Significant Differences In VO2max Research Articles

The effect of probiotics and casein supplementation on aerobic capacity parameters of male soccer players.

In the realm of sports science, nutrition is a well-established pillar for athletes' training, performance, and post-workout recovery. However, the role of gut microbiota, often overlooked, is a novel and intriguing aspect that can significantly impact athletic performance. With this in mind, our study ventures into uncharted territory, investigating the effect of probiotic and casein supplementation on the aerobic capacity of male soccer players. A double-blinded and placebo-controlled study was conducted with 44 male soccer players (Age: 22.81 ± 2.76 yr, Height: 177.90 ± 6.75 cm, Weight: 67.42 ± 8.44 kg). The participants were subjected to the Bruce test in the beginning; then, they were randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of 11 people: probiotics (PRO), casein (CAS), probiotics with casein (PRO+CAS), and placebo (PLA). PRO group was given one probiotic capsule (containing strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BP06, Lacticaseibacillus casei BP07, Lactobacillus acidophilus BA05, Lactobacillus delbrueckii BD08 bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium infantis BI04, Bifidobacterium longum BL03, Bifidobacterium breve BB02 and Streptococcus salivarius thermophilus BT01, with a total dose of 4.5 × 1011 CFU) during dinner, while the CAS group consumed 20 grams of casein powder 45 minutes before bed. The PRO+CAS group was given one probiotic capsule during dinner and 20 grams of casein powder 45 minutes before bed. The participants in the PLA group were given one red capsule (containing 5 grams of starch) during dinner. All participants were instructed to take the supplements only on training days, three times a week for four weeks. The maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), Ventilatory Threshold (VT), Time-to-exhaustion (TTE), Respiratory Compensation Point (RCP), Isocapnic area Time (Time-IC), Isocapnic area oxygen consumption (VO2-IC), and Hypocapnic Hyperventilation area Time (Time-HHV), after the Bruce test were Measured. All data were analyzed using SPSS Windows software, mixed repeated measure ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc test at p < 0.05 level. The current study's findings illustrated that, after the intervention, TTE (p = 0.01) and RCP (p = 0.01) were significantly improved in PRO+CAS compared to the PLA group. No significant difference was observed between PRO and PLA (p = 0.52), PRO and CAS (p = 0.999), PRO and PRO+CAS (p = 0.9), CAS and PLA (p = 0.65), CAS and PRO+CAS (p = 0.73) in TTE. In addition, no significant difference was observed between PRO and CAS (p = 0.999), PRO and PLA (p = 0.40), PRO and PRO+CAS (p = 0.999), CAS and PLA (p = 0.263), CAS and PRO+CAS (p = 0.999) in RCP. Time-HHV was significantly higher in PRO+CAS (p = 0.000) and CAS (p = 0.047) compared to the PLA group. However, no significant difference was observed in the Time-HHV between PRO and CAS (p = 0.999), PRO and PRO+CAS (p = 0.25), PRO and PLA (p = 0.12), and CAS and PRO+CAS (p = 0.57). Additionally, all the groups had no significant differences in VO2max, VT1, VO2-IC and Time-IC. The findings showed that consuming probiotics and casein could relatively improve the aerobic capacity of male soccer players. Nevertheless, simultaneous consumption of probiotics and casein had a more pronounced effect on aerobic capacity indicators, especially TTE and Time-HHV.

Morphofunctional characteristics of qualified Deaflympic orienteering athletes

The article systematizes the achievements of Ukrainian Deaflympic athletes in competitions in orienteering at the international events (European Championships, World Championships, Deaflympic Games). For the first time a study of morphofunctional indicators of qualified athletes in orienteering. The results are given in a table showing individual morphofunctional indicators (weight, height, heart rate, VO2 Max, etc.) of qualified athletes who have hearing impairments. In addition to individual indicators, the average morphfunctional indicators for candidates and members of the Deaf orienteering national team are presented. The authors point out that men have significant differences in VO2 max unlike women. Thus, the highest indicator among men was 66 and the lowest 48. At the same time, no direct dependence of the level of sports achievements on the level of VO2 max was found. It is noted that men with the highest and lowest VO2 max have reached the same in sports results – became champions of the Deaflympic Games. The proposed research is the basis for the development and identification of model characteristics of qualified orienteering athletes in the deafsport.

BRCA1/2 Mutations and Cardiovascular Function in Breast Cancer Survivors.

ObjectiveAnimal models suggest that BRCA1/2 mutations increase doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity risk but data in humans are limited. We aimed to determine whether germline BRCA1/2 mutations are associated with cardiac dysfunction in breast cancer survivors.MethodsIn a single-center cross-sectional study, stage I-III breast cancer survivors were enrolled according to three groups: (1) BRCA1/2 mutation carriers treated with doxorubicin; (2) BRCA1/2 mutation non-carriers treated with doxorubicin; and (3) BRCA1/2 mutation carriers treated with non-doxorubicin cancer therapy. In age-adjusted analysis, core-lab quantitated measures of echocardiography-derived cardiac function and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) were compared across the groups. A complementary in vitro study was performed to assess the impact of BRCA1 loss of function on human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) survival following doxorubicin exposure.ResultsSixty-seven women with mean (standard deviation) age of 50 (11) years were included. Age-adjusted left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was lower in participants receiving doxorubicin regardless of BRCA1/2 mutation status (p = 0.03). In doxorubicin-treated BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and non-carriers, LVEF was lower by 5.4% (95% CI; −9.3, −1.5) and 4.8% (95% CI; −9.1, −0.5), respectively compared to carriers without doxorubicin exposure. No significant differences in VO2max were observed across the three groups (poverall = 0.07). Doxorubicin caused a dose-dependent reduction in viability of iPSC-CMs in vitro without differences between BRCA1 mutant and wild type controls (p > 0.05).ConclusionsBRCA1/2 mutation status was not associated with differences in measures of cardiovascular function or fitness. Our findings do not support a role for increased cardiotoxicity risk with BRCA1/2 mutations in women with breast cancer.

Supra-Versus Submaximal Cycle Ergometer Verification of VO2max in Males and Females.

This study was designed to determine the optimal intensity for verification phase testing (VP) in healthy, young adults. Thirty one young, active participants (16 females) completed a cycle ergometer graded exercise test (GXT) VO2max test and 4 VP tests at 80, 90, 100, and 105% of the maximum wattage achieved during the GXT. GXT and VP VO2max values showed a significant test x sex interaction (p = 0.02). The males elicited significantly higher VO2max values during the GXT, 80%, and 90% when compared to the 105%, (105 vs. GXT: p = 0.05; 105% vs. 80%: p < 0.01; 105% vs. 90%: p = 0.02). There were no significant differences in VO2max across the tests in the females (p > 0.05); 80% of the males achieved their highest VP VO2max during a submaximal VP test compared to only 37.5% of the females. A secondary study conducted showed excellent reliability (ICCs > 0.90) and low variation (CVs < 3%) for the 90% VP. Our findings show that a submaximal verification phase intensity is ideal for young healthy males to elicit the highest VO2max during cycle ergometer testing. For females, a range of intensities (80–105%) produce similar VO2max values. However, the 80% VP yields an unnecessarily high time to exhaustion.

Effects of Unilateral Versus Bilateral Plyometric Training on Endurance Running Performance

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of an 11-week unilateral versus bilateral plyometric training intervention on maximal isometric voluntary (MVC) knee extensor torque, countermovement jump height (CMJ), running economy (RE) and 3-km time trial (TT) performance. Twenty-seven recreationally trained endurance runners (12 females and 15 males) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: unilateral plyometric training (UPT; n = 9), bilateral plyometric training (BPT; n = 9) and control (CON; n = 9). RE, VO2max, 3-km treadmill TT, isometric MVC (bilateral and unilateral) and CMJ (bilateral and unilateral) were measured prior to and after 11 weeks of training (UPT and BPT; volume equated, 20-40 minutes, 2-3 days/week). Separate two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to assess within and between group differences in RE, VO2max, 3-km TT, maximal isometric knee extensor torque and CMJ. Following 11 weeks of plyometric training there were significant improvements in RE (UPT 5.6%; BPT 4.9%, p &lt; 0.01) and 3-km TT performance (UPT 2.4%; BPT 2.5%, p &lt; 0.01) in addition to CMJ (UPT 12.5%; BPT 14.5%, p &lt; 0.01) and maximal isometric knee extensor torque in the unilateral group (14.0%, p &lt; 0.01). No significant differences in VO2max or anthropometric measures were detected (p &gt; 0.05). No statistically significant differences between training interventions (p &gt; 0.05) were detected in any measure. These data demonstrate that UPT and BPT result in similar improvements in RE and 3-km TT run performance in recreational distance runners.

Effects of Unilateral Versus Bilateral Plyometric Training on Endurance Running Performance

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of an 11-week unilateral versus bilateral plyometric training intervention on maximal isometric voluntary (MVC) knee extensor torque, countermovement jump height (CMJ), running economy (RE) and 3-km time trial (TT) performance. Twenty-seven recreationally trained endurance runners (12 females and 15 males) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: unilateral plyometric training (UPT; n = 9), bilateral plyometric training (BPT; n = 9) and control (CON; n = 9). RE, VO2max, 3-km treadmill TT, isometric MVC (bilateral and unilateral) and CMJ (bilateral and unilateral) were measured prior to and after 11 weeks of training (UPT and BPT; volume equated, 20-40 minutes, 2-3 days/week). Separate two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to assess within and between group differences in RE, VO2max, 3-km TT, maximal isometric knee extensor torque and CMJ. Following 11 weeks of plyometric training there were significant improvements in RE (UPT 5.6%; BPT 4.9%, p &lt; 0.01) and 3-km TT performance (UPT 2.4%; BPT 2.5%, p &lt; 0.01) in addition to CMJ (UPT 12.5%; BPT 14.5%, p &lt; 0.01) and maximal isometric knee extensor torque in the unilateral group (14.0%, p &lt; 0.01). No significant differences in VO2max or anthropometric measures were detected (p &gt; 0.05). No statistically significant differences between training interventions (p &gt; 0.05) were detected in any measure. These data demonstrate that UPT and BPT result in similar improvements in RE and 3-km TT run performance in recreational distance runners.

Effectiveness of Training Prescription Guided by Heart Rate Variability Versus Predefined Training for Physiological and Aerobic Performance Improvements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to determine if heart rate variability-guided training (HRV-g), compared to predefined training (PT), maximizes the further improvement of endurance physiological and performance markers in healthy individuals. This analysis included randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of HRV-g vs. PT on endurance physiological and performance markers in untrained, physically active, and well-trained subjects. Eight articles qualified for inclusion. HRV-g training significantly improved maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) (MD = 2.84, CI: 1.41, 4.27; p &lt; 0.0001), maximum aerobic power or speed (WMax) (SMD = 0.66, 95% CI 0.33, 0.98; p &lt; 0.0001), aerobic performance (SMD = 0.71, CI 0.16, 1.25; p = 0.01) and power or speed at ventilatory thresholds (VT) VT1 (SMD = 0.62, CI 0.04, 1.20; p = 0.04) and VT2 (SMD = 0.81, CI 0.41, 1.22; p &lt; 0.0001). However, HRV-g did not show significant differences in VO2max (MD = 0.96, CI −1.11, 3.03; p = 0.36), WMax (SMD = 0.06, CI −0.26, 0.38; p = 0.72), or aerobic performance (SMD = 0.14, CI −0.22, 0.51; p = 0.45) in power or speed at VT1 (SMD = 0.27, 95% CI −0.16, 0.70; p = 0.22) or VT2 (SMD = 0.18, 95% CI −0.20, 0.57; p = 0.35), when compared to PT. Although HRV-based training periodization improved both physiological variables and aerobic performance, this method did not provide significant benefit over PT.

Cardiorespiratory Variables During A Maximal Running Test In Well-trained Females With Different Hormonal Profiles

Differences in estrogen and progesterone levels along a natural menstrual cycle and an oral contraceptive (OC) cycle may influence female´s performance. Previous literature reported lower strength, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and systolic volume in OC users. According to postmenopausal women, their low and stable levels of sex hormones may affect them in a different way than in young women. PURPOSE: To elucidate the effect of different hormonal profiles on maximal VO2, heart rate (HR) and ventilation (VE) in well-trained females. METHODS: Thirty-three eumenorrheic females (30.1±6.2 years, 59.3±8.4 kg, and 164.1±6.3 cm), twenty-three monophasic OC users (24.8±4.3 years, 58.6±5.8 kg, and 163.3±5.1 cm) and thirteen postmenopausal women (51.0±3.7 years, 54.9±4.1 kg, and 161.5±5.4 cm) participated in the study. A maximal graded test with a computerized treadmill was performed. Expired gases were measured breath-by-breath with the gas analyser Jaeger Oxygen Pro. HR was continuously monitored with a 12-lead ECG. Participants began with a warm-up of 3 minutes at 6 km/h. Then, the speed was set at 8 km/h, increasing 0.2 km/h every 12 seconds until exhaustion. RESULTS: One way ANOVA reported lower values in post-menopausal females compared to the other two groups (eumenorrheic and OC users) for all variables measured: VO2 max (2924.2±389.7 ml/min for the eumenorrheic; 2808.8±366.7 ml/min for the OC; and 2455.15±281.04 ml/min for the postmenopausal; p=0.001), maximal HR (184.2±10.3; 189.9±8.4; and 172.1±12.9 bpm respectively; p<0.001) and maximal VE (111.8±17.5; 114.7±15.1; and 96.4±10.4 l/min, respectively; p=0.003). Nonetheless, no significant differences in VO2max, HR and VE were found between eumenorrheic females and OC users. CONCLUSION: The drastic decrease of sex hormones in postmenopausal females, along with other hormonal and physiological changes caused by the age, may explain the drop in VO2 max, HR and VE in this population. In terms of young women, despite literature reported lower values in OC users, the lack of difference observed in this study may be due to the lower concentrations of sex hormones that OC pills have nowadays, or because of the fact that all were well-trained participants. Funding: DEP2016-75387-P (Spanish National Plan 2013-2016)

Efectos de los métodos de entrenamiento discontinuo en atletas de combate colombianos

El objetivo del presente estudio fue verificar si es posible mejorar el VO2 Máx en el período competitivo de atletas de combate que viven y entrenan en Medellín- Colombia con nivel deportivo nacional o internacional, para cumplir tal objetivo la principal dificultad es tener disponibles atletas y entrenadores que permitan aplicar estímulos adicionales en tal momento de la preparación, precisamente antes de la Competencia Principal, esto se constituye en un logro relevante del estudio, ya que se aplicaron estímulos con dos planes de entrenamiento de la resistencia con métodos discontinuos: intermitente e interválico para verificar el efecto en plena etapa competitiva.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Effect of Peer Influence during the Twelve Minute Run Test and the 20 M Shuttle Run Test: A Randomized Crossover Trial

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the differences in peer influence on physiological and subjective responses when performing the twelve minute run test (12-MRT) and the 20 m shuttle run test (20 mSRT). Methods: Twenty-seven male university level athletes (27.2 ± 3.7 years) randomly performed four testing scenarios: the 12-MRT and 20 mSRT performed alone and performed in-group. Predicted VO2max, blood lactate concentration [BLa], heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were analyzed (ANOVA). Results: No significant differences in VO2max were observed when the tests were performed alone and in-group during the 12-MRT and the 20 mSRT (F1,52=2.38 p=0.128). There was only a slight increase of VO2max in group condition (4% for 20 m-MST vs 2.12% for 12- MRT). [Bla] was significantly higher (p<0.05) in In-Group condition for 12-MRT and 20 mMST. [Bla] increases were 10.6% and 0.9% during In-Group compared to Alone respectively for 12-MRT and 20 mSRT. HR max indicated variations of 1.64% and 0.48% for the same variants comparisons between 12-MRT and 20 mSRT. RPE was significant increase (p<0.05) during In-Group compared to Alone for 12-MRT. Conclusion: This study brings physiological and metabolic support on peer influence during the 12-MRT and the 20 mSRT. Running in-groups of three resulted in higher RPE values.

In Athletes, the Diurnal Variations in Maximum Oxygen Uptake Are More Than Twice as Large as the Day-to-Day Variations.

In competitive sports any substantial individual differences in diurnal variations in maximal performance are highly relevant. Previous studies have exclusively focused on how the time of day affects performance and disregarded the maximal individual diurnal variation of performance. Thus, the aims of this study were (1) to investigate the maximum diurnal variation in maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), (2) to compare the diurnal variation of VO2max during the day to the day-to-day variation in VO2max, and (3) to investigate if there is a time-of-day effect on VO2max. Ten male and seven female athletes (mean VO2max: 58.2 ± 6.9 ml/kg/min) performed six maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests including a verification-phase at six different times of the day (i.e., diurnal variation) and a seventh test at the same time the sixth test took place (i.e., day-to-day variation). The test times were 7:00, 10:00, 13:00, 16:00, 19:00, and 21:00. The order of exercise tests was the same for all participants to ensure sufficient recovery but the time of day of the first exercise test was randomized. We used paired t-tests to compare the nadir and peak of diurnal variations, day-to-day variations and the difference between diurnal and day-to-day variations. The mean difference in VO2max was 5.0 ± 1.9 ml/kg/min (95% CI: 4.1, 6.0) for the diurnal variation and 2.0 ± 1.0 ml/kg/min (95% CI: 1.5, 2.5) for the day-to-day variation. The diurnal variation was significantly higher than the day-to-day variation with a mean difference of 3.0 ± 2.1 ml/kg/min (95% CI: 1.9, 4.1). The linear mixed effects model revealed no significant differences in VO2max for any pairwise comparison between the different times of the day (all p > 0.11). This absence of a time-of-day effect is explained by the fact that peak VO2max was achieved at different times of the day by different athletes. The diurnal variations have meaningful implications for competitive sports and need to be considered by athletes. However, the results are also relevant to research. To increase signal-to-noise-ratio in intervention studies it is necessary to conduct cardiopulmonary exercise testing at the same time of the day for pre- and post-intervention exercise tests.

Effects of a motivational, individual and locally anchored exercise intervention (MILE) on cardiorespiratory fitness: a community-based randomised controlled trial

BackgroundRisk factors for chronic disease, including low cardiorespiratory fitness levels (VO2max), are often present in middle-aged populations. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a motivational, individual, and locally anchored physical activity intervention on increasing VO2max in 30–49 year-olds with low VO2max.Methods232 adult volunteers with low VO2max were randomised to intervention (n = 115) or routine care (n = 117). The intervention included four motivational interviews; six months’ free membership to a local sports club; and a GPS-watch/activity monitor for uploading training data to an online platform/community. Routine care was one or two motivational interviews.Inclusion criteria were low VO2max based on the cut off levels: ≤ 39 and ≤ 35 ml O2/kg/min. For 30–39 and 40–49 year-old men respectively and ≤ 33 and ≤ 31 ml O2/kg/min for 30–39 and 40–49 year-old women, respectively. The primary outcome was change in VO2max from baseline to twelve months estimated with a maximal ergometer bicycle test. Secondary outcomes included physical activity, biochemical and anthropometric measures, and health-related quality of life. The primary analyses were based on all available data and sensitivity- and predefined sex analyses were performed. The between-group differences were estimated using independent t-tests and presented with 95% confidence intervals.ResultsNo significant between-group differences in primary or secondary outcomes were found at twelve months’ follow-up. The mean VO2max change from baseline in the intervention- and routine care (ml/kg/min) was 3.8 (95% CI: 2.6; 5.0) and 3.4 (95% CI: 1.7; 5.2), respectively. No changes in physical activity were observed. The mean VO2max (ml/kg/min) changes from baseline in the intervention- and routine care group in men were: 5.0 (95% CI: 3.5; 6.4) and 3.5 (95% CI: 1.5; 5.4); and in women: 1.5 (95% CI: -0.1; 3.1) and 3.4 (95% CI: -0.1; 7.8), respectively. Significant differences in VO2max between non-completers (44.2%) and completers were observed, 26.3 (95% CI: 25.1; 27.5) vs 28.2 ml/kg/min (95% CI: 27.1; 29.0; p = 0.02). Sensitivity analyses did not change the main result.ConclusionOffering a multi-component physical activity intervention to 30–49 year-olds with low levels of VO2max had no effect on the change in VO2max from baseline to twelve months compared with routine care.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov (no. NCT01801956). Registered 1 March 2013.

Association between maximal oxygen consumption and physical activity and sedentary lifestyle in metabolic syndrome. Usefulness of questionnaires.

To analyze whether variations in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors are accompanied by differences in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study of 243 participants (82 women), aged 65.0±4.9 years old, with metabolic syndrome and overweight/obesity who performed a maximal exercise test with expired gas analysis. PA was evaluated using subjective methods, the REGICOR and RAPA 1 self-reported questionnaires, and objective methods, the chair test and accelerometry. Sedentariness was analyzed with the Nurses' Health Study questionnaire and accelerometry. VO2max was higher in participants who reported they adhered to the recommendations of the PA guidelines in the REGICOR questionnaire (21.3±4.6 vs 18.0±4.4 mL/kg/min; P <.001) and was 18% higher in those who reported more PA in the RAPA 1 questionnaire than the less active group (P <.001). The chair test (> 15 vs ≤ 15 repetitions) also showed significant differences in VO2max (21.2±4.8 vs 18.7±4.5 ml/kg/min; P <.001). Correlations between PA variables and VO2max were significant but low (r: 0.2 to 0.4). Sedentary activities showed less relationship with VO2max. Participants with metabolic syndrome and overweight/obesity who reported adhering to PA recommendations achieved higher VO2max. The self-reported questionnaires and the chair test identified significant variations in VO2max. Sedentary activities do not appear to modify VO2max.

Asociación del consumo máximo de oxígeno con la actividad física y el sedentarismo en el síndrome metabólico. Utilidad de los cuestionarios

Introduction and objectivesTo analyze whether variations in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors are accompanied by differences in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). MethodsWe conducted a prospective cross-sectional study of 243 participants (82 women), aged 65.0±4.9 years old, with metabolic syndrome and overweight/obesity who performed a maximal exercise test with expired gas analysis. PA was evaluated using subjective methods, the REGICOR and RAPA 1 self-reported questionnaires, and objective methods, the chair test and accelerometry. Sedentariness was analyzed with the Nurses’ Health Study questionnaire and accelerometry. ResultsVO2max was higher in participants who reported they adhered to the recommendations of the PA guidelines in the REGICOR questionnaire (21.3±4.6 vs 18.0±4.4 mL/kg/min; P <.001) and was 18% higher in those who reported more PA in the RAPA 1 questionnaire than the less active group (P <.001). The chair test (> 15 vs ≤ 15 repetitions) also showed significant differences in VO2max (21.2±4.8 vs 18.7±4.5 ml/Kg/min; P <.001). Correlations between PA variables and VO2max were significant but low (r: 0.2 to 0.4). Sedentary activities showed less relationship with VO2max. ConclusionsParticipants with metabolic syndrome and overweight/obesity who reported adhering to PA recommendations achieved higher VO2max. The self-reported questionnaires and the chair test identified significant variations in VO2max. Sedentary activities do not appear to modify VO2max.Full English text available from:www.revespcardiol.org/en

Age Related Decline in VO2max and Lean Body Mass in Masters Athletes

Improving physical performance of athletes is an important goal to success in sports achievements. Aging influences both body composition and results in a decline in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). This decline results from several factors, including increased body fat and reduced maximal cardiac output. Sex differences in age-related decline in VO2max and lean body mass (LBM) in Masters Athletes is still not fully understood. PURPOSE: To examine the sex differences in the age-related decline in VO2max and LBM in Masters Athletes. METHODS: A total of 26 master athletes (females: n=14, males: n=12), 26 to 60 years of age, participated in this cross-sectional study. VO2max was determined via Vmax Encore metabolic system. Lean body mass was evaluated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in VO2max (40.1+8.7 and 38.2+12.1 mL/kg/minute) (t (24) = 1.29, P=0.208) and age (36.5+5.4 and 41.4+9.1 years) (t (24) = -0.784, P=0.441) between males and females, respectively. Males had a significantly greater LBM than females (t (24) = 5.59, P=0.00) (61.7+9.1 kg and 44.2+6.9, respectively). For males, there was no significant correlation between age and VO2max (r = -0.31, P =0.32), age and LBM (r = -0.23, P=0.47), or VO2max and LBM (r = 0.04, P=0.89). For females, there was a significant negative correlation between age and VO2max (r = -0.603, P=0.02); but no significant correlations were found between age and LBM (r = -0.244, P=0.40) and VO2max and LBM (r = 0.121, P=0.68). There was not a significant age-related decline in VO2max in males and females (r2 = 0.09, r2 = 0.36, respectively) or in LBM (r2 = 0.05, r2 = 0.06, respectively). CONCLUSION: Although there were declines in VO2max in both men and women, these age-related declines were not significant. In addition, age-related declines in LBM were not significant in this sample of Masters Athletes. These represent data from an unfunded research project

Sex differences and the effects of modified combat regulations on endurance capacity in judo athletes: A meta-analytic approach.

Judo requires endurance capacity to recover from its high-intensity intermittent actions. This systematic review aimed to evaluate VO2max and the anaerobic threshold in competitive male and female judo athletes. Twelve eligible studies were chosen for quantitative meta-analysis, including results for 188 male and 159 female athletes. Combined values were calculated and compared by gender prior to and following altered combat regulations in 2003. No significant differences in VO2max were noted following the rule changes, but female athletes’ values increased to a level comparable to those reported in male athletes prior to the alterations. VO2max in male judo athletes was higher (54.8±1.9 ml·kg-1·min-1) than in female athletes (48.7±2.2 ml·kg-1·min-1). The effect size of gender was large (d = 1.30) for VO2max and negligible for the anaerobic threshold. Sexual dimorphism exists in VO2max of judo athletes and changes in combat duration did not affect these differences.

Effect Of Training Under Hyperoxia On Exercise Performance And Aerobic Capacity In Trained Cyclists

Some previous studies suggested that trained athletes can perform exercise at high power outputs and long duration during inspiration of a hyperoxic gas mixture, which would inhibit the decrease in arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels during intense exercise. Training under hyperoxia could increase aerobic capacity, and thus improve exercise performance in trained athletes. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the effect of training under hyperoxia on exercise performance and aerobic capacity in trained cyclists. METHODS: Six male trained cyclists (age: 21.3 ± 1.9 yr, height: 168.6 ± 5.5 cm, weight: 59.7 ± 9.0 kg) performed training under hyperoxia. Before the training periods (pre-training), the subjects performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion in which the work rate at initiation was 120 W for 3 min. The work rate was then increased as a step function by 40 W every 3 min at a pedal rate of 90 rpm to determine the workload corresponding to the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and work rate max (WRmax) by using a bicycle ergometer. VO2max was determined by calculating the average of the breath–by–breath data over 30-s intervals during the incremental test. All the subjects underwent training under hyperoxia on 3 days per week for a 4-weeks period. The training protocol consisted of 5 repetitions of intense exercise at 3–min intervals. The intensity of the intense exercise was 90–100% WRmax. The duration of the intense exercise was 3 min in sets of 1–4, and the subjects cycled to voluntary exhaustion in 5 sets. All the subjects completed the training under conditions of hyperoxic gas mixture (36.1–37.2% O2). They also performed the incremental exercise test 3–6 days after the training periods (post-training). RESULTS: The time required by the subjects to perform the incremental exercise test in the post-training period was significantly longer than that required in the pre-training period (16.69 ± 1.64 min vs. 15.81 ± 2.22 min; p = 0.022). There were no statistically significant differences in VO2max between the post-training period and the pre-training period (57.2 ± 6.0 ml min-1 vs. 56.2 ± 6.6 ml min-1). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that submaximal training with inspiration of a hyperoxic gas mixture for 4 weeks improves exercise performance in trained cyclists.

Effects of Intermittent Training on Anaerobic Capacity and Oxygen Consumption in Rowing Athletes

The force of rowing is not constant, it is composed of intermittent acceleration phase and sliding phase. Thus, aerobic and anaerobic capacities are both important in rowing athletes. Intermittent training is composed of repeated periods of intensive exercise interspersed with periods of moderate-intensity to recovery. The pattern is similar with rowing, but the effect on fitness in rowing athletes is less studied. PURPOSE: To identify the effects of intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and oxygen consumption in rowing athletes. METHODS: 16 college rowing athletes(height: 172.01 ± 7.17 cm, weight: 72.36 ± 7.59 kg) were involved in this study.Bicycle ergometer(ergoline®; Bitz, Germany)was used for intermittent training for 8 weeks. Anaerobic power was tested with Wingate protocol to measure the peak power and maximum oxygen consumption was detected with Bruce protocol before and after intermittent training period. The high intensity training included 50% peak power for 20 seconds and then recovery by 25% peak power for 20 seconds. The total training time was 8 minutes per session and twice a week. RESULTS: There were significant differences between baseline and post training in anaerobic explosiveness (10.93 ± 1.6 vs. 11.66 ± 1.45, p<0.01) and anaerobic capacity (8.73 ± 0.95 vs. 9.07 ± 0.83, p <0.05). However, no significant differences in VO2max (4306.57 ± 757.68 vs. 4167.67 ± 748.15 ml/min) and oxygen uptake efficiency slope (4372.14 ± 805 vs. 4232.83 ± 670.13 ml/min/l/min). CONCLUSION: The interval training duration in this study was designed to simulate rowing competition. The results showed that interval training was benefit in anaerobic capacity, but not in aerobic fitness. It may cause from short training time in each session. Extension training duration may suggest in future study. Corresponding Author’s email: [email protected]; Hui-Mei Lin

Treatment, behavioral, and psychosocial components of cardiovascular disease risk among survivors of childhood and young adult cancer.

The incidence of childhood, adolescent, and young adult (AYA) cancers have been increasing since 1975.[1][1] In 2014, an estimated 10 450 and 5330 new cancers will be diagnosed among children aged birth–14 and adolescents aged 15 to 19 years old, respectively.[2][2] For young adults aged 20 to 34

The Efficacy of a Self-Paced VO2max Test During Motorized Treadmill Exercise

To assess the utility of a self-paced maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test (SPV) in eliciting an accurate measure of VO2max in comparison with a traditional graded exercise test (GXT) during motorized treadmill exercise. This was a cross-sectional experimental study whereby recreationally trained men (n = 13, 25.5 ± 4.6 y) completed 2 maximal exercise tests (SPV, GXT) separated by a 72-h recovery period. The GXT was continuous and incremental, with prescribed 1-km/h increases every 2 min until the attainment of VO2max. The SPV consisted of 5 × 2-min stages of incremental exercise, which were self-selected and adjusted according to 5 prescribed RPE levels (RPE 11, 13, 15, 17, and 20). Although no significant differences in VO2max were observed between the SPV and GXT (63.9 ± 3.3 cf 60.9 ± 4.6 mL · kg-1 · min-1, respectively, P > .05), the apparent 4.7% mean difference may be practically important. The 95% limits-of-agreement analysis was 3.03 ± 11.49 mL · kg-1 · min-1. Therefore, in the worst-case scenario, the GXT may underestimate measured VO2max as ascertained by the SPV by up to 19%. Conversely, the SPV could underestimate the GXT by 14%. The current study has shown that the SPV is an accurate measure of VO2max during exercise on a motorized treadmill and may provide a slightly higher VO2max value than that obtained from a traditional GXT. The higher VO2max during the SPV may be important when prescribing training or monitoring athlete progression.