well as a significant increase in lean mass (p<0.001, Δ 2.59 kg & 2.56 kg, respectively), bench press (p<0.001, Δ 25.87 kg & 24.4 kg, respectively), back squat (p<0.001, Δ 69.7 kg & 64.3 kg, respectively) following the intervention for both groups. There were no significant changes in aerobic fitness, kcal intake, and body fat mass. Overall participants reported enjoying the protocol but expressed apprehension of continuing the exercise on their own. Conclusions: Our current data suggest that a SIT and resistance program accounts for positive changes on physiological and psychological variables like percentage of body fat reductions and lean mass increments, muscular strength and exercise enjoyment.

Lean Mass Improvement from Nutrition Education and Protein Supplementation among Rural Indian Women Living with HIV/AIDS: Results from Cluster Randomized Factorial Trial at 18-Month Follow-Up.

Loss of lean muscle mass impairs immunity and increases mortality risk among individuals with HIV/AIDS. We evaluated the relative contributions of protein supplementation and nutrition education on body composition among 600 women living with HIV/AIDS in rural Andhra Pradesh, India. We conducted a cluster randomized controlled 2 × 2 factorial trial lasting six months with follow up at twelve and eighteen months. Interventions occurred in the Nellore and Prakasam regions of Andhra Pradesh by trained village women, ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activists), and included: (1) the usual supportive care from ASHA (UC); (2) UC plus nutrition education (NE); (3) UC plus nutritional protein supplementation (NS); (4) combined UC plus NE plus NS. A Bioimpedance Analyzer Model 310e measured body composition. SAS 9.4 analyzed all data. Mixed models using repeated measures evaluated lean mass change from baseline as primary and fat weight and total weight as secondary outcomes. Lean mass change was significantly associated with NS (p = 0.0001), NE (p = 0.0001), and combined NS plus NE (p = 0.0001), with similar associations for secondary outcomes. Stronger associations for total weight were observed with greater ART adherence. Nutritional interventions may improve physiologic response to HIV. Significant increases in lean mass resulted from independent and combined protein supplementation and nutrition education.

Regular Resistance Training Enhances Fibrinolytic Potential but Does Not Affect Coagulation.

This study aimed to identify effects of an 8-wk, whole-body RT program on coagulation and fibrinolysis. Sixteen healthy women and men (23 ± 5 yr) completed an RT program three times per week for 8 wk. Exercises included 2-3 sets of 8-12 repetitions performed at approximately 60%-80% of a one repetition maximum. Strength, body composition, and body circumferences were assessed before and after training. Plasma samples were obtained before and after training, and analyzed for active tissue plasminogen activator (tPA activity), total tissue plasminogen activator (tPA antigen), active plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1 activity), total plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1 antigen), fibrinogen, and coagulation factors VII (FVII) and VIII (FVIII). Significant increases in lean mass, arm and thigh circumferences, maximal chest press (PRE: 57.8 ± 37.5 kg, POST: 73.3 ± 43.2 kg), and leg press (PRE: 189.5 ± 96.0 kg, POST: 256.7 ± 97.9 kg) were observed (P < 0.05 for all). PAI-1 activity (PRE: 20.3 ± 32.5 IU·mL-1, POST 9.5 ± 20.9 IU·mL-1) and PAI-1 antigen decreased (PRE: 10.2 ± 9.0 ng·dL-1, POST: 7.2 ± 5.7 ng·dL-1; both, P < 0.05). No change in tPA activity or tPA antigen occurred. Fibrinogen, FVII, and FVIII did not change after training. Inhibition of fibrinolysis was decreased after training, and coagulation was unaffected. These results suggest that regular RT may beneficially influence the risk of a thrombotic event. More research is warranted to understand the mechanisms through which RT affects hemostasis.

Regular Resistance Training Enhances Fibrinolytic Potential

Blood clots cause most cardiovascular events, such as heart attack and stroke. Blood markers of fibrinolysis, the capacity to dissolve blood clots, are independently associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Regular resistance training (RT) produces various muscular and vascular adaptations that are theorized to influence thrombotic potential, but there are no published longitudinal studies that examine fibrinolytic adaptations to RT. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify effects of an 8-week RT program on fibrinolytic potential. METHODS: Sixteen healthy adults (n = 12 women, 4 men; age = 23 ± 5 years) completed a RT program that targeted all major muscle groups, 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Exercises included 2-3 sets of 8-12 repetitions performed at approximately 60-80% of 1 RM. Body composition, circumferences, and 1 RM leg and chest press strength measures were obtained via standard methods. Resting blood samples were obtained by clean venipuncture at baseline and after 8 weeks of RT. Enzyme-linked immunosorbancy assays were used to assess plasma concentrations of the following fibrinolytic variables: active tissue plasminogen activator (tPA:c), tissue plasminogen activator antigen (tPA:g), active plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1:c), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen (PAI-1:g). Statistical analyses were conducted using paired t-tests. RESULTS: Significant increases in lean mass (PRE = 52.18 ± 10.03, POST = 53.64 ± 10.42 kg), arm circumference (PRE = 29.89 ± 5.12, POST = 30.97 ± 4.92 cm), and mid-thigh circumference (PRE = 49.96 ± 5.43, POST = 51.08 ± 5.83 cm) were observed (all p<0.05). Maximal chest press (PRE = 57.8 ± 37.5, POST = 73.3 ± 43.2 kg) and leg press strength (PRE = 189.5 ± 95.8, POST = 256.7 ± 97.9 kg) significantly increased (p<0.01). PAI-1:c (PRE = 20.3 ± 32.5, POST = 9.5 ± 20.9 U/ml, p=0.05) and PAI-1:g decreased (PRE = 10.18 ± 8.98, POST = 7.20 ± 5.74 ng/dl, p<0.05 ). No change in tPA:c or tPA:g occurred. CONCLUSION: The decrease in plasma concentrations of total and active PAI-1 indicate reduced inhibition of fibrinolytic activation, suggesting that the risk of a cardiovascular event is reduced after resistance training. The mechanisms underlying this specific adaptation may relate to increased skeletal muscle mass, but additional research is warranted.

Abstract P2-18-07: Weight and body composition’s analysis in chemotherapy-treated women with breast cancer under nutritional follow up in a private oncology service in Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The obesity/overweight is closely related to poorer breast cancer prognosis, as well as higher mortality rates. In postmenopausal women, the main source of estrogen is in the adipose tissue. Due to that, overweight/obesity leads to an increase in breast cancer development and disease progression. This is a consequence of not only to high estrogen levels, but also to an increase in circulating factors that influence in inflammatory pathway activations and insulin resistance increase. OBJECTIVES: This study aims at analyzing weight and body composition variation in breast cancer women under nutritional monitoring during adjuvant chemotherapy (CT). METHOD/DESIGN: This is an observational, prospective study with estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR) positives, HER2 negative breast cancer women, who underwent adjuvant CT, from 07/17/2018 to 06/19/2019. Nutritionists followed up these patients during all of CT cycles, and data on body composition were collected through bioelectric impedance in the first and last days of chemotherapy. In between cycles, body weight assessments, nutritional guidelines orientations adherence were checked against the information, which had been offered. RESULTS: 51 women were selected and 4 excluded according to study criteria (3 patients turned HER2 positive by FISH and 1 patient had metastatic cancer confirmation). By the data analysis, 36 patients completed chemotherapy. The CT regimens used were doxorrubicin, cyclophosphamide and paclitaxel (ACT) (59%), AC plus docetaxel (4%), cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and Fluorouracil (CMF) (10%), AC (6%) and docetaxel and cyclophosphamide (TC) (21%). The mean age was 51 years, with 12 women aged ≥ 60 years. At the beginning the mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 27.94 kg / m2. 37% of them were classified as eutrophic, 33% were overweight and 30% obese, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Weight gain was observed in 64% of patients, with a significant increase in lean mass (kg) as well as body water (in 75% of patients). There was a reduction in fat percentage due to the reduction of fat mass in kilos (52.8% of patients) and the increase of lean mass (kg). The mean BMI at the end of treatment was 27.08 kg / m2, with a decrease in obesity and eutrophic index (reduction of 5.8% and 32.9%, respectively) and an increase in overweight by 41.7%. If considered the weight variation per CT protocol, the women submitted to the ACT scheme had a higher prevalence of weight gain, distributed in lean mass (80%), body water (75%) and fat mass reduction in 55% of these patients. On the other hand, there was a reduction in the mean of BMI value between the first evaluation (26.7 kg / m2) and the last one (22.4 kg / m2), as well as a lower fat mass in 62.5% of women who were submitted to TC protocol. In addition, in CMF and AC protocol, only one patient in each regimen finished the treatment until the deadline. In this case, the results were immature and not been reported in this abstract. CONCLUSIONS: There was an improvement in body composition, considering lean and fat mass in the study population, probably due to the nutritional monitoring during all cycles of chemotherapy. Nutritional therapy certainly influenced adherence to better eating habits. Full data of the 51 patients will be presented during the meeting. It should reinforce the need of developing prospective controlled studies, targeting nutritional intervention in breast cancer treatment. Citation Format: Flavia Rocha Paes, Anna Nogueira Verano, Julia SM de Sá, Rafaela M Peixoto, Juliana CO Pena, Maria Clara A Zocrato, Patricia C Christo, Fernanda CMJ Oliveira, Bruno L Ferrari. Weight and body composition’s analysis in chemotherapy-treated women with breast cancer under nutritional follow up in a private oncology service in Brazil [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-18-07.

Efficacy of whole-body suspension training on enhancing functional movement abilities following a supervised or home-based training program.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of suspension training on functional movement and body composition, and to compare the effectiveness of home-based training to supervised training. Seventeen healthy subjects (8 males, 9 females, age=21.8±3.4 y) with no recent history of resistance training were randomly assigned to a home-based or supervised training group. Subjects performed an 8-week suspension training program consisting of 10 exercises targeting major muscle groups, twice per week for the duration of the study. Pre- and post-intervention testing included body composition using air displacement plethysmography, and a functional movement screen (FMS) to measure functional movement abilities. The 8-week training program significantly improved total FMS scores across the whole sample of subjects (Pre=16.4; Post=17.5; P=0.004), with no differences in improvements between groups. When compared separately, only the supervised group significantly improved FMS scores. There was also a significant increase in lean mass across the total sample of subjects (Pre=52.4 kg; Post=53.3 kg; P=0.03) with no differences between groups. But when compared independently, neither group exhibited a significant increase in lean mass. When completed as a whole-body exercise program over an 8-week period, suspension training can improve functional ability and increase lean mass in both a supervised and a home-based setting.

Effects of functional and traditional training in body composition and muscle strength components in older women: A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundWhile traditional resistance exercises have been widely used to promote muscle strength and hypertrophy in the elderly, few studies have reported the use of a functional approach in which common patterns for daily activities are considered the primary stimulus. ObjectiveInvestigate whether functional training has similar effects the traditional on body composition and muscle strength components in physically active older women. MethodsForty-seven older women completed a randomized and crossover clinical trial, distributed in three groups: Functional or Traditional Training (FUNCT/TRAD: n = 32; 65.28 ± 4.96 years) and Stretching Group (STRETCH: n = 15; 64.40 ± 3.68 years). Maximal dynamic strength was verified with the 1 repetition maximum (RM) test in the leg press and rowing machines. Muscular power was analyzed using 50% of the maximum load, speed was determined using a linear encoder, and isometric strength was analyzed with hand and lumbar dynamometers. ANOVA for repeated measures was applied for comparisons. ResultsThe FUNCT showed a significant decrease in fat percentage (p = 0.015, 3.51%) and the TRAD a significant increase in lean mass (p = 0.008, 2.92%). Both FUNCT and TRAD generated significant increases in all components of muscle strength compared to baseline whereas STRETCH showed declines in these variables. No statistically significant differences were observed between the experimental groups in body composition. ConclusionFunctional and traditional training are equally efficient in improving strength components in physically active older women and, therefore, they may be complementary to combat some of the deleterious effects of senescence. This trial was registered at Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (RBR-9Y8KJQ).

SUN-234 Effect of Testosterone Undecanoate on Metabolic Syndrome Parameters in a Cohort of Hypogonadism

Objective: To study the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and whole-body composition in hypogonadism and studied the effects of replacement of testosterone. Methods: In a single centre prospective case control study, 33 patients with hypogonadism patients (ages 20-39 years) were studied for the effect of testosterone replacement on MS and its components and whole body composition. Results: The prevalence of MS was similar in patients and controls (21% vs. 9.1%, p = 0.3). Prevalence of hypertension was higher in patients than the control (33% vs. 3%, p = 0.00). There was no difference between patients and control in weight, BMI, waist circumference (WC) and whole body composition except for an increase in lean body mass in patients (45908 ± 7969 gm/cm2 vs. 50712 ±7458 gm/cm2, p=0.02). After testosterone replacement, there was significant decrease in WC (88.5 ± 13.0 cm vs. 83.9 ± 12.8 cm, p < 0.01), truncal fat, total body fat, fat mass index, fasting C-peptide (2.1 ± 0.78 ng/ml vs. 0.68 ± 0.23 ng/ml, p<0.01), serum pro insulin (1.43 pmol/l (0.32-13.4) vs. 0.5 (0.5-3.2) and a significant increase in lean mass (46906 ± 8876 gm/cm2 vs. 50083 ± 7590 gm/cm2, p <0.001). HOMA-IR (4.6±1.7 vs. 0.5±0.17, p<0.001), HOMA% β (330 ± 103 vs. 66 ± 20, p<0.001) were decreased significantly following testosterone replacement. Conclusion: Testosterone replacement resulted in significant decrease in WC and truncal fat leading to improved insulin sensitivity as evidenced by decreasing serum C-peptide, serum proinsulin levels, decreased beta cell function and decreased insulin resistance.

Are increases in skeletal muscle mass accompanied by changes to resting metabolic rate in rugby athletes over a pre-season training period?

Optimising dietary energy intake is essential for effective sports nutrition practice in rugby athletes. Effective dietary energy prescription requires careful consideration of athletes’ daily energy expenditure with the accurate prediction of resting metabolic rate (RMR) important due to its influence on total energy expenditure and in turn, energy balance. This study aimed to (a) measure rugby athletes RMR and (b) report the change in RMR in developing elite rugby players over a rugby preseason subsequent to changes in body composition and (c) explore the accurate prediction of RMR in rugby athletes. Eighteen developing elite rugby union athletes (age 20.2 ± 1.7 years, body mass 101.2 ± 14.5 kg, stature 184.0 ± 8.4 cm) had RMR (indirect calorimetry) and body composition (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) measured at the start and end of a rugby preseason ∼14 weeks later. There was no statistically significant difference in RMR over the preseason period (baseline 2389 ± 263 kcal·day−1 post 2373 ± 270 kcal·day−1) despite a significant increase in lean mass of +2.0 ± 1.6 kg (P < 0.01) and non-significant loss of fat mass. The change in RMR was non-significant and non-meaningful; thus, this study contradicts the commonly held anecdotal perception that an increase in skeletal muscle mass will result in a significant increase in metabolic rate and daily energy needs. Conventional prediction equations generally under-estimated rugby athletes’ measured RMR, and may be problematic for identifying low energy availability, and thus updated population-specific prediction equations may be warranted to inform practice.

Body Composition And Muscular Performance Following 8-weeks Of Resistance-training And Protein Supplementation

Increased protein intake in the diet decreases fat mass (FM) and increases lean mass (LM). Resistance training increases LM, as well as increases muscular strength. Together, protein supplementation and resistance exercise work synergistically when taken prior to or following exercise. PURPOSE: The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the effects 8 weeks of protein supplementation and Autoregulatory Progressive Resistance Exercise (APRE) training had on measures of body composition and muscular performance. METHODS: Untrained males (n = 22; 42.1 ± 7.1 years) participated in this pilot study. LM and FM were measured via Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA), while strength was measured utilizing one repetition maximum (1RM), and endurance measured using maximum repetitions completed (REPS) at 75% 1RM for the bench and leg press. Subjects were randomly placed into one of four groups: control (CON), protein (PO), APRE, or protein plus APRE (PAPRE). Subjects repeated testing for the DEXA, 1RM, and REPS every four weeks for 8 weeks. Both PO and PAPRE groups ingested 25g of supplemental protein twice daily. Subjects in the exercise groups completed a resistance training program, 3 days per week, for 8 weeks, or 24 training sessions. RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA indicated a significant group by time interaction for LM, bench press 1RM, and leg press 1RM (p < .05). LM increased by 4% (+2.3 ± 0.2kg) in the PAPRE group, while increases in bench and leg press 1RM were 23% (+14.7 ± 0.7kg) and 50% (+132.1 ± 13.9 kg), respectively. There were no other group by time interactions for any of the variables assessed (p > .05). LM (p < .05), bench press 1RM (p < .001), and leg press 1RM (p < .001) indicated a significant time effect (+0.93 ± 0.02kg, +6.3 ± 0.9kg, and +68.2 ± 2.5kg, respectively). Body fat percentage showed a trend for decreasing over time (p = .05), while FM was significantly reduced over the 8-week training period (p < .05). Bench press increased 20% (+13.0 ± 2.0kg) from baseline for the APRE group, while leg press increased 13% (+32.9 ± 7.3kg), 18% (+43.1 ± 8.5kg), and 20% (+64.6 ± 28.8kg) for CON, PO, and APRE groups, respectively. CONCLUSION: The synergistic effects of protein plus exercise can be seen with the PAPRE group out-performing all other groups given the significant increases in LM and muscular strength over 8 weeks.

Dual specificity phosphatase 6 deficiency is associated with impaired systemic glucose tolerance and reversible weight retardation in mice.

Here, we aimed to investigate the potential role of DUSP6, a dual specificity phosphatase, that specifically inactivates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), for the regulation of body weight and glucose homeostasis. We further assessed whether metabolic challenges affect Dusp6 expression in selected brain areas or white adipose tissue. Hypothalamic Dusp6 mRNA levels remained unchanged in chow-fed lean vs. high fat diet (HFD) fed obese C57Bl/6J mice, and in C57Bl/6J mice undergoing prolonged fasting or refeeding with fat free diet (FFD) or HFD. Similarly, Dusp6 expression levels were unchanged in selected brain regions of Lepob mice treated with 1 mg/kg of leptin for 6 days, compared to pair-fed or saline-treated Lepob controls. Dusp6 expression levels remained unaltered in vitro in primary adipocytes undergoing differentiation, but were increased in eWAT of HFD-fed obese C57Bl/6J mice, compared to chow-fed lean controls. Global chow-fed DUSP6 KO mice displayed reduced body weight and lean mass and slightly increased fat mass at a young age, which is indicative for early-age weight retardation. Subsequent exposure to HFD led to a significant increase in lean mass and body weight in DUSP6 deficient mice, compared to WT controls. Nevertheless, after 26 weeks of high-fat diet exposure, we observed comparable body weight, fat and lean mass in DUSP6 WT and KO mice, suggesting overall normal susceptibility to develop obesity. In line with the increased weight gain to compensate for early-age weight retardation, HFD-fed DUSP6 KO displayed increased expression levels of anabolic genes involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism in the epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), compared to WT controls. Glucose tolerance was perturbed in both chow-fed lean or HFD-fed obese DUSP6 KO, compared to their respective WT controls. Overall, our data indicate that DUSP6 deficiency has limited impact on the regulation of energy metabolism, but impairs systemic glucose tolerance. Our data are in conflict to earlier reports that propose protection from diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance in DUSP6 deficient mice. Reasons for the discrepancies remain elusive, but may entail differential genetic backgrounds, environmental factors such as the type and source of HFD, or alterations in the gut microbiome between facilities.

Resistance Training Combined With Diet Decreases Body Fat While Preserving Lean Mass Independent of Resting Metabolic Rate: A Randomized Trial.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of resistance training only (RT; n = 10), dietary intervention only (DIET; n = 10), resistance training plus diet (RT+DIET; n = 10), and control (CON; n = 10) on body composition and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in a cohort of 40 premenopausal female volunteers. Subjects in DIET and RT+DIET were provided with daily macronutrient and calorie goals based on DXA and RMR tests, with protein maintained at 3.1 g/kg/day. Subjects in the RT and RT+DIET groups performed a supervised progressive RT program consisting of exercises for all the major muscle groups of the body. Results showed a significant month-by-group interaction for change in fat mass with no significant linear trend for control. The three treatment groups all showed significant linear decreases in fat mass, but the slope of the decrease became progressively steeper from the RT, to DIET, to RT+DIET. A significant linear increase for lean mass was seen for resistance training only. There was a nonsignificant increase in RMR in all groups from Month 0 to Month 4 but no significant month by group interaction. In conclusion, significant reductions in fat mass were achieved by all experimental groups, but results were maximized by RT+DIET. Only the RT group showed significant increases in lean mass.

The time course of short-term hypertrophy in the absence of eccentric muscle damage.

It has been proposed that the increase in skeletal muscle mass observed during the initial weeks of initiating a resistance training program is concomitant with eccentric muscle damage and edema. We examined the time course of muscle hypertrophy during 4weeks of concentric-only resistance training. Thirteen untrained men performed unilateral concentric-only dumbbell curls and shoulder presses twice per week for 4weeks. Sets of 8-12 repetitions were performed to failure, and training loads were increased during each session. Subjects consumed 500ml of whole milk during training. Assessments of soreness, lean mass, echo intensity, muscle thickness, relaxed and flexed arm circumference, and isokinetic strength were performed every 72 or 96h. Soreness, echo intensity, relaxed circumference, and peak torque data did not significantly change. Significant increases in lean mass, muscle thickness, and flexed circumference were observed within seven training sessions. Lean mass was elevated at tests #7 (+109.3g, p = .002) and #8 (+116.1g, p = .035), with eight different subjects showing changes above the minimal difference of 139.1g. Muscle thickness was elevated at tests #6 (+0.23cm, p = .004), #7 (+0.31cm, p < .001), and #8 (+0.27cm, p < .001), with ten subjects exceeding the minimal difference of 0.24cm. There were no changes for the control arm. In individuals beginning a resistance training program, small but detectable increases in hypertrophy may occur in the absence of eccentric muscle damage within seven training sessions.

Modificaciones en variables antropométricas, analíticas de riesgo metabólico y composición corporal en pequeños para la edad gestacional en tratamiento con hormona de crecimiento

Introduction and objectivesSmall for gestational age (SGA) children without catch-up growth can benefit from treatment with growth hormone (rhGH). However, they should be monitored very closely because they are at increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Material and methodA group of 28 SGA children with a mean age of 8.79 years and undergoing treatment with rhGH were selected for evaluation. Over the course of 4 years, an annual evaluation was performed on the anthropometric variables (weight, height, body mass index [BMI], growth rate, blood pressure and waist perimeter), metabolic risk variables (glycaemia, glycosylated haemoglobin, cholesterol ratio, insulinaemia, insulin-like growth factor 1[IGF1], IGF binding protein-3 [IGFBP-3], IGF1/IGFBP3 ratio, and HOMA index), and body composition variables. ResultsTreatment with rhGH was associated with a significant increase in height (–2.76±.11 SD to –1.53±.17 SD, P=.000), weight (–1.50±.09 SD to –1.21±.13 SD; P=.016), and growth rate (–1.43±.35 SD to .41±.41 SD; P=.009), without a corresponding change in the BMI. Insulinaemia (9.33±1.93mU/ml to 16.55±1.72mU/ml; P=.044) and the HOMA index (3.63±.76 to 6.43±.67; P=.042) increased, approaching insulin resistance levels. No changes were observed in the lipid profile. Body composition changes were observed, with a significant increase in lean mass (73.19±1.26 to 78.74±1.31; P=.037), and a reduction of fat mass (26.81±1.26 to 21.26±1.31; P=.021). ConclusionTreatment with rhGH is effective for improving anthropometric variables in SGA patients who have not experienced a catch-up growth. It also produces changes in body composition, which may lead to a reduction in risk of metabolic syndrome. However, some insulin resistance was observed. It is important to follow up this patient group in order to find out whether these changes persist into adulthood.

Effects of growth hormone treatment on anthropometrics, metabolic risk, and body composition variables in small for gestational age patients

Abstract Introduction and objectives Small for gestational age (SGA) children without catch-up growth can benefit from treatment with growth hormone (rhGH). However, they should be monitored very closely because they are at increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Material and method A group of 28 SGA children with a mean age of 8.79 years and undergoing treatment with rhGH were selected for evaluation. Over the course of 4 years, an annual evaluation was performed on the anthropometric variables (weight, height, body mass index [BMI], growth rate, blood pressure and waist perimeter), metabolic risk variables (glycaemia, glycosylated haemoglobin, cholesterol ratio, insulinaemia, insulin-like growth factor 1[IGF1], IGF binding protein-3 [IGFBP-3], IGF1/IGFBP3 ratio, and HOMA index), and body composition variables. Results Treatment with rhGH was associated with a significant increase in height (−2.76 ± .11 SD to −1.53 ± .17 SD, P = .000), weight (−1.50 ± .09 SD to −1.21 ± .13 SD; P = .016), and growth rate (−1.43 ± .35 SD to .41 ± .41 SD; P = .009), without a corresponding change in the BMI. Insulinaemia (9.33 ± 1.93 mU/ml to 16.55 ± 1.72 mU/ml; P = .044) and the HOMA index (3.63 ± .76 to 6.43 ± .67; P = .042) increased, approaching insulin resistance levels. No changes were observed in the lipid profile. Body composition changes were observed, with a significant increase in lean mass (73.19 ± 1.26 to 78.74 ± 1.31; P = .037), and a reduction of fat mass (26.81 ± 1.26 to 21.26 ± 1.31; P = .021). Conclusion Treatment with rhGH is effective for improving anthropometric variables in SGA patients who have not experienced a catch-up growth. It also produces changes in body composition, which may lead to a reduction in risk of metabolic syndrome. However, some insulin resistance was observed. It is important to follow up this patient group in order to find out whether these changes persist into adulthood.

Evidence of muscular adaptations within four weeks of barbell training in women

We investigated the time course of neuromuscular and hypertrophic adaptations associated with only four weeks of barbell squat and deadlift training. Forty-seven previously untrained women (mean±SD, age=21±3years) were randomly assigned to low volume training (n=15), moderate volume training (n=16), and control (n=16) groups. The low and moderate volume training groups performed two and four sets, respectively, of five repetitions per exercise, twice a week. Testing was performed weekly, and included dual X-ray absorptiometry and vastus lateralis and rectus femoris B-mode ultrasonography. Bipolar surface electromyographic (EMG) signals were detected from the vastus lateralis and biceps femoris during isometric maximal voluntary contractions of the leg extensors. Significant increases in lean mass for the combined gynoid and leg regions for the low (+0.68kg) and moderate volume (+0.47kg) groups were demonstrated within three weeks. Small-to-moderate effect sizes were shown for leg lean mass, vastus lateralis thickness and pennation angle, and peak torque, but EMG amplitude was unaffected. These findings demonstrated rapid muscular adaptations in response to only eight sessions of back squat and deadlift training in women despite the absence of changes in agonist–antagonist EMG amplitude.

The influence of high-intensity compared with moderate-intensity exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in colorectal cancer survivors: a randomised controlled trial.

Following colorectal cancer diagnosis and anti-cancer therapy, declines in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition lead to significant increases in morbidity and mortality. There is increasing interest within the field of exercise oncology surrounding potential strategies to remediate these adverse outcomes. This study compared 4weeks of moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) and high-intensity exercise (HIE) training on peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) and body composition in colorectal cancer survivors. Forty seven post-treatment colorectal cancer survivors (HIE = 27months post-treatment; MIE = 38months post-treatment) were randomised to either HIE [85-95% peak heart rate (HRpeak)] or MIE (70% HRpeak) in equivalence with current physical activity guidelines and completed 12 training sessions over 4weeks. HIE was superior to MIE in improving absolute (p = 0.016) and relative (p = 0.021) V̇O2peak. Absolute (+0.28 L.min(-1), p < 0.001) and relative (+3.5 ml.kg(-1).min(-1), p < 0.001) V̇O2 peak were increased in the HIE group but not the MIE group following training. HIE led to significant increases in lean mass (+0.72kg, p = 0.002) and decreases in fat mass (-0.74kg, p < 0.001) and fat percentage (-1.0%, p < 0.001), whereas no changes were observed for the MIE group. There were no severe adverse events. In response to short-term training, HIE is a safe, feasible and efficacious intervention that offers clinically meaningful improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition for colorectal cancer survivors. HIE appears to offer superior improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in comparison to current physical activity recommendations for colorectal cancer survivors and therefore may be an effective clinical utility following treatment.