Significant Hypoglycemic Activity Research Articles

Molecular Mechanism of Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila in Alleviating Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms.

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) significantly diminishes people's quality of life and imposes a substantial economic burden. This pathological progression is intimately linked with specific gut microbiota, such as Akkermansia muciniphila. Pasteurized A. muciniphila (P-AKK) has been defined as a novel food by the European Food Safety Authority and exhibited significant hypoglycemic activity. However, current research on the hypoglycemic activity of P-AKK is limited to the metabolic level, neglecting systematic exploration at the pathological level. Consequently, its material basis and mechanism of action for hypoglycemia remain unclear. Drawing upon this foundation, we utilized high-temperature killed A. muciniphila (H-K-AKK) with insignificant hypoglycemic activity as the control research object. Assessments were conducted at pathological levels to evaluate the hypoglycemic functions of both P-AKK and H-K-AKK separately. Our study unveiled for the first time that P-AKK ameliorated symptoms of T2DM by enhancing the generation of glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), with pasteurized A. muciniphila total proteins (PP) being a pivotal component responsible for this activity. Utilizing SDS-PAGE, proteomics, and molecular docking techniques, we deeply analyzed the material foundation of PP. We scientifically screened and identified a protein weighing 77.85 kDa, designated as P5. P5 enhanced GLP-1 synthesis and secretion by activating the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway, with free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR-2) being identified as the pivotal target protein for P5's physiological activity. These findings further promote the widespread application of P-AKK in the food industry, laying a solid theoretical foundation for its utilization as a beneficial food ingredient or functional component.

Valuation of the significant hypoglycemic activity of black currant anthocyanin extract by both starch structure transformation and glycosidase activity inhibition

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of anthocyanin-rich black currant extract (BCE) on the structural properties of starch and the inhibition of glycosidases, gathering data and research evidence to support the use of low glycemic index (GI) foods. The BCE induced a change in the starch crystal structure from A-type to V-type, resulting in a drop in digestibility from 81.41 % to 65.57 %. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of BCE on glycosidases activity (α-glucosidase: IC50 = 0.13 ± 0.05 mg/mL and α-amylase: IC50 = 2.67 ± 0.16 mg/mL) by inducing a change in spatial conformation were confirmed through in vitro analysis. The presence of a 5′-OH group facilitated the interaction between anthocyanins and receptors of amylose, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. The glycosyl moiety enhanced the affinity for amylose yet lowered the inhibitory effect on α-amylase. The in vivo analysis demonstrated that BCE resulted in a reduction of 3.96 mM·h in blood glucose levels (Area Under Curve). The significant hypoglycemic activity, particularly the decrease in postprandial blood glucose levels, highlights the potential of utilizing BCE in functional foods for preventing diabetes.

Compounds from Agathisdammara exert hypoglycaemic activity by enhancing glucose uptake: lignans, terpenes and others

In this study, two new kaurane diterpenes (16, 17), together with 12 lignans (1–12), a triterpene (15), and two other compounds (13, 14) were isolated from the woods of Agathisdammara. The structure of the new compound was determined by HR ESIMS and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy, and its absolute configuration was determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) exciton chirality method. Compounds 5, 11, 14 exhibit significant hypoglycaemic activity in zebrafish, and their mechanism of action is to enhance glucose uptake in zebrafish.Graphical

Prenylated flavonoid fractions from Glycyrrhiza glabra alleviate insulin resistance in HepG2 cells by regulating the ERK/IRS-1 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.

Insulin resistance (IR) is a key factor in the pathogenesis of disrupted glucose metabolism. Although the extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra has shown significant hypoglycemic activity, its bioactive components remain to be identified, and their mechanisms of action, especially on hepatocyte glucose metabolism, are yet to be explored. In the present study, the primary compounds from Glycyrrhiza glabra [named prenylated flavonoid fractions (PFFs)] have been identified and their chemical structures have been elucidated. The therapeutic effects of PFFs extracted from G. glabra on glucose metabolism disorders and IR in high insulin-induced insulin-resistant HepG2 (IR-HepG2) cells have been determined. Glabridin (GLD) was used as a control. The results indicated that, similar to GLD, PFFs increased glucose consumption, glucose uptake, and translocation of glucose transporter 4 to the plasma membrane in IR-HepG2 cells. In addition, they enhanced the activities of glycogen synthase, glucokinase, and pyruvate kinase, while reducing the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase. Furthermore, they activated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway and suppressed the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/insulin receptor substrate-1 (ERK/IRS-1) pathway. These findings suggest that, similar to GLD, PFFs can alleviate impaired glucose metabolism and alleviate IR in IR-HepG2 cells.Please check and confirm that the authors and their respective affiliations have been correctly identified and amend if necessary.The authors and their affiliations have been confirmed as correct.

Effects of Nigella Sativa and Syzygium Cumini Seed Extracts on Blood Glucose Levels in Swiss Albino Mice

A Swiss Albino mouse model was used to study the effects of two species that are common in Bangladesh: Nigella Sativa L. and Syzygium Cumini L. The trial looked at how a blend of methanol extracts from Syzygium Cumini L. and Nigella Sativa L. affected blood sugar levels using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). 40 overnight starved mice were divided into eight groups with a 4:1 male to female ratio. After 120 minutes of glucose injection, blood glucose levels were measured using a glucometric method. However, the mean values of the samples that were only treated with high doses of Syzygium Cumini L. (Group 1) and Nigella Sativa L. (Group 2) were 3.92 mmol/l and 3.8 mmol/l, respectively. Group-5 low dose (50 mg/kg) treated mean value was 4.02 mmol/l, group-6 moderate dose (100 mg/kg) treated mean value was 3.7 mmol/l, group-7 poly medium dose (200 mg/kg) treated mean value was 3.38 mmol/l, and group-8 poly high dose (400 mg/kg) treated mean value was 3.12 mmol/l where combined extract formulations were used. The combined formulation of the methanol extract of Nigella Sativa L. (Seed) and Syzygium Cumini L. (Seed) possesses significant oral hypoglycemic activity at different time intervals in the cases when compared to Control mean value, showing that all doses given significantly reduced blood sugar level

Exploring the hidden treasures of Nitella hyalina: a comprehensive study on its biological compounds, nutritional profile, and unveiling its antimicrobial, antioxidative, and hypoglycemic properties.

Macroalgae has the potential to be a precious resource in food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. Therefore, the present study was carried out to identify and quantify the phyco-chemicals and to assess the nutritional profile, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic properties of Nitella hyalina extracts. Nutritional composition revealed0.05 ± 2.40% ash content, followed by crude protein (24.66 ± 0.95%), crude fat (17.66 ± 1.42%), crude fiber (2.17 ± 0.91%), moisture content (15.46 ± 0.48%) and calculated energy value (173.50 ± 2.90 Kcal/100g). 23 compounds were identified through GC-MS analysis in ethyl acetate extract, with primary compounds being Palmitic acid, methyl ester, (Z)-9-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, and Methyl tetra decanoate. Whereas 15 compounds were identified in n-butanol extract, with the major compounds being Tetra decanoic acid, 9-hexadecanoic acid, Methyl pentopyranoside, and undecane. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of alcoholic phenol, saturated aliphatic compounds, lipids, carboxylic acid, carbonyl, aromatic components, amine, alkyl halides, alkene, and halogen compounds. Moreover, n-butanol contains 1.663 ± 0.768mg GAE/g, of total phenolic contents (TPC,) and 2.050 ± 0.143 QE/g of total flavonoid contents (TFC), followed by ethyl acetate extract, i.e. 1.043 ± 0.961mg GAE/g and 1.730 ± 0.311mg QE/g respectively. Anti-radical scavenging effect in a range of 34.55-46.35% and 35.39-41.79% was measured for n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. Antimicrobial results declared that n-butanol extract had the highest growth inhibitory effect, followed by ethyl acetate extract. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was reported to be the most susceptible strain, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, while Candida albicans showed the least inhibition at all concentrations. In-vivo hypoglycemic study revealed that both extracts exhibited dose-dependent activity. Significant hypoglycemic activity was observed at a dose of 300mg/kg- 1 after 6h i.e. 241.50 ± 2.88, followed by doses of 200 and 100mg/kg- 1 (245.17 ± 3.43 and 250.67 ± 7.45, respectively) for n-butanol extract. In conclusion, the macroalgae demonstrated potency concerning antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hypoglycemic properties.

Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of halogenated sesquiterpenes from natural sources

Halogenated sesquiterpenes are important derivatives of sesquiterpenes, referring to chemical components of sesquiterpenes that contain halogens such as chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Halogenated sesquiterpenes have attracted attention from researchers in China and abroad because of their diverse structures, unique halogen elements, and extensive pharmacological activities. Studies have shown that halogenated sesquiterpenes exhibit significant antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, insecticidal, hypoglycemic, and enzyme inhibitory activities. In order to better explore the potential pharmaceutical value of halogenated sesquiterpenes, this paper reviewed the structural characteristics and pharmacological activities of halogenated sesquiterpenes in the past two decades, aiming to provide references for further research and development of this class of compounds.

HYPOGLYCEMIC ACTION OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF OXALIS CORNICULATA LINN. ON NORMAL AND ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC ALBINO RATS

Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate hypoglycemic action of Ethanolic extract of leaves of Oxalis corniculata linn. on normal and Alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats.
 
 Methods: Hyperglycemia is induced by use of intraperitoneal injection of Alloxan and Adrenaline. After that test drug Ethanolic extract of leaves of Oxalis corniculata (ELOC) and standard drug Glibenclamide in administered. The hypoglycemic effect of ELOC is compared with the standard drug and control.
 
 Results: Significant hypoglycemic activity of ELOC was seen in Alloxan induced hyperglycemia when blood glucose levels were estimated from different tissues. Also, significant hypoglycemic activity of ELOC was seen in Adrenaline induced hyperglycemia.
 
 Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of leaves of Oxalis corniculata (ELOC) possess hypoglycemic activity.
 Key words: hypoglycemic activity, Alloxan, Oxalis corniculata

Characterization and biological activity of acidic sugarcane leaf polysaccharides by microwave-assisted hot alkali extraction

As a waste of sugarcane, the added value of sugarcane leaves has not been fully utilized, and sugarcane leaf polysaccharide is an important active component of sugarcane leaves. Using new extraction methods to study the structure and biological activity of polysaccharides from sugarcane leaves is of great significance for the development and application of sugarcane leaves. To determine the structural characteristics and biological activities of different acidic sugarcane leaf polysaccharides (ASLPs) extracted by microwave-assisted hot alkali extraction (MALE), three new acidic sugarcane leaf polysaccharides (ASLP-50, ASLP-70 and ASLP-90) were precipitated by ethanol. The structure of ASLPs extracted by MALE contains protein, sulfate and uronic acid. ASLP-50 (195.88 kDa), ASLP-70 (94.62 kDa) and ASLP-90 (16.37 kDa) were acidic polysaccharides composed of mannose, galacturonic acid, glucose, arabinose and fucose. The results of XRD and NMR showed that ASLPs were amorphous polysaccharides composed of α-L-Araf-(1→ main chain, and its branching points were composed of Arap and GalpA residues. In addition, ASLPs showed significant antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antibacterial activities in vitro. The research and application of ASLPs provide a reference for the recycling of sugarcane leaves, which is conducive to the development of food, agriculture and pharmaceutical industries.

A polysaccharide NAP-3 from Naematelia aurantialba: Structural characterization and adjunctive hypoglycemic activity

A novel polysaccharide (NAP-3) was isolated and purified from Naematelia aurantialba after water extraction. The structure of NAP-3, which was determined by FT-IR, HPLC, GC–MS, and NMR, indicated that NAP-3 was a homogeneous polysaccharide with the molecular weight of 428 kDa, mainly consisted of β-1, 3-D-Manp, β-1, 2, 3-D-Manp, β-D-Xylp, β-1, 4-D-Glcp, β-1, 4-D-Rhap in a molar ratio of 6.49: 1.11: 2.4: 0.13: 0.83. In vitro α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory assay showed that NAP-3 had a low IC50 value, which exhibited similar enzyme inhibitory activity as acarbose. NAP-3 was evaluated as an adjuvant with metformin for antidiabetic therapy in HFD/STZ-induced diabetic mice and insulin resistance HepG2 cells. The combination of NAP-3 and metformin in diabetic mice exhibited significant hypoglycemic activity, reducing body weight, serum insulin levels, glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, and increasing antioxidant levels compared to metformin alone. The combination of NAP-3 and metformin improved oxidative stress by increasing ROS clearance, thereby enhancing glucose uptake in HepG2 cells. This study provided new data for the study of Naematelia aurantialba polysaccharides and offers a new adjuvant therapy for the treatment of diabetes.

Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activity of Sacha Inchi Meal Protein Hydrolysate

Sacha inchi meal (SIM) is the residue from the processing of the oil crop sacha inchi. In the present study, biological enzymolysis was performed on SIM protein to obtain hydrolysates, and then the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities were evaluated. The results showed that the scavenging rates of alkaline protease hydrolysate (SAl) and protamex hydrolysate (SPr) to ABTS free radicals were close to that of vitamin C at 5 mg/mL, amounting to 99.83 ± 0.33% and 100.00 ± 0.09%, respectively. The dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-IV) inhibitory activities of SPr and SAl were also the highest, at the concentration of 2.5 mg/mL, their inhibition rates were 74.15 ± 0.68% and 56.38 ± 1.51%, respectively, with the IC50 values of 1.007 mg/mL and 2.130 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, compared with the model group, all the hydrolysates increased the glucose consumption by 187.01–348.79% (at 800 μg/mL) in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells, which were better than positive drug Metformin. In conclusion, SIM protein hydrolysates have significant antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity in vitro; therefore, the hydrolysates could be used as for functional food and pharmaceutical development.

Phytochemical and in Vivo Biological Studies of Tanaecium Bilabiatum (Sprague) L.G. Lohmann

Phytochemical analysis of Tanaecium bilabiatum leaf led to the isolation and identification of salacinin C, daturadiol and a mixture of triterpenes, α-amyrin and β-amyrin. Besides chemical analysis, the methanol extract of T. bilabiatum leaf, METBL was evaluated for analgesic, anti-diarrheal and hypoglycemic potential in mice model. For analgesic activity test by tail immersion technique, the extract significantly extended the percent elongation time of thermal nociception. METBL (400 mg/kg bw) also established the highest inhibition of formalin-induced abdominal writhing (69.39%) in mice, which was comparable with the standard aspirin (75.51%). Likewise, dose-dependent antidiarrheal activity was observed in this test. After oral administration, METBL demonstrated maximum inhibition (40.93%) of castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice. In oral glucose tolerance test, the plant extract produced significant (p < 0.05) hypoglycemic activity. Therefore, it is concluded that T. bilabiatum is a promising source of bioactive compounds with analgesic, antidiarrheal and hypoglycemic potential. Bangladesh J. Bot. 52(1): 119-127, 2023 (March)

Potential anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic activities of alpha-pinene in diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease characterised by high levels of glucose in the blood, resulting from a relative or absolute deficiency in the action of insulin. It is now clear that a state of chronic low- level inflammation is closely associated with the pathophysiology of DM, which may contribute to the long-term effects of the disease. Some monoterpenes, compounds present in oils from various aromatic plants, such as β- pinene, have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, the current study sought to assess the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and anti-inflammatory effects of α-pinene, an isomer of β-pinene, in diabetic rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats (200–250 g) received a single injection of alloxan (40 mg/kg) through the penile vein to induce diabetes. Diabetic animals were orally treated with vehicle or α-pinene (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) or glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) for seven consecutive days. On the last day of treatment, blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and the anti-inflammatory effect of α-pinene was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced paw edema and carrageenan-induced peritonitis models. Results: The treatment with the monoterpene decreased blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, LDL, HDL, AST and ALT levels when compared to the vehicle group. Likewise, the association α-pinene + glibenclamide also decreased blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The oral treatment with α-pinene inhibited carrageenan-induced recruitment of total leukocytes to the peritoneal cavity and also inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema. Alpha-pinene showed significant hypoglycemic and hypolipemic activity at doses 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg. The strongest anti-inflammatory activity of α-pinene was observed at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Finally, these findings suggest that α-pinene may have anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and hypolipemic properties. Its anti-inflammatory properties are probably an asset for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. However, new preclinical tests are required to elucidate the mechanism of action by which α-pinene exerts its activity.

The significant antidyslipidemic, hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic, and antiobesity activities of the aqueous extracts of Agave Sisalana juice are partly mediated via modulation of calcium signaling pathways

Plant species in the genus Agave, including Agave sisalana, have found extensive application in African and Asian traditional medicine. Inspired by the use of the edible sweet sap known as Aguamiel (obtained from specific mature agave species such as Agave salmiana) in Mexico by diabetic patients to improve their diabetic condition, this study investigated the effects of Agave sisalana extracts prepared by lyophilization, fermentation, and saponin extraction from sisal juice in a rodent model of metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome was induced by administering a high fat and high fructose diet to freshly weaned Sprague-Dawley rats for eight weeks.The A. sisalana extracts possessed significant hypoglycemic effects [3.883 ± 0.371 mmol/L (normal group) vs. 8.183 ± 0.5845 mmol/L (negative control) vs. 3.767 ± 0.2716 mmol/L (positive control) vs. 4.167 ± 0.4602 mmol/L (FSP) vs. 4.533 ± 0.3169 mmol/L (FerSP) vs. 3.5 ± 0.2309 mmol/L (FS LD) vs. 3.867 ± 0.3353 mmol/L (FS HD) vs. 4.617 ± 0.2725 mmol/L (FerS LD) vs. 4.383 ± 0.3114 mmol/L (FerS HD): p < 0.0001]. The extracts also possessed significant antihyperlipidemic effects with significant differences in total serum cholesterol between the groups [1.398 ± 0.1232 mmol/L (normal group) vs. 4.225 ± 0.4135 mmol/L (negative control) vs. 1.582 ± 0.154 mmol/L (positive control) vs. 1.245 ± 0.0911 mmol/L (FSP) vs. 1.393 ± 0.1423 mmol/L (FerSP) vs. 1.387 ± 0.0924 mmol/L (FS LD) vs. 1.761 ± 0.1495 mmol/L (FS HD) vs. 1.698 ± 0.1294 mmol/L (FerS LD) vs. 1.6975 ± 0.0982 mmol/L (FerS HD): p < 0.0001]. Further, significant antiobesity effects of the A.sisalana extracts were observed with significant differences in weight among the groups [196.3 ± 6.49 g (normal group) vs. 298.9 ± 6.67 g (negative control) vs. 215.3 ± 6.06 g (positive control) vs. 195.4 ± 3.92 g (FSP) vs. 213.1 ± 5.21 g (FerSP) vs. 190.8 ± 6.49 g (FS LD) vs. 198.9 ± 4.31 g (FS HD) vs. 204.7 ± 4.78 g (FerS LD) vs. 208.7 ± 6.21 g (FerS HD): p < 0.0001].Network pharmacology studies indicated that the chemical components found in sisal juice primarily exert their effects by modulating the voltage-gated calcium channels CACNA1S, CACNA1D, and CACNA1C, in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.

Phenolic Constituents from Wendlandia tinctoria var. grandis (Roxb.) DC. Stem Deciphering Pharmacological Potentials against Oxidation, Hyperglycemia, and Diarrhea: Phyto-Pharmacological and Computational Approaches.

Wendlandia tinctoria var. grandis (Roxb.) DC. (Family: Rubiaceae) is a semi-evergreen shrub distributed over tropical and subtropical Asia. The present research intended to explore the pharmacological potential of the stem extract of W. tinctoria, focusing on the antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and antidiarrheal properties, and to isolate various secondary metabolites as mediators of such activities. A total of eight phenolic compounds were isolated from the dichloromethane soluble fraction of the stem extract of this plant, which were characterized by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometric and 1H NMR spectroscopic data as liquiritigenin (1), naringenin (2), apigenin (3), kaempferol (4), glabridin (5), ferulic acid (6), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (7), and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (8). The dichloromethane soluble fraction exhibited the highest phenolic content (289.87 ± 0.47 mg of GAE/g of dried extract) and the highest scavenging activity (IC50 = 18.83 ± 0.07 µg/mL) against the DPPH free radical. All of the isolated compounds, except 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, exerted a higher antioxidant effect (IC50 = 6.20 ± 0.10 to 16.11 ± 0.02 μg/mL) than the standard butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (IC50 = 17.09 ± 0.01 μg/mL). Significant hypoglycemic and antidiarrheal activities of the methanolic crude extract at both doses (200 mg/kg bw and 400 mg/kg bw) were observed in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the computational modeling study supported the current in vitro and in vivo findings, and the isolated constituents had a higher or comparable binding affinity for glutathione reductase and urase oxidase enzymes, glucose transporter 3 (GLUT 3), and kappa-opioid receptor, inferring potential antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and antidiarrheal properties, respectively. This is the first report of all of these phenolic compounds being isolated from this plant species and even the first demonstration of the plant stem extract’s antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and antidiarrheal potentials. According to the current findings, the W. tinctoria stem could be a potential natural remedy for treating oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and diarrhea. Nevertheless, further extensive investigation is crucial for thorough phytochemical screening and determining the precise mechanisms of action of the plant-derived bioactive metabolites against broad-spectrum molecular targets.

In-vivo evaluation and formulation development of polyherbal extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat

BackgroundThe research focuses on polyherbal antidiabetic extracts from various plants that are utilized in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus at various doses. Ayurvedic treatment is widely accepted throughout due to their efficacy, safety, less price, ubiquity, and acceptance. Polyherbal medicines, contain glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, and other compounds that have unique mode of action to treat diabetes, have long been used across the world. This study was carried out to investigate the hypoglycemic effects and antihyperglycemic activity of polyherbal (PH) extract in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Along with this, the antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activity of Polyherbal extract (PH) were also studied. Further, polyherbal tablets were formulated and evaluated. MethodPolyherbal extract (hydroalcoholic) was tested for the hypoglycemic activity for 4 h in normoglycemic rats, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (2 h), and antihyperglycemic activity (28 days) in non-diabetic and STZ-induced diabetic rats. Further, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity were also studied along with histopathology and pre & post-compression tablet data. The effective antidiabetic activity was observed for PH I (400 mg/kg followed 200 mg/kg). OGTT has shown that PH I (200 mg/kg) extract is having a better glucose utilization capacity. The data also propose that PH I (400 mg/kg followed 200 mg/kg) exhibit significant and consistent hypoglycemic activity. ResultsOur findings explain that polyherbal extract in variant doses has antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity, which is manifested by decreasing total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL and MDA level. The extract also increased the HDL, SOD and reduced glutathione level in various treatment groups. The data propose that the combined extract showed a consistent and ameliorated hepatic and renal function, in the treatment groups. Polyherbal extract PH I (400 mg/kg) have manifested the most effective improvements in diabetic complications. All the pre & post-compression tablet data were within limits. The above results propose that this Polyherbal extract may be a potential source for the development of the new antidiabetic drug. ConclusionsThe proposed activity of the polyherbal extract is supported by various biochemical and histopathologic analyses. By examining its safety and in vivo efficacy, the combination of ayurvedic components will give us a novel glimmer of hope for the lifestyle illness.

LC-MS Metabolite Profiling and the Hypoglycemic Activity of Morus alba L. Extracts.

Morus alba L. is used in traditional Chinese medicine for its anti-diabetic activity; however, the part of the hypoglycemic activity and related active metabolites are still not fully clarified. In this study, the metabolites in the M. alba roots, leaves, twigs, and fruits extracts (70% ethanol extracts) were systematically identified, and their hypoglycemic activity was evaluated by the high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) mouse model. A total of 60 high-level compounds, including 16 polyphenols, 43 flavonoids, and one quinic acid, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS) combined with the fragmentation pathways of standards and the self-established database. Among them, 23 metabolites were reported for the first time from this plant. In contrast to the extracts of M. alba leaves and fruits, the extracts of roots and twigs displayed significant hypoglycemic activity The glycemia was significantly reduced from 32.08 ± 1.27 to 20.88 ± 1.82 mmol/L and from 33.32 ± 1.98 to 24.74 ± 1.02 mmol/L, respectively, after 4 weeks of treatment with roots and twigs extracts. Compound 46 (morusin), which is a high-level component identified from the extracts of M. alba roots, also displayed significant activity in decreasing the blood glucose level of T2D mice reduced from 31.45 ± 1.23 to 23.45 ± 2.13 mmol/L. In addition, the extracts of roots and twigs displayed significant activity in reducing postprandial glycemia. This work marks the first comparison of the metabolites and hypoglycemic activity of M. alba roots, leaves, twigs, and fruits extracts, and provides a foundation for further development of M. alba extracts as anti-diabetic drugs.

Validating the Hypoglycaemic and Hypotensive Roles of Salvia serotina (Chicken Weed) in Normal Healthy Sprague-Dawley Rats.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disease and is characterized by hyperglycaemia. Salvia serotina L. (chicken weed) has been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments including DM. Aqueous, hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol crude extracts of S. serotina L. were investigated for their anti-oxidant activities and hypoglycaemic and hypotensive effects in normal, healthy Sprague–Dawley rats using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and the CODA noninvasive blood pressure system to determine systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR). The aqueous extract caused a free radical scavenging effect with an IC50 value of 10.2 ± 1.01 µg/mL versus vitamin C (9.42 ± 1.01 µg/mL). The extract lowered the blood glucose concentration at the 150 minute interval (5.00 ± 0.22 mM vs. 6.51 ± 0.33 mM; p = 0.004) and the 180 minute interval (4.77 ± 0.27 mM vs. 5.93 ± 0.0.30 mM; p = 0.015). The hexane extract gave significant hypoglycaemic activity at the 120 minute interval (4.54 ± 0.21 mmol/L vs. 5.50 ± 0.17 mmol/L; p = 0.005). The hexane extract also significantly lowered the SBP (132 ± 6 mm Hg; p = 0.014), DBP (106 ± 7 mm Hg; p = 0.034), and MAP (114 ± 7 mm Hg; p = 0.023) versus the controls SBP (156 ± 4 mm Hg), DBP (132 ± 8 mm Hg), and MAP (140 ± 6 mm Hg). Bioassay-directed purification of the hexane extract yielded 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol (1), 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol (2), and 5,22-stigmastadien-3β-ol (3) as active principles. Hence, S. serotina L. showed anti-oxidant, hypoglycaemic, and hypotensive effects in the rats and may have potential applications in the treatment of diabetes.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of 80% Methanolic Extract of the Root of Solanum incanum Linnaeus (Solanaceae) in Mice.

Background Conventional antidiabetic drugs are linked with a number of contraindications and untoward effects. The root decoction of Solanum incanum L. has traditionally been used to treat diabetes. However, its safety and efficacy have not been scientifically authenticated yet. Hence, the study was conducted in mice to corroborate its antidiabetic potential and safety profile. Methods Using normoglycemic, oral glucose-loaded, and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice models, the hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activities of 80% methanolic root extract were investigated. On streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, the effect of the test extract on diabetic lipid profile and body weight was also investigated. Further, the in vitro α-amylase inhibition activity was assessed. Results The test extract was safe at a limit test dose of 2 g/kg. Dose-dependent α-amylase inhibition activity was seen with peak percentage inhibition of 75.95% at 700 μg/mL. In normoglycemic mice, the plant extract showed statistically significant hypoglycemic activity at 200 and 400 mg/kg (P < 0.001) at 6 h and 4 and 6 h of treatment, respectively; in oral glucose-loaded mice, at both the test doses, the glucose level was also significantly dropped at 120 (P < 0.01) and 60 and 120 min (P < 0.001), respectively; whereas, in the third model, the test extract showed significant antihyperglycemic activity at 100 mg/kg (P < 0.05) on the 14th day and at 200 (P < 0.01) and 400 mg/kg (P < 0.001) on the 7th and 14th day of treatment. Similarly, following repeated administration of the test extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg, the body weight was significantly improved on the 14th day (P < 0.05) and on the 7th and 14th day (P < 0.01), respectively, while diabetic dyslipidemia after 14 days (P < 0.05). Conclusion The study revealed that the test extract showed promising antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity. Thus, the findings back up its use in Ethiopian remedies for diabetes.

Hypoglycemic activity of Methanol Fraction of Solanum torvum (Swartz) fruits in normal and Streptozotocin induced Hyperglycemic rat models

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disorder, now considered as a major global health problem which is affecting around 9.3% of world population and its incidence is increasing day by day. In India, several plants having hypoglycemic property are traditionally used in management of diabetes. Solanum torvum (Swartz) (ST) plant belonging to family Solanaceae; is medicinally reported and claims to cure various diseases in Indian traditional system of medicine (Ayurveda) and also in folklore and as per previous report, the decoction of its fruits is very useful in the treatment of diabetes. The thrust of this investigation is to examine the hypoglycemic efficacy of methanolic fractions (50, 100 and 200mg/kg body wt.) of ST fruits (MFST) from defatted hydro-alcoholic extract in normoglycemic, followed by Streptozotocin (45mg/kg) induced diabetic, and glucose loaded hyperglycemic rats by single as well as multiple oral administration in contrast to the standard drug glibenclamide (2.5mg/kg body wt.). In the beginning of the investigation, acute oral toxicity study of MFST was carried out in rats to determine the dose for experiment animals. The study report showed that the MFST (200mg/kg) significantly (p&lt;0.05 to p&lt;0.01) declines blood glucose level both in normoglycemic and diabetic rats induced by Streptozotocin, and oral glucose loaded hyperglycemic rats till the end of 8th hour and 3rd hour respectively during the single dose study and from the 15th day to 30th day in multi dose study. The blood glucose level decreasing activity of MFST may be due to the secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds present in it. Hence the present investigation report reveals that MFST possess significant hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic activity which persuades the traditional use of the plant for the treatment or management of diabetes mellitus.