Significant Financial Contributions Research Articles

Choosing American Colleges from Afar

Chinese students studying abroad have been increasing rapidly in the past decades and become a significant financial contribution to receiving countries. Accordingly, understanding their enrollment choice is essential to facilitate college marketing and admission strategies. Though the decision process is believed to be different from domestic students, empirical analysis on Chinese students’ enrollment choice is still lacking. This paper fills the void by examining the influential factors of Chinese students’ enrollment choice with novel student-level data. We find that in addition to factors domestic students typically consider, Chinese students particularly emphasize college ranking, reputation, and location in their decision process. Furthermore, unlike domestic students usually preferring colleges with proximity to home, Chinese students’ location preference is linked to job prosperity. We also find that the impact of the factors varies for students from different regions of China, which can be attributable to uneven economic development within the country.

COTTAGE INDUSTRY IN DAKSHINA KANNADA: A CASE STUDY

A thorough contextual research of the Dakshina Kannada bungalow industry, examining its financial aspects and impact on neighbouring networks. India is among the worlds developing countries. In this context, trading plays a major role in resolving problems with Khadi items. In the unlikely event if the creators fulfil Khadis objectives to win over customers devotion by creating fresh, modern Khadi products, it usually becomes a major player in the home business. Generally speaking, it is said that home businesses are an unavoidable, backward aspect of the economy. However, a financial analysis and practical engagement with many other countries demonstrate that the bungalow enterprises have demonstrated remarkable perseverance and have made a significant financial contribution to the nation. The case for fostering the growth of the bungalow industry in Dakshina Kannada is clear because these businesses present excellent opportunities for generating a sizable amount of revenue and procure a valuable open door for relatively minimal price for unemployment, especially in rural areas. This supports efforts to achieve high and useful monetary development. KEYWORDS: Cottage Industry, Dakshina Kannada, Sustainable economic growth, Achieving High

დიამინო-დიესტერების ბის-პ-ტოლუოლსულფონატები ციკლური დიოლების საფუძველზე – ახალი საკვანძო მონომერები მაღალმოდულიანი ფსევდოპროტეინების მისაღებად

Environmental pollution caused by placing polymer waste into the environment without proper recycling is one of the most acute problems existing nowadays in terms of environmental stability. This problem has been exacerbated during the Covid-19 period. Covid-19 threatened not only human health but it negatively affected environmental stability. (According to credible statistical data every day about 8 million polymer waste is released into oceans [1], [2]). Recycling polymer material requires significant financial contribution along with human resources and time. According to the fact that demands on biodegradable materials have increased because after their exploitation period, they will not pollute the environment. This research is about synthesizing inflexible structured monomers and also the synthesis of new polymers based on the above-mentioned monomers is discussed. In this research synthesis of six new monomers (Tozyl diaminodiesters) is provided along with some polymer polyester urea synthesis techniques. It should be noted that these kinds of polymers might be used in the field of medicine but after taking into consideration their mechanical properties they might be used in specific parts of the engineering field as well.

РЕГУЛЯТИВНІ ТА НАГЛЯДОВІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ НА ФІНАНСОВОМУ РИНКУ: СУЧАСНА ПРАКТИКА І ВИКЛИКИ

Узагальнено основні сфери використання регулятивних (RegTech) і наглядових (SupTech) технологій на фінансовому ринку, виокремлено їх основні переваги і ризики. Проаналізовано зарубіжний та вітчизняний досвід застосування наглядових технологій, зокрема, у контексті управління звітністю, запобігання та протидії відмиванню коштів, збирання та обробки даних з метою аналізу ринку. Відзначено використання «акселератора» як інструмента SupTech. Більшість ініціатив та проєктів у сфері SupTech все ще перебувають на стадії розробки і в основному стосуються звітності та управління даними. Регулятори розвинутих країн були першими створили регуляторні «пісочниці». З огляду на те, що «пісочниці» вимагають значного фінансового внеску, а іноді й змін до законодавства, регулюючі органи сприяють формуванню в основному інноваційних центрів, а не «пісочниць». Узагальнено тенденції розвитку регулятивних технологій. Аналітичний огляд глобального ринку RegTechпродемонстрував тренд до постійного зростання інвестицій у RegTech, а саме кількості угод обсягом понад 40 млн дол., із сплеском у 2019 р., який був зумовлений збільшенням інвестицій в інформаційну безпеку та змінами в регламенті ЄС із захисту даних. Визначено сфери, у яких розвиток SupTech і RegTech може зазнати ключових викликів, а саме інфраструктура (фінансові ресурси, технічна спроможність, кваліфікація персоналу) і законодавча база. Обґрунтовано, що регулятивні та наглядові технології трансформують індустрію фінансових послуг, надаючи можливості та являючи собою виклики для центральних банків і фінансових установ.

Diocese and parish in the Russian Empire: finances and bureaucracy, 1850–1917

ABSTRACT This article describes financial and bureaucratic relations between the parish and the diocese in the Russian Empire. Throughout the imperial period, the parish clergy were obliged to send their dioceses significant financial contributions and bureaucratic paperwork. Compared to the pre-Petrine epoch, there was a significant expansion of the diocese’s powers over the parish during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The author concludes that the system of monetary fees and reporting established during the Synodal era was a consequence of the state’s utilitarian attitude towards the Church, which led to the disintegration of the dioceses and parishes and the discrediting of the clerical estate. In the early twentieth century, the system of parish dues was sharply rejected by parishioners, resulting in the “strikes of church elders” during the first Russian Revolution. The crisis was resolved by the “parish revolution” of 1917, when the relationship between the diocese and the parish was spontaneously restructured.

Building FinTech Ecosystems: Regulatory Sandboxes, Innovation Hubs and Beyond

Around the world, regulators and policymakers are working to support the development of financial technology (FinTech) ecosystems. As one example, over 50 jurisdictions have now established or announced “financial regulatory sandboxes”. Others have announced or established “innovation hubs”, sometimes incorporating a regulatory sandbox as one element. This article argues that innovation hubs provide all the benefits that the policy discussion associates with regulatory sandboxes, while avoiding most downsides of regulatory sandboxes, and that many benefits typically attributed to sandboxes are the result of inconsistent terminology, and actually accrue from the work of innovation hubs. The paper presents, as the first contribution of its kind, data on regulatory sandboxes and innovation hubs and argues that the data so far available on sandboxes does not justify the statement that regulatory sandboxes are the most effective approach to building FinTech ecosystems. Given that regulatory sandboxes require significant financial contributions, sometimes new legislation, and intense regulatory risk management, and that sandboxes do not work as well on a stand-alone basis (i.e. without an innovation hub), while innovation hubs alone can provide more significant benefits in supporting the development of a FinTech ecosystem, regulators should focus their resources on developing effective innovation hubs, including in appropriate cases a sandbox as one possible element.

State Hygiene School as a Department of Education in the National Institute of Hygiene in Warsaw

The article presents the history of the establishment of the State School of Hygiene (PSH) in Poland after the First World War. The difficulties faced by the public health service in a country destroyed by war and created after the reunification of the lands, which for over 150 years remained under the control of three powers, were pointed out. It discusses how the foundations of modern teaching in the field of public health were created in the National Institute of Hygiene (PZH) in Warsaw, an institution to which the Ministry of Public Health entrusted tasks related to health education in the country. The State School of Hygiene was built by the Polish Government with a significant financial contribution from the John Davison Rockefeller Foundation. The official opening ceremony took place on 20 April 1926. The State School of Hygiene in Warsaw was the first such school in Europe. It educated professional staff for the health service in Poland, especially sanitary physicians, sanitary inspectors, nurses and staff to work in health offices. The importance and scope of influence of the State School of Hygiene as the Department of Education in the National Institute of Hygiene was constantly increasing, as evidenced by the number of students (about 800 per year) participating in courses, especially in the first years after its establishment. By the end of 1935, 6,389 students had completed the courses, including 1,900 physicians. Apart from the teaching activities, the State School of Hygiene also carried out research work. The State School of Hygiene was supported by the Rockefeller Foundation, which funded scholarships for the employees of the National Institute of Hygiene at university centers in the USA

CONDICTIO CAUSA DATA CAUSA NON SECUTA JAKO PODSTAWA ŻĄDANIA ZWROTU ŚWIADCZENIA SPEŁNIONEGO W TRAKCIE TRWANIA ZWIĄZKU PARTNERSKIEGO – DOŚWIADCZENIA SĄDÓW SZKOCKICH

Cohabitation understood as a relationship between two persons of the opposite or the same sex who are not married is not regulated in Polish Law. For this reason Polish courts often meet obstacles when they try to settle property disputes between ex-cohabitants, especially when one of the partners has made significant financial contribution to the property of another in expectation that they would get married or remain in their informal relationship for a long time (until death).

The Role of Founder and Other Family Participation on US Private Foundation Efficiency

Founders make significant financial contributions in creating US private foundations. Therefore, we hypothesize that founders monitor foundation operations and predict a positive relation between founder participation and foundation efficiency. In contrast, we propose competing hypotheses in examining the relation between other family member participation and foundation efficiency. Other family member participation has the potential to enhance foundation efficiency if founders are able to transfer their philanthropic values to their progeny. However, other family participation also has the potential to diminish foundation efficiency if the founders’ withdrawal leaves their foundations without true principals to monitor managerial actions. We find that both founder and other family participation are positively associated with foundation efficiency. We also provide limited evidence that the positive association between founding family participation and foundation efficiency is transferred to second generation family members, but is not transferred to subsequent generations.

Residues and health risk assessment of quinolones and sulfonamides in cultured fish from Pearl River Delta, China

Residues of six selected veterinary antibiotics (three quinolones and three sulfonamides) in cultured fish samples from the Pearl River Delta, South China, were investigated. The results revealed that quinolones and sulfonamides were widely distributed in the cultured fishes. The concentrations of total quinolones ranged from 2.5 to 185.7μgkg−1 wet weight (w. wt) while the concentrations of total sulfonamides ranged between <LOD and 140.5μgkg−1 (w. wt). Higher levels of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) were found in freshwater fishes than marine fishes. The eel and bass contained the highest concentrations of total quinolones (185.7±19.9μgkg−1 w. wt) and total sulfonamides (140.5±12.5μgkg−1 w. wt) in the muscle tissue, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) results showed that the contribution of investigated fishes to dietary intakes of quinolones and sulfonamides were far below the acceptable daily intake (ADI). It would not seem to pose a risk to the public health. Due to the potential risk of antibiotics on the aquatic environment and human health, further investigation on the impact of these emerging pollutants is urgently encouraged. Statement of relevanceWe wish to draw the attention of the Editor to the following facts which may be considered as potential conflicts of interest and to significant financial contributions to this work. We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. We confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us. We confirm that we have given due consideration to the protection of intellectual property associated with this work and that there are no impediments to publication, including the timing of publication, with respect to intellectual property. In so doing we confirm that we have followed the regulations of our institutions concerning intellectual property. We further confirm that any aspect of the work covered in this manuscript that has involved either experimental animals or human patients has been conducted with the ethical approval of all relevant bodies and that such approvals are acknowledged within the manuscript.

Health governance in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Health governance in Sub-Saharan Africa.

The Impact of International Migration on Home Churches: The Mar Thoma Syrian Christian Church in India

Based on qualitative, multisited research, this article examines the impacts of short‐ and long‐term international migration to the Middle East and the West on the Mar Thoma Syrian Christian demonination of Kerala. Migrants and their foreign‐born children have new demands and expectations, and significant financial contributions have led to adjustments in the orientation and functioning of the denomination and its clergy. Large‐scale emigration has also had indirect effects. International networks and the economic affluence of the population, along with a rise in social problems caused by migration and consumerism, have led to the rise of evangelical and charismatic transdenominational churches in Kerala that challenge the functioning of established Christian denominations such as the Mar Thoma. Church leaders have been trying to bring about changes to address these developments, but are constrained by the tradition, structure, and the mission of the churches. I draw on theories of organizational religious change and theories of transnationalism to explain the process of social change in Kerala, also addressing some limitations of these theories.

Paid Work &amp;amp; Decision Making Power of Married Women Cross Sectional Survey of Muzaffarabad Azad State of Jammu &amp;amp; Kashmir

Background: Current research focuses primarily on women’s autonomy in decision making while little attention is paid to their freedom of expression. Socioeconomic & socio demographic factors affect women’s autonomy in decision making. In the developing countries, particularly in Pakistan, although women are making significant financial contributions but they are still under collective decisions of husband and other family members while sometimes they are blindly relying on husband’s decision. Objective of study was to find out association of women’s autonomy in decision making & socioeconomic factors. Method: Cross sectional survey was conducted in Muzaffarabad Azad Kashmir on married working women (N = 500). The data consist of women’s three decisions: birth control decision, financial decision and freedom of expression. A number of socio-demographic variables were used in chi-square analysis to examine the association of these variables with the said decisions. Results: Age, residence, education, professional differences, job nature, monthly income of married women are positively associated with autonomy in decision making. 59% women of above 30 years age exercise independence in birth control decisions (p value 0.02). Urban women (96%) are more likely to be autonomous in birth control decision than women from rural areas (p value 0.00). Educational attainment effects women autonomy as professionally qualified women (87.2%) are more independent in birth control decisions, independent in spending income (86.5%), having freedom of expression (55.4%). Furthermore women living in nuclear families exercise more independence in birth control decisions (77.2), income spending decisions (76) and enjoy more freedom of expression (56.2). Women working in government sector have independence in birth control (71), financial decisions (70.4), and freedom of expression (52.4%) with p value 0.00. Women earning salary of above 20,000 enjoy autonomy in birth control decisions (87.5%), financial decisions (87.2%), freedom of expression (57.4) with p value 0.00.

The Balancing Act: Using Private Money for Public Projects

As public resources become scarcer, private donations for capital projects and public services may become increasingly important. Modern donors, using the new philanthropy philosophy common now in the nonprofit sector, may desire more control over the use of their funding than in the past. This research examines the effects of private donations on capital decision making, and explores the balancing act required by public officials between best practices and private norms in this process. The study uses the city of Omaha, Nebraska case, where corporate and individual donors have made significant financial contributions for the construction of a convention center/arena and a baseball stadium. Findings include both costs and benefits of this approach, and may be beneficial for theory‐building related to this relatively unexplored topic, as well as for practitioners faced with similar needs and demands.

Les services écosystémiques de la forêt picto-charentaise

Après un bref rappel des caractéristiques très diverses de la forêt de la région Poitou-Charentes et avoir souligné la contribution financière significative du Conseil régional de ce territoire aux actions de son Centre régional de la propriété forestière (CRPF) qui sont l’objet de l’article, l’auteur présente quelques actions conduites par le CRPF (en coopération avec le Conseil régional et d’autres agences) et qui portent sur quatre services écosystémiques jugés principaux pour la forêt picto-charentaise : le maintien des sols ; le stockage du gaz carbonique ; la protection de la ressource en eau potable et l’accueil de la biodiversité. Les interactions entre ces quatre services écosystémiques et avec d’autres encore sont, chemin faisant, mentionnées.

Globalism Ascendant, Regionalism Stagnant: Japan’s Response to the Global Financial Crisis

AbstractJapan’s response to the global financial crisis has emphasized global initiatives and downplayed the regional agenda, in sharp contrast with its approach to the Asian financial crisis. This rebalancing in Japan’s economic diplomacy reflects the greater political space that it has enjoyed at the global level since its long-held views on the benefits of flexible International Monetary Fund (IMF) lending practices and controls on volatile capital flows became mainstream. Meanwhile, at the regional level Japan faces stiff competition from China in shaping the regional integration agenda and unchartered territory in coleading a multilateral Chiang Mai Initiative. Despite its enhanced profile, Japan’s new globalism is uneven: it has made a very significant financial contribution to expand the IMF’s resources and to restore trade financing; but Japan has not played a major role in the debate surrounding the most pressing issues of a future financial architecture, such as tackling global imbalances and promoting foreign exchange-rate cooperation. Japan’s muted voice, despite its large financial commitments, reflects its difficult adaptation to the G20 summitry process, as well as political volatility at home, which prevents it from developing measures to deal with the global downturn.

Animal Use in the Chemical and Product Manufacturing Sectors — Can the Downtrend Continue?

During the 1990s and early 2000s, a number of manufacturing companies in the cosmetic, personal care and household product industries were able to substantially reduce their use of animals for testing (or to not use animals in the first place). These reductions were almost always the result of significant financial contributions to either direct, in-house alternatives research, or to support personnel whose duties were to understand and apply the current state-of-the-art for in vitro testing. They occurred almost exclusively in non-regulatory areas, and primarily involved acute topical toxicities. Over the last few years, the reduction in animal use has been much less dramatic, because some companies are still reluctant to change from the traditional animal studies, because systemic, repeat-dose toxicity is more difficult to model in vitro, and because many products still require animal testing for regulatory approval. Encouragingly, we are now observing an increased acceptance of non-animal methods by regulatory agencies. This is due to mounting scientific evidence from larger databases, agreement by companies to share data and testing strategies with regulatory agencies, and a focus on smaller domains of applicability. These changes, along with new emphasis and financial support for addressing systemic toxicities, promise to provide additional possibilities for industry to replace animals with in vitro methods, alone or in combination with in silico methods. However, the largest advance will not occur until more companies commit to using the non-animal test strategies that are currently available.

Sharing the Burden: The Role of Government and NGOs in Protecting and Providing for Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Japan

This article examines the background to Japan's current refugee recognition and protection regime in the thematic context of burden-sharing. It considers recent legislative reforms and the role of local NGOs with the aim of setting Japan's domestic protection framework against the background of its international legal obligations. The analysis suggests that the policy and practices of the Japanese government have resulted in the exclusion of many who seek to enter the country and that for those in-country there is inadequate state social and welfare provision. The article questions whether Japan's significant financial contribution can adequately discharge its international burden-sharing responsibilities and argues that the government has effectively shifted responsibility for protection and support to local NGOs. It concludes that without further changes burden-shifting and not burden-sharing will remain a predominant feature of Japan's approach to protecting and providing for asylum seekers and refugees in Japan.

Toll optimisation on river crossings serving large cities

There is renewed interest in the private sector financing and operation of major transportation projects, in which a significant financial contribution comes from toll revenues. Tolling is ideally suited to river crossings, where the tolls are relatively easy to administer and collect. Because of their span, bridges over river estuaries are particularly expensive to build and maintain and so need to be put on a firm financial footing. Toll revenue is therefore a key consideration if such projects are to be financially viable and risk is to be minimised. There may be other issues to do with who benefits from the bridge and whether differential tolls should apply to local residents and non-resident bridge users. In addition, such bridges may be linked to wider economic objectives, such as local development and regeneration. This paper describes a model for estimating optimum bridge tolls, from both a financial and a welfare perspective and provides a case study that illustrates a range of scenarios that are of general interest.

Gender issues in home‐based businesses

This paper reports on the difference between men and women's motivations for going into business and why they choose to operate their business from home. Reports the views of the operators regarding community attitudes towards home‐based businesses. Data was collected from a self‐administered survey distributed by post, from home‐based business operators in two local government areas in Western Australia. Two focus groups verified the findings of the survey and investigated the home‐based business operator's perceptions of the communities attitude towards them. It was evident that some sections of the community felt that home‐based businesses are extended hobbies and not to be taken seriously. The paper argues that this view ignores the significant financial and social contributions that home‐based businesses make to the economy and society in general and is not a view that is held by home‐based business operators themselves.