Significant Effect Of Area Research Articles

The Impact of Sci-Tech Finance on Technology Entrepreneurship: Empirical Evidence from China

Based on provincial panel data from 2010-2019, this paper uses the entropy method to measure the development level of technology entrepreneurship in China and then empirically analyzes the effect of sci-tech finance on technology entrepreneurship. The results show that, nationwide, only bank lending has a positive effect on technology entrepreneurship among the different sci-tech finance indicators, and government and enterprise R&D spending has a negative impact. Meanwhile, there is regional heterogeneity in the effect of sci-tech finance on entrepreneurship in the technology sector. Both banks and venture capital have significant positive effects on technology entrepreneurship in areas with high levels of technology entrepreneurship development, while venture capital does not have significant effects in areas where technology entrepreneurship is developing at medium and low levels. The impact of government investment in science and technology and corporate investment in research and development on technology entrepreneurship is either negative or negligible. Finally, the paper offers some suggestions based on empirical findings.

Local abiotic conditions are more important than landscape context for structuring arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in the roots of a forest herb.

Due to human influence, large tracts of natural vegetation have been cleared and replaced by other types of land use, resulting in highly fragmented landscapes consisting of small fragments of well-conserved habitat scattered within a matrix of intensively managed land. Changes in land use and associated fragmentation have important consequences for biodiversity in the remaining fragments. Most studies so far have investigated the impact of land use change on macro-organisms, but little is known about how landscape fragmentation affects microbial communities. Here, we studied how changes in land use and abiotic conditions affected the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities in the roots of the forest herb Stachys sylvatica. Root samples were collected from 40 populations occurring in fragmented forest patches of varying age and size embedded within an agricultural landscape. Our results showed that forest age and isolation did not affect AMF diversity or community composition, suggesting that AMF disperse easily throughout the landscape and that AMF communities reassemble fast in recently established forest patches. On the other hand, AMF richness increased with increasing forest area, indicating that small forest sizes limit AMF richness. Additionally, AMF richness increased with increasing soil pH and decreased with soil nitrate content, while AMF community composition was affected plant-available phosphorus. Overall, these results show that landscape context is less important than local abiotic conditions for structuring AMF communities. However, the significant area effect indicates that further reductions in forest area will lead to impoverished AMF communities, potentially affecting long-term plant fitness and community structure.

Statistical Evaluation of Electronically Supported Learning and Teaching System for Listening Improvement

. In the last decade, the era of internet, e-learning continued to grow at the tremendous rate, which brought drastic changes in education practice. The paper aimed at investigating the effect of e-learning based study on listening improvement. In this study, two parallel classes of 120 non-English majors were arranged into an experimental and a control group, participating in the same listening course at the first semester. From the second semester, the experimental group accepted the training systematically on e-learning. Results of this study indicated e-learning produced significant effects in areas investigated i.e. the experimental group outperformed the control group on listening achievements.

A Comparative Study of Suicide Tendency among Students in Relation to Gender and Residential area

The goal of the present study was to note the effect of the gender (Male/ Female) and residential area (Rural/ Urban) on the suicide tendency of students. In view to above purpose the sample of 120 was selected by random sampling method. Suicide tendency Inventory standardized by Dr. G. R. Meghnathi (2002) Among the Students of Rajkot city and from its rural areas, was referred to have data regarding their suicide tendency and all the tow individual factors, obtained information was statistically analyzed by‘t’-test effects were discovered. According to the results show that there is significant difference existed between male and female students, ‘t’-value 1.96 has been found significant at 0.05 level. So we concluded that female students showed higher level of suicide tendency then male students. Showed significant effect of area on suicide tendency. The‘t’-value 3.39 has been found significant at 0.01 level. So we concluded that urban students showed higher level of suicide tendency then rural students.

Koffka's invariance theorem, highest luminance anchoring, and the area rule apply to both lightness and perceived illumination.

Helmholtz, Hering, and Katz all suggested that perceived illumination within a field is determined by average luminance. Zdravkovic et al. (2011) reported evidence that illumination is tied to highest luminance. In a series of experiments, we tested perceived illumination using a new technique. Looking into two square windows in the far wall of a vision tunnel, observers could see a patch of the far wall in each of two chambers. Each patch contained two shades of grey. They turned a knob to adjust the illumination level in one chamber to match that of the other, in effect creating the appearance of a single room with two windows. Lightness matches were taken using a Munsell chart. The stimuli placed in the chambers varied in luminance range, spatial frequency, and relative area. Illumination was matched for highest luminance, not average. Spatial frequency made no difference. Significant area effects were also found, both for perceived lightness and for perceived illumination, that is, the larger the area of the darker region in an aperture, the lighter and more dimly-illuminated it appeared, but only when the darker region had more than half of the area in an aperture, consistent with the area rule of anchoring theory. The area effects were complementary for lightness and perceived illumination, consistent with Koffka’s invariance theorem. These results suggest that lightness and perceived illumination are complementary and both are anchored by the highest luminance, allowing an obvious expansion of anchoring theory to cover perceived illumination.

Variability in the relationship between sea scallop shell height and meat weight

Abstract Rothschild, B. J., Adams, C. F., Sarro, C. L., and Stokesbury, K. D. E. 2009. Variability in the relationship between sea scallop shell height and meat weight. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1972–1977. We investigated the spatial and temporal variability in the relationship between shell height and meat weight (SHMW) of the sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) from Georges Bank (GB) and the mid-Atlantic. Data for the study were collected collaboratively during normal commercial fishing operations. A one-way random-effects ANOVA revealed that 19–44% of the variance in MW was at the batch level. A linear mixed-effects model was used to explain the variability in SHMW regression equations across batches. There was a significant effect of month and year on the SHMW relationship for GB from June through December, and a significant effect of area and year on the SHMW relationship for the mid-Atlantic from January through May. The SHMW relationships presented reflect those of the fishery year-round rather than an estimate of the biological population at a specific point in time. Failure to include intra-annual, interannual, and regional variations in the SHMW could result in continually over- or underestimating the allowable catch in areas open to fishing for short periods. The techniques used are applicable to length–weight studies in general.

Prevalence of Undernutrition among Children in the Garhwal Himalayas

Nutritional status is the best indicator of the global well-being of children. In India every third child is underweight, whereas in the Garhwal Himalayas only one-fifth of the children are nutritionally normal. Information regarding the causes of such low nutritional status in children of Garhwal is lacking. The present study was designed to identify factors that may influence the nutritional status of the children of the Garhwal Himalayas. Stunting, signifying long-term irreversible chronic undernutrition, was studied, along with wasting, which signifies acute undernutrition among children. Forty families from one town and one village in each of the three major agroclimatic situations (high, middle, and low hills) were selected at random (total 240 families). The nutritional status of 353 children (0 to 12 years of age) was assessed by nutritional anthropometry and compared with tables of weight-for-age and height-for-age z-scores (WAZ and HAZ) identifying wasting and stunting, respectively, and compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) Growth Reference charts 2007. Chi-square test was applied to analyze the effects of age, sex, altitude, and area on the nutritional status of children. Of the 353 children studied, 38.2% belonged to the school-aged group, with 7% more girls than boys. Only 11.3% of the children had normal HAZ while 10.3% had normal WAZ. The largest percentages of children (31.8% HAZ and 29.1% WAZ) were clustered in the SD1 group, that is the severely stunted or wasted group. In every age group except the 9- to 12-year group, most of the children were found in the WAZ SD1 category. Gender appeared to influence the SD1 category significantly. There were 17.0% severely stunted girls (SD1), as compared to 14.8% boys; while the percentages of WAZ girls was 16.1% and boys was 13%. The situation in the urban areas was slightly better: 6.4% of the sample had normal HAZ and 7.1% had normal WAZ, compared with 4.4% and 4.6% of the rural children. In all three agroclimatic situations, the largest percentage of children fell in the HAZ SD1 (stunted) category (15.3% in the high hills, 7.3% in the middle hills, and 9.5% in the low hills). There is a significant effect of area (rural vs. urban) on stunting and wasting among children. The child's sex affects stunting only. The other two variables, altitude and age, do not show a significant relationship with stunting or wasting. The rate of malnutrition among children in the Garhwal is very high. The majority are severely stunted and wasted, indicating a high prevalence of both chronic and acute malnutrition. Only the area of residence (rural or urban) had an influence on a child's nutritional status.

The effect of coastal topography on the spatial structure of anchovy and sardine

Abstract Acoustic-survey data from 1995 to 2004 (six acoustic surveys in summer and two in winter) in the Aegean and Ionian Seas (eastern Mediterranean Sea) were analysed to investigate the spatial organization of European anchovy and European sardine populations. The potential effect of certain topographic characteristics (e.g. area, bottom depth, and the degree of land enclosure) on the spatial structure of the fish was studied in different geographic subareas (i.e. how topography affects the organization of fish into clusters of schools). Parameters calculated by geostatistical techniques were used as descriptors of the spatial organization. The results indicate the significant effect of area and land enclosure on the spatial structures of both species, suggesting that environmental spatial heterogeneity attributable to coastal topography affected the way fish schools were organized into aggregations. In summer, the spatial structure of sardine was more heterogeneous in subareas with increased land enclosure, whereas the spatial structure of anchovy was not significantly related to any of the area characteristics examined. In winter, the spatial structure of both species was more heterogeneous in subareas with increased enclosure and in small rather than larger subareas. The findings are discussed in terms of the species' response to their environment.

Spatial summation of heat pain in males and females

Sex differences in pain sensitivity have been found to vary between considerable and negligible. It has appeared that the pain stimulation method is critical in this context. It was assumed this might be due to the different degrees of spatial summation associated with the different pain stimulus modalities. Hence, sex differences were investigated in spatial summation of heat pain in 20 healthy women and 20 healthy men of similar age. Pain thresholds were assessed by a tracking procedure and responses to supra-threshold pain stimulation by numerical ratings. Heat stimuli were administered by a thermode with contact areas of 1, 3, 6 and 10 cm 2. Pain thresholds were significantly higher with smaller areas stimulated than with larger ones. No significant effect of area was found for the ratings of the supra-threshold stimuli, the intensities of which were tailored to the individual pain threshold. Consequently, spatial summation of heat pain appeared to result mainly in a shift of the pain threshold on the ordinate and not a change of slope of the stimulus-response function in the pain range. In neither of the two pain parameters were there any sex differences. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that sex differences in spatial summation of heat pain are unlikely.

Effects of age and visual experience on [3H] MK801 binding to NMDA receptors in the kitten visual cortex

We have investigated the postnatal development of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in kitten neocortex by measuring the density of [3H] MK801 binding sites. NMDA receptor density in area 17 markedly increases between postnatal day 7 and 35, and then remains at a high level into adulthood. Similar temporal changes were observed in area 6. A brief period of binocular deprivation did not alter the density of [3H] MK801 binding sites in either brain region. However, dark rearing kittens from birth resulted in a significant decrease after 35 and 120 days in both area 17 and area 6. These results demonstrate that the density of NMDA receptors does not effectively predict the capacity for visual cortical plasticity in kitten neocortex. In addition, these results show that dark rearing produces significant effects in areas of the kitten neocortex not normally associated with visual function.

Run timing of pelagic fishes in Gulf of St Lawrence: area and species effects

Run timings of four ubiquitous pelagic fishes in the Gulf of St Lawrence were compared for area and year effects. Run timing of alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson), smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was estimated at index rivers, and time of arrival of herring, Clupea harengus L., on spawning grounds was estimated from gillnet fisheries located around the Gulf, 1978–87. Time of pelagic fish migrations had strong species and area effects, but weak year effects. The species had their own unique migration times and durations, and could be divided into two groups: herring and smelt, which arrived in all areas of the Gulf at the same time; and alewife and salmon, which had significant area effects. Environmental data were not correlated with run timing. There was little annual variation in run timing among early‐run species; only alewife had significant year effects. There was annual variation in the timing of late‐run species, but it was not correlated with proximate environmental factors. Because run timing is an easily defined stock characteristic, observations over large areas and many years might be useful for understanding the impact of large‐scale environmental changes on natural populations.

Analysis of the influence of substrate variables on coral reef fish communities

A simple field technique to obtain a gross estimate of the surface area of a quadrat on a coral reef is described. This measure, termed the substrate rugosity index, was determined, in conjunction with two other substrate variables (vertical relief and coral species richness), in a series of 4 quadrats (10 to 40 m depth) along 4 transects. The mean substrate rugosity and vertical relief of a quadrat were highly correlated. A correlation analysis was made of the substrate variables and several reef fish community parameters (species richness, number of fishes and diversity). Species richness was highly correlated with substrate rugosity. This relationship was tested in two experimental quadrats and the results were generally in accord with those predicted. Stratification of the fish communities by body size revealed that the correlation with substrate rugosity was scale-dependent. The fish community parameters were poorly correlated with percentage substrate cover by corals (ramose and glomerate) and by sand. A significant area effect was determined for two species of sand-dwelling goby.