Significant Differences In Temperament Research Articles

Meta-Analysis of Temperament Differences between Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter

Purpose: Stuttering is a multi-factorial disorder and temperament is believed to be related to the onset of stuttering. The primary purpose of the current study was to determine whether there would be differences in temperament between pre-school children who stutter (CWS) and children who do not stutter (CWNS) by meta-analysis. Methods: Five databases (three Korean and two English databases) were used in the current study for article search. A total of 23 articles (22 English, one Korean) met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in the current study. Effect sizes (Coehen's d) were calculated for each outcome. Results: There was a significant difference in the overall temperament between CWS and CWNS. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in two out of four temperamental areas. When measured by parental report and behavioral observation there was a significant difference in temperament between the two groups, but not by physiological measure. Conclusion: The meta-analysis results showed that CWS would have a different temperament from CWNS. Future research is needed on how temperament would influence the development of stuttering.

The interrelation between children’s play behaviour, temperament, and special educational needs (SEN) in early childhood special education (ECSE)

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to identify if children's play behaviour, temperament, and special educational needs (SEN) are interrelated. It is important to increase the awareness of the joint effects of temperament and SEN on behaviour so that early childhood special education (ECSE) teachers can provide the appropriate support for children with SEN and optimally guide their development. This study is a part of an early childhood special education (ECSE) project at the University of Helsinki. Children's (N = 332) educational needs were divided into four status groups: language disorders, self-regulatory difficulties, severe disabilities, and children without SEN. The temperament of each child was evaluated by their parents and play behaviour observed by ECSE teachers. The results show that children without SEN had more effortful control and social play than children with SEN. In addition, there were significant differences in temperament and play behaviour between the different SEN groups.

Association between Gut Microbiota and Infant's Temperament in the First Year of Life in a Chinese Birth Cohort.

Infant temperament characteristics play a critical role in children’s developmental pathways and can predict adulthood psychopathology. The diversity and composition of the gut microbiota are associated with human temperament in both adults and young children. However, the relationship between the gut microbiota and temperament in 12-month-old infants is rarely studied; this developmental period is when temperament reaches a relatively stable stage. We used high-throughput sequencing methods to explore whether temperament characteristics were associated with gut microbiota diversity and composition. Infants’ fecal samples were collected at 12 months of age for the gut microbiota analysis. Based on the primary caregivers’ reports, infants’ temperaments were measured using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-revised (IBQ-R). This study included 51 infants, including 20 boys and 31 girls, with a mean age of 12.25 months. Results showed that soothability was positively correlated with maternal education level (β = 0.29, p = 0.043, adjust p = 0.025) and the abundance of Bifidobacterium genera (β = 0.62, p = 0.004, adjust p = 0.002). Conversely, cuddliness was negatively correlated with the abundance of Hungatella genera. There was no significant difference in temperament based on gender. This study demonstrated that gut microbiota composition was associated with temperament in 12-month-old infants. These results point to the importance of gut microbiota balance. Future studies on the mechanisms behind the gut microbiota affecting temperament are warranted.

The correlative analysis of military medical personnel's character and mental health and treatment

Objective To discuss the character and coping styles of field medical staffs in military condition. Methods Field tests were conducted on 121 soldiers (observation group) from the field medical center participating in the medical service mission-2014 of Beijing military area command by using symptom self-rating scale , eysenck personality questionnaire and simple coping style questionnaire . A total of 130 cases of active medical personnel (control group) in the hospital were randomly selected for investigation, and the test data of the two groups of military medical personnel were compared and analyzed. Results Under military stress such as military exercises, SCL-90, personality characteristics and coping style scores of medical service personnel were significantly higher than those of normal soldiers in the hospital. The differences in somatization, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, fear and anxiety, and partial psychosis in SCL-90 were statistically significant(P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in temperament, extraversion and neuroticism(P<0.05). Among the coping styles, positive coping and negative coping were both lower than those of soldiers in the hospital, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Person correlation analysis showed that the total mean score of SCL-90 was negatively correlated with positive coping and subjects' tendency to cover up. It is positively correlated with negative coping, psychoticism and neuroticism. Multiple regression analysis showed that the regression coefficients of five factors, including negative coping, positive coping, psychoticism, neuroticism and subjects' tendency to disguise, were statistically significant (P<0.01). Psychoticism and neuroticism were positively correlated with the total mean score of SCL-90, and the tendency of concealment was negatively correlated with the total mean score of SCL-90. Conclusion Under stress conditions such as military exercises, the mental health of soldiers in medical service is closely related to their personality characteristics and processing methods. Key words: Military medical personnel; Military stress; Personality and psychological characteristics; Coping style; Investigation and research

Impact of Personality of Working Women on Marital Satisfaction

Personality traits denote inherited or acquired individual characteristics of thought, feeling and actions that include the psycho-physical, emotional, conscious and unconscious behavior pattern of a person. The major problem in marriage is adjustment to a mate. Interpersonal relationships play as important role in marriage like friendships. But after marriage, the interpersonal relationships are difficult to maintain compare to social life. To evaluate the impact of personality traits on marital adjustment this study was carried out among working women in organized sector. A total of 300 employed women from different professions, e.g. education, health and other services were selected from Ranchi, Hazaribag, Ramgarh and Bokaro district of Jharkhand. Marital relationship is shaped by the action and interaction of various external factors like income, education, type of work, household responsibilities, type of family and internal factors viz., background, interest, temperament, values. Results reveal that majority of the respondents had similar interests and values. There was significant difference in temperament between college teacher-clerk and school teacher-clerk. The respondent belonging to higher service and lower service had no significant difference with respect to similarities of interest and value. Additionally there was a significant difference in adaptability between doctor and clerk, officer and clerk, and school teacher and clerk. To achieve marital harmony one has to be rational, tolerant, cooperative and loving. Successful marriage depends mainly on flexibility, independence, sufficient emotional support and positive communication between the partners.

The comparison of temperament and character between patients with internet gaming disorder and those with alcohol dependence

Background: The differences in prevalence, natural history, and disease progression between Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and substance use disorder contribute to the controversy over IGD as a diagnosis under substance-related and addictive disorders.Aims: The purpose of the current study was to assess the temperament and character of subjects with IGD in comparison with those with alcohol dependence (AD).Methods: Temperament and character were assessed using Cloningernt temperament and character inventory (TCI). The severity of IGD or AD, depressed mood, anxiety, attention and impulsiveness were assessed using each of the six scales.Results: Among patients with AD, after controlling for other variables, the severity of AD was positively correlated with harm avoidance (HA) score and depressed mood. Among patients with IGD, after controlling for other variables, the severity of IGD was positively correlated with novelty seeking (NS) score, impulsiveness and attention.Conclusions: There were significant differences in temperament and character between the IGD and AD groups as measured using the TCI. These results suggest that IGD and AD need to be categorized separately in a diagnostic classification system and benefit from different treatment approaches.

Temperament und Charaktereigenschaften als protektive Faktoren bei Jugendlichen in stationären Jugendhilfeeinrichtungen

Although adolescents in juvenile residential facilities are at high risk for mental disorders, not all of these adolescents develop psychiatric symptoms. The aim of our study was to define traits protecting these adolescents. A total of 314 adolescents of 20 juvenile residential facilities were examined using standardized assessment instruments (Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI)). Educators of the facilities filled out a sociodemographic questionnaire for each participant. Adolescents were divided into two groups (resilient vs. mental problems) by CBCL-Cut-off-Scores. Analyses were based on these two groups. Resilient youth differed from youth with psychiatric symptoms in temperament- and character-traits (e. g. self-directedness F = 28.4, p < .001, d = 0.64) with small to moderate effect sizes (d = 0.36 to 0.64). Resilient adolescents lived in larger facilities (U = 9080, p = .025). No associations were found between gender and resilience, as well as age at placement in the facility and duration of the stay in the facility and resilience. Significant differences in temperament- and character-traits between resilient adolescents and adolescents with mental problems were identified. Especially character-traits could be a basis for developing strategies for promoting mental health and further resilience factors, as social support.

EPA-0154 – Influence of psychostimulants on temperament and character profiles in adult adhd patients

Several Clinical studies have shown specific Temperament and Character Profiles in adult ADHD patients. In all studies drug naive patients were included. The present study was set up to assess whether adult ADHD patients referred to an outpatient clinic would show altered temperament and character profiles after they were put on psychostimulant medication. During 18 months patients were recruited randomly from two out patient Clinics in Western Brabant, The Netherlands. ADHD symptoms were rated with the ASRS-Dutch version and temperament and character with the VTCI, a shortened Dutch translation of the TCI. Patients were assessed just before the first prescription of psychostimulants (T0) and after subjective clinical effect of the medication (T1). 48 patients gave informed consent and in total 38 completed the study. Significant differences between T1 and T0 were found for Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Self- Directedness and Self-Transcendence. Adult ADHD patients can experience significant differences in temperament and character profiles after taking psychostimulant medication, suggesting different attitudes in daily life like carefulness, resilience, selfimage and sense of belonging are encouraged. It is important to discuss these issues with ADHD patients.

Povezanost karakteristika temperamenta i spremnosti djece za školu

Prema Plominovom modelu temperamenta (EASI), djetetov se temperament može mjeriti na četiri dimenzije: emocionalnost, aktivnost, socijabilnost i impulzivnost. Djeci različitog temperamenta potrebno je i drugačije odgojno pristupati, pripremajući ih za polazak u školu. Zato je cilj ovog rada utvrditi relaciju između nekih karakteristika predškolske djece (koje indiciraju spremnost za polaženje osnovne škole) te karakteristika dječjeg temperamenta u djece Dječjeg vrtića "Dugo Selo" (N=66). Analiza razlika u temperamentu (EASI upitnik dječjeg temperamenta) pokazala je da je među svim analiziranim nezavisnim varijablama te interaktivnim varijablama, jedina značajna razlika u temperamentu pronađena za varijablu spol. Rezultati u Obojenim progresivnim matricama (CPM) značajno su negativno povezani jedino s dimenzijom impulzivnosti (za djevojčice i za svu djecu zajedno). Rezultati u testu Lorette Bender – Razvojni princip ocjenjivanja (LB-R) nisu značajno povezani ni s jednom dimenzijom temperamenta, a u Upitniku razvojnih problema (URP) značajno su pozitivno povezani s tri dimenzije temperamenta: impulzivnost, emocionalnost te aktivnost (za dječake i za svu djecu zajedno). U djevojčica rezultati u Upitniku razvojnih problema su značajno pozitivno povezani jedino s dimenzijom aktivnost. Rezultati mogu biti realno stanje za procijenjeni uzorak djece, međutim, oni mogu biti i posljedica specifične metaprocjene koju daju odgajatelji u specifičnim uvjetima dječjeg vrtića.

The relationship between early childhood caries and child temperament

To evaluate the differences in temperament between children with early childhood caries (ECC) and an age-matched children without ECC. A total of 219 3-year-old children were selected in urban areas of Beijing, who were physically and mentally healthy. There were 109 children in ECC group, who had unfilled caries in 1 or more surfaces in primary maxillary anterior teeth, and 110 children without caries. The children were examined for ECC levels, and their parents were asked to complete the NYLS Temperament Scale questionnaire. Then the data was collected and analyzed. Children with difficult, intermediate high or slow-to-warm-up temperament had more severe caries than children with easy or intermediate low temperament. There was a significant difference in temperament attribute "Activity level" between male children with ECC and without ECC. There was a significant difference in temperament attribute "Rhythmicity" between female children with ECC and without ECC. There were some differences in temperament between 3-year-old children with ECC and without ECC in urban areas of Beijing.

Temperament and social behaviour at home and school among typically developing children and children with an intellectually disability

There has been limited research on differences in temperament between typically developing children and children with an intellectual disability (ID). Individual differences have generally been neglected in previous investigations of children with an ID. The present research investigated differences in temperament and social behaviour between typically developing children and children with an ID, in both home and school settings. Participants were 100 children (M = 10.7 years, SD = 0.88) from both regular and special education schools. Temperament was measured using the Emotionality, Activity, Sociability (EAS) Temperament Survey for Children (parental and teacher ratings), while social behaviour was measured using the School Social Behaviour Scales, Second Edition (SSBS-2) and the Home and Community Social Behaviour Scales (HCSBS). There were minimal significant differences in temperament between the regular and special education groups. Children who attended regular schools had a significantly higher level of social competence and significantly lower level of antisocial behaviour both at home and school, when compared with children who attended special schools. The difference in social behaviour between children attending regular and special schools was attributed to the difference in intellectual ability of the two groups, as well as contextual influences of regular or special school environments.

Personality, temperament and clinical scales in an Italian Plastic Surgery setting: what about body dysmorphic disorder?

Objective. Applications for aesthetic surgery may provide a good vantage point for assessing the psychiatric and personological aspects of subjects seeking cosmetic enhancement. Body dysmorphic disorder is relatively frequent (6–15%) among plastic surgery and dermatology patients. The aim of our study was to analyse the psychopathological profile, personality and temperament of 27 patients requesting aesthetic surgery procedures and compare them with 21 normal controls. Methods. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus 5.0 (MINIPLUS 5.0), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Y form (STAI), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), Neo Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), and Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) were used. Results. The dysmorphophobics in our sample (n=10) presented higher BDI, STAI and STAXI-state scores than the non-BDD patients (n=17) and controls (n=21); high rates of comorbidity, particularly with major depressive disorder, social phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder; higher NEO-FFI scores for neuroticism and lower ones for extraversion, consciousness and openness to experience, compared with the control group. Significant differences in temperament were observed on the HA (Harm Avoidance) scale, with higher scores in the BDD than in the other two groups, particularly on the HA1 (anticipatory worry/uninhibited optimism) and HA4 (fatigability and asthenia/vigour) subscales. Conclusion. Our BDD patients were more depressed, more anxious and angrier with their present situation than controls. Although preliminary, our data are in keeping with the personality characteristics traditionally described in dysmorphophobic patients, considered to be sensitive, asthenic, shy, introverted, reserved and socially avoidant.

Association between cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype and harm avoidance.

Genetic polymorphisms within the serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems may be associated with heightened harm avoidance and novelty seeking. It is also conceivable that polymorphisms in enzymes that mediate the metabolism of endogenous amines within the brain may influence these components of temperament. The CYP2D6 enzyme is expressed at low levels in the brain, and has been shown to mediate the formation of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine from trace amines. Some 5-10% of Caucasians are CYP2D6 deficient due to inactivating mutations in the CYP2D6 gene, and are termed poor metabolizers (PMs). In this study, we investigated whether temperament varied significantly between PMs and CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers (EMs) using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). CYP2D6 genotypes were determined for 121 depressed patients. Of these patients, 113 were inferred from genotype as being EMs and eight as PMs. A significant difference in temperament was observed between inferred CYP2D6 EM and PM individuals. CYP2D6 PMs had significantly lower harm avoidance scores (P = 0.003) than EMs. Furthermore, analysis of the harm avoidance sub-scales revealed that the CYP2D6 PMs scored significantly lower on "fear of uncertainty" (P < 0.001), fatigability (P = 0.009), and shyness (P = 0.038) than EMs, but did not differ significantly from EMs on the worry/pessimism sub-scale. No significant difference in character scores was detected between inferred CYP2D6 EMs and PMs. Our findings suggest that the CYP2D6 polymorphism may impact on personality, and one potential mechanism for this would be by influencing the generation of endogenous neurotransmitters in the brain.

Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to antidepressant drugs: Nulman I.; Rovet J.; Stewart D.E.; Wolpin J.; Gardner H.A.; Theis J.G.W.; Kulin N.; Koren G. CAN New Engl. J. Med. 1997 336/4 (258–262)

A BSTRACT Background Many women of reproductive age have depression, necessitating therapy with either a tricyclic antidepressant drug or a drug, such as fluoxetine, that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin. Whether these drugs affect fetal neurodevelopment is not known. Methods We studied the children of 80 mothers who had received a tricyclic antidepressant drug during pregnancy, 55 children whose mothers had received fluoxetine during pregnancy, and 84 children whose mothers had not been exposed during pregnancy to any agent known to affect the fetus adversely. The children’s global IQ and language development were assessed between 16 and 86 months of postnatal age by age-appropriate Bayley Scales of Infant Development or the McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities (for IQ) and the Reynell Developmental Language Scales. Results The mean ( � SD) global IQ scores were 118 � 17 in the children of mothers who received a tricyclic antidepressant drug, 117 � 17 in those whose mothers received fluoxetine, and 115 � 14 in those in the control group. The language scores were similar in all three groups. The results were similar in children exposed to a tricyclic antidepressant drug or fluoxetine during the first trimester and those exposed throughout pregnancy. There were also no significant differences in temperament, mood, arousability, activity level, distractibility, or behavior problems in the three groups of children. Conclusions In utero exposure to either tricyclic antidepressant drugs or fluoxetine does not affect global IQ, language development, or behavioral development in preschool children. (N Engl J Med 1997;336:258-62.)

Genetic and environmental effects on a temperament score in beef cattle

Temperament scores were taken on 8-month-old calves from five calf drops (1976-80) and over three sections of a large crossbreeding trial on the North Coast of New South Wales. A 0-5 scale was used, with lower values for quieter cattle. The heritability �s.e. of temperament score of Bos taurus calves (sired by Hereford, Simmental and Friesian bulls) was 0.03�0.28, and for B. indicus-sired calves (Brahman, Braford and Africander bulls) 0.46�0.37, and for all data combined 0.44�0.25. There was a significant difference (P &lt; 0.01) between the mean score of Brahman-sired halfbred calves (1.96) and B. taurus-sired calves (1.05). The difference was halved to 0.45 points for quarterbred Brahman calves versus B. taurus calves, i.e. as expected for an additive trait. There were significant differences in temperament among calves sired by B. indicus bulls, but there were no significant differences amongst the B. taurus sire breeds. The repeatability (mean � s.e.) of operators' score of 701 weaner calves was 0.67�0.08. From temperament scores of 315 cows at weaning in 1981, an operator repeatability of 0.82�0.08 was obtained. Correlations of cow and calf score were not consistent, but averaged 0.18�0.04 from 547 records. The repeatability of scores taken at two separate times on 132 calves, was 0.43�0.09. The group given a medium level of nutrition had significantly higher temperament scores than those given high or low levels. Sex effects were not significant on scores at weaning. A log transformation of the data equalized the variance of scores of different breeds, but did not affect the conclusions.

Qestionnaires for measurement of temperament in one- and two-year-old children: development and standardization.

SUMMARYParental questionnaires were developed for measurement of temperament in one‐ and two‐year‐old children. Nine temperament dimensions, previously studied in the New York Longitudinal Study, were represented here by questions concerning the children's actual behavior in everyday activities and specified situations. The questionnaires consist of 55 and 50 questions, respectively, and each takes approximately 15 minutes to complete and five minutes to sore. With a few exceptions, test‐retest reliabilities were found to be generally satisfactory. A representative sample of children originally chosen from Swedish Well‐Baby clinics constituted the standardization sample and was studied at about one year of age (N= 151) and at about two years of age (N= 149), For both questionnaires, the sample's scores on the variables showed acceptable ranges and distributions, providing good differentiation among individual children with respect to temperament characteristics. At one year, only one statistically significant sex difference was found among the nine variables, girls being less Adaptable than boys. No significant differences in temperament were found between the sexes at two years of age.