Significant Differences In Surface Area Research Articles

Comparative 3D Analysis of Lip Rejuvenation: Investigating Effects Before and After Soft-Tissue Filler Compared with Controls.

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in lip metrics before and after facial rejuvenation treatment with hyaluronic acid-based fillers and to compare them with those of a control group using stereophotogrammetry (3D). This study included 63 Caucasian women divided into Group C (<30years, n=30) and Group H (>30years, n=33), which was further divided into before (HT0) and after (HT1) lip augmentation with hyaluronic acid (HA). Eleven anthropometric landmarks were identified for linear, angular, and surface area measurements. Three photos were captured in Group C, while Group H had photos taken at T0 and T1. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Shapiro-Wilk test to evaluate normality, the Kruskal-Wallis test and one-way ANOVA. Tukey's post hoc and pairwise comparison tests were performed to analyze differences between variables (P value < 0.05). There were significant differences between lip width (ChR-ChL) and philtrum width (CphR-CphL) (P<.001). The total heights of the upper (Ls-Li) and lower vermilion lips (Sto-Li) increased, and the heights of the upper (Sn-Ls) and lower (Li-Sl) cutaneous lips decreased. The angles related to the philtrum (ChR-CphR-Ls, P<.001; ChL-CphL-Ls, P<.001) and nasolabial angle (Prn-Sn-Ls) (P<.001) exhibited significant differences. The surface areas of the upper, lower, and total vermilion lip showed significant differences (P<.001). Tukey's test indicated no significant differences in surface area after lip augmentation between the HT1 and C groups. Analysis of lip morphology after a filler procedure revealed a reversal of age-related changes, with increases in vermilion lip height and surface area comparable to those of younger individuals. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Conformation of the anterior segment in human myopia.

Topography of the in vivo anterior segment is of relevance in understanding its role in myopia and in the development of ocular surgical procedures. Using 3D magnetic resonance (MR) images of the human eye, regional variations in surface area (SA) and bulbosity of four anterior segment regions were investigated in association with refractive status (Rx), axial length (AL) and total ocular volume (OV). T2-weighted ocular MR images from 43 adults aged 18-40 years (mean ± SD; 28.65 ± 6.20) comprising 20 non-myopes (≥-0.50) 0.57 ± 1.38and 23 myopes (<-0.50) -6.37 ± 4.23 MSE (D) were collected. 2D representations of each quadrant (superior-temporal [ST], superior-nasal [SN], inferior-temporal [IT] and inferior-nasal [IN]) of the anterior section (3.5-9 mm) were fitted with second-order polynomials. Polynomials were integrated and rotated about the x-axis to generate SA; dividing the SA by 4 provided relative quadrantial SA. The x2 coefficient provides indices of bulbosity. OV was derived from the 3D MRI scans. Rx and AL were measured using cycloplegic autorefraction and the Zeiss IOLMaster, respectively. One- and two-way repeated-measures ANCOVAs tested differences in SA and bulbosity for Rx, gender, ethnicity and age. Pearson's correlation coefficient tested the relationship between MRI-derived metrics and biometry. Significant differences in SA were observed between quadrants (p< 0.001) with differences between ST versus IN, IN versus IT and SN versus IT. An interaction effect (p= 0.01) for Rx suggested smaller temporal (ST and IT) and larger nasal (SN and IN) SA in myopes. AL and myopic Rx were negative correlated (p< 0.05) with SA at IN, SN and IT. OV was significantly associated with SA at ST. Bulbosity showed no regional differences nor an effect of AL or Rx. Significant regional variation in SA exists across the anterior segment that is modulated by Rx and AL. It is unclear whether these structural characteristics are a precursor or consequence of myopia and may warrant investigation when developing biomechanical interventions.

Computer-aided design and 3-dimensional artificial/convolutional neural network for digital partial dental crown synthesis and validation

The current multiphase, invitro study developed and validated a 3-dimensional convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) to generate partial dental crowns (PDC) for use in restorative dentistry. The effectiveness of desktop laser and intraoral scanners in generating data for the purpose of 3D-CNN was first evaluated (phase 1). There were no significant differences in surface area [t-stat(df) = − 0.01 (10), mean difference = − 0.058, P > 0.99] and volume [t-stat(df) = 0.357(10)]. However, the intraoral scans were chosen for phase 2 as they produced a greater level of volumetric details (343.83 ± 43.52 mm3) compared to desktop laser scanning (322.70 ± 40.15 mm3). In phase 2, 120 tooth preparations were digitally synthesized from intraoral scans, and two clinicians designed the respective PDCs using computer-aided design (CAD) workflows on a personal computer setup. Statistical comparison by 3-factor ANOVA demonstrated significant differences in surface area (P < 0.001), volume (P < 0.001), and spatial overlap (P < 0.001), and therefore only the most accurate PDCs (n = 30) were picked to train the neural network (Phase 3). The current 3D-CNN produced a validation accuracy of 60%, validation loss of 0.68–0.87, sensitivity of 1.00, precision of 0.50–0.83, and serves as a proof-of-concept that 3D-CNN can predict and generate PDC prostheses in CAD for restorative dentistry.

Pore structure characteristic of the Kroh black shale using field emission scanning electron microscopy and Nitrogen BET

Marine Paleozoic rocks account for about 25% of the surface Peninsular Malaysia. Black shales have primarily attracted interest from geologists in terms of their economic importance in hydrocarbon generation potential. The pore structue and pore size distributions of twenty shale samples from the Upper Ordovician to Lower Devonian Kroh Formation in the upper Perak were examined by using Nitrogen gas adsorption (N2 GA) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) eccupied by EDX techniques. The results of FE-SEM showed that the shale samples mainly composed quartz, kaolinite, and illite. The pores in shale have been classified into three types; two were associated with mineral matrix such as interparticle pores found in particles and clay flakes, and intraparticle pores found within particles or grains, while the third pore type were related to the organic matter (OM). The result of N2 adsorption analysis of the shale samples revealed that the pressure adsorption showed significant differences in surface area and pore volumes. Pore size distributions of all the Kroh shale samples they were predominantly multi-modal only few samples has unimodal pore sizes distribution with the shale median pore throat range = 10 to 100 nm. The pore volume has mesopores ranging from 2 to 50 nm, while the main specific surface area has micro-pores less than 2 nm and mesopores less than 50 nm.

Semi-quantitative analysis of pre-treatment morphological and intratumoral characteristics using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography as predictors of treatment outcome in nasal and paranasal squamous cell carcinoma.

To investigate the utility of quantitative morphological and intratumoral characteristics obtained by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) for the prediction of treatment outcome in patients with nasal or paranasal cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Twenty-four patients with nasal or paranasal cavity SCC who received curative non-surgical therapy (a combination of super-selective arterial cisplatin infusion and radiotherapy) were retrospectively analyzed. From pre-treatment FDG-PET data, a total of 13 parameters of quantitative morphological characteristics (tumor volume, surface area and sphericity), intratumoral characteristics (the maximum and mean standard uptake value, three intratumoral histogram and four textural parameters) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were respectively calculated. Information regarding the treatment outcome was determined from the histological diagnosis or clinical follow-up. Each of the 13 quantitative parameters as well as T- and N-stage was assessed for its relation to treatment outcome of local control or failure. In univariate analysis, significant differences in surface area and sphericity between the local control and failure groups were observed. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that sphericity had the highest accuracy of 0.88. In the multivariate analysis, sphericity was revealed as an independent predictor of the local control or failure. The quantitative parameters of sphericity are useful to predict the treatment outcome in patients with nasal or paranasal SCC.

Dimensional changes in the palate associated with slow maxillary expansion for early treatment of posterior crossbite.

To compare palatal symmetry, dimensions, and molar angulations following early mixed-dentition slow maxillary expansion with parameters in normal controls. A total of 30 patients treated with a Haas-type expander for unilateral posterior crossbite with functional shift were compared with 30 controls matched for dental age, gender, and molar relationship. Records were taken before (T1) and after expansion (T2). Palatal width, surface area, volume, and molar angulations were measured on digitized models. Surface area and volume were split in half then divided into anterior, middle, and posterior segments to measure symmetry. Student's t-test was used to assess group differences. Mean intercanine width increased 4.65 mm, and intermolar width increased 4.76 mm. The treated mean surface area increased 127.05 mm2 compared with 10.35 mm2 in controls. The treated palatal volume increased 927.55 mm3 compared with 159.89 mm3 for controls. At T1, the controls showed significant differences in surface area and volume between the anterior palatal segments. At T2, this difference occurred in surface area of middle palatal segments of the treated sample. First permanent molars showed an increased buccal and distal inclination after treatment, opposite to controls. The increase in buccal inclination was greater on the crossbite side. The Haas-type expander results in similar expansion across the canines and first molars. A palate that is symmetrical before expansion may become asymmetric after expansion but only in the middle segment. Changes in individual molar angulation following palatal expansion can be measured without radiation imaging.

Palatal and Alveolar Tissue Deficiency in Infants With Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate.

To investigate intrinsic palatal and alveolar tissue deficiency in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) as compared to age-matched individuals without UCLP using surface area measurements on 3D scans of plaster casts. 22 maxillary casts of infants with UCLP from the Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery of NYU Langone Medical Center and 37 maxillary casts from infants without clefts from Sillman's longitudinal study were scanned by Ortho Insight 3D by Motion View Software, LLC (Chattanooga, TN) and measured using Checkpoint software (Stratovan, Davis, CA). The palatal and alveolar surface areas of each cast were measured. The most superior point of the alveolar ridge in front of the incisive papilla and the most superior point of each maxillary tuberosity were connected by a line that ran along the highest part of the alveolar ridge. This line was used to set boundaries for the palatal surface area measurements. The surface areas of greater and lesser segments were measured independently on UCLP casts. A total palatal surface area for the UCLP sample including width of the cleft gap was also measured. There was a statistically significant difference in surface area (P > .001) when we compared the UCLP area of the cleft segments alone with the non-cleft sample. There was a positive correlation (determine the statistical significance) between the surface area of the cleft segments and cleft gap. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference between UCLP plus cleft area and the non-cleft samples in surface area (P < .0001). An intrinsic palatal and alveolar tissue deficiency exists in patients born with UCLP. The amount of tissue deficiency for a patient with UCLP should be considered when developing and executing a patient-specific treatment plan.

지적장애 축구선수들의 하지강화프로그램이 하지근력과 균형능력에 미치는 영향

This study conducted an strengthening legs exercise program with soccer players with intellectual disabilities for 12 weeks to examine the effects on lower extremity strength and balance. The following conclusions were drawn. First, in the change of lower extremity strength before and after strengthening legs exercise program, the exercise group did not show a significant difference in right thigh flexor and left thigh extensor but showed a significant difference in the peak torque of left thigh flexor(p Second, for a change of balance before and after strengthening legs exercise program, the exercise group did not show a significant difference in surface area, travel length, average speed. Taken together, we could see that the strengthening program, which included plyometric training and weight training, had a positive effect. However, it is considered that there is no statistically significant result in the balance ability, so it is necessary to review the constitution of the exercise program. However, if the regular training method and the strengthening program are performed regularly, And it is thought that it can be an effective training method for prevention of injuries.

Computed tomography slice thickness and its effects on three-dimensional reconstruction of anatomical structures

Computed Tomography (CT) scan parameters such as slice thickness have a direct impact on any 3D models derived from the volumetric data. Higher slice thickness spacing leads to loss of resolution quality in the visualizations. Twenty CT head scans were acquired at a 0.625 mm slice thickness. These data sets were resliced a range of 1–5 mm slice thicknesses. The resultant 3D models of the skull were compared using the 0.625 mm model as a standard. Differences in surface area, volume and part-to-part comparison were analyzed. There were significant differences in surface area, volume and part-to-part comparison analyses from the 0.625 mm skulls as determined with One-way ANOVA by a p-value less than 0.05. Part-to-part comparison proved to have the greatest sensitivity for detecting geometric differences between slice thickness treatments. This study proposes using a 1.25 mm maximum slice thickness when forensic practitioners require 3D reconstruction in their casework.

Inhibitory effect of TGF-β peptide antagonist on the fibrotic phenotype of human hypertrophic scar fibroblasts

Context: TGF-β plays a central role in hypertrophic scar (HS) formation and development.Objective: This study investigated the role of a TGF-β antagonist peptide in inhibiting fibrotic behavior of human HS-derived fibroblasts (HSFs).Materials and methods: HSFs were seeded at a density of 3.1 × 104/cm2 and were subjected to treatment of peptide antagonist (30 μM) or TGF-β receptor inhibitor LY2109761 (10 μM) or without treatment followed by the analyses of quantitative PCR, Elisa, in vitro wounding and fibroblast-populated collagen lattice (FPCL) assays.Results: qPCR and Elisa analyses showed that the peptide could, respectively, reduce the gene (at 48 h) and protein (at 72 h) expression levels of collagen I (86 ± 4.8%; 56.6 ± 7.3%), collagen III (73 ± 10.7%; 43.7 ± 7.2%), fibronectin (90 ± 8.9%; 21.1 ± 2.8%), and TGF-β1 (85 ± 9.3%; 25.0 ± 9.4%) as opposed to the non-treated group (p < 0.05), as the LY2109761 group similarly did. Cell proliferation was also significantly inhibited at day 5 (CCK-8 assay) by both peptide and LY2109761 treatments compared with the non-treated group (p < 0.05). The peptide also significantly inhibited cell migration as opposed to blank control at 24 h (43 ± 6.7% versus 60 ± 2.1%, p < 0.05) and at 48 h (63.9 ± 3.1% versus 95 ± 4.1%, p < 0.05). Similar to LY2109761, the peptide antagonist significantly reduced HS FPCL contraction compared with the non-treated group with significant differences in surface area at 48 h (0.71 ± 0.06 cm2 versus 0.51 ± 0.06 cm2, p < 0.05) and at 72 h (0.65 ± 0.02 cm2 versus 0.42 ± 0.01 cm2, p < 0.05).Conclusion: The TGF-β antagonist peptide may serve as an important drug for HS prevention and reduction given the obvious benefits of good biosafety, low cost, and easy manufacture and delivery.

The Effects of X Chromosome Loss on Neuroanatomical and Cognitive Phenotypes During Adolescence: a Multi-modal Structural MRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study.

The absence of all or part of one X chromosome in female humans causes Turner's syndrome (TS), providing a unique "knockout model" to investigate the role of the X chromosome in neuroanatomy and cognition. Previous studies have demonstrated TS-associated brain differences; however, it remains largely unknown 1) how the brain structures are affected by the type of X chromosome loss and 2) how X chromosome loss influences the brain-cognition relationship. Here, we addressed these by investigating gray matter morphology and white matter connectivity using a multimodal MRI dataset from 34 adolescent TS patients (13 mosaic and 21 nonmosaic) and 21 controls. Intriguingly, the 2 TS groups exhibited significant differences in surface area in the right angular gyrus and in white matter integrity of the left tapetum of corpus callosum; these data support a link between these brain phenotypes and the type of X chromosome loss in TS. We further showed that the X chromosome modulates specific brain-cognition relationships: thickness and surface area in multiple cortical regions are positively correlated with working-memory performance in controls but negatively in TS. These findings provide novel insights into the X chromosome effect on neuroanatomical and cognitive phenotypes and highlight the role of genetic factors in brain-cognition relationships.

Automated Ultrafiltration Device for Environmental Nanoparticle Research and Implications: A Review

Nanoparticle research and development have brought significant breakthroughs in many areas of basic and applied sciences. However, efficiently collecting nanoparticles in large quantities in pure and natural systems is a major challenge in nanoscience. This review article has focused on experimental investigation and implications of nanoparticles in soil, clay, geological and environmental sciences. An automated ultrafiltration device (AUD) apparatus was used to demonstrate efficient collection and separation of nanoparticles in highly weathering red soils, black soils, and gouge of earthquake fault, as well as zeolite. The kaolinite, illite, goethite, and hematite were identified in highly weathering red soils. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images showed the presence of hematite nanoparticles on the surface coating of kaolinite nanoparticles and aggregated hematite nanoparticles overlapping the edge of a kaolinite flake in a size range from 4 to 7 nm. The maximum crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) adsorption amount of smectite nanoparticles (&lt;100 nm) separated by black soils were about two to three times higher than those of bulk sample (&lt;2000 nm). The smectite nanoparticles adsorb both CV and MB dyes efficiently and could be employed as a low-cost alternative to remove cationic dyes in wastewater treatment. Quartz grain of &lt;50 nm was found in the gouge of fault by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and TEM observation. Separated quartz could be used as the index mineral associated with earthquake fracture and the finest grain size was around 25 nm. Comparing the various particle-size fractions of zeolite showed significant differences in surface area, Si to Al molar ratio, morphology, crystallinity, framework structure, and surface atomic structure of nanoparticles from those of the bulk sample prior to particle-size fractionations. The AUD apparatus has the characteristics of automation, easy operation, and high efficiency in the separation of nanoparticles and would, thus, facilitate future nanoparticle research and developments in basic and applied sciences.

Pyrolysis of deinked paper sludge to synthesize adsorbents for elemental Hg vapors

Deinked paper sludge (DPS) was pyrolyzed at 600°C, 750°C, and 900°C in dry nitrogen to synthesize adsorbents. The performance of the pyrolyzed DPS for the gas‐phase adsorption of elemental mercury (Hg0) was investigated, and the performance was compared with that of BPL activated carbon as received (Calgon Carbon Corporation). In addition, the adsorption capacities of pyrolyzed DPS for Hg0 were compared with those published for other activated carbon adsorbents. The physical and chemical properties of pyrolyzed DPS and BPL were characterized to assess their differences, and those differences were used to hypothesize reasons for differences in their adsorption performance for Hg0. Characterization of the adsorbents was conducted using BET surface area, X‐ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analyses, scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersion spectroscopy, and Fourier transform spectroscopy. Pyrolyzed DPS performed better than BPL for Hg0 adsorption, despite the significant difference in surface area (pyrolyzed DPS ∼50 m2/g; BPL 1100 m2/g). Reasons for differences in adsorption performance are likely due to the pore size distribution, presence of and access to surface active sites, and morphology of the pyrolyzed deinked paper sludge compared with BPL. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 524–534, 2013

Structural Transformation and Physicochemical Properties of Environmental Nanoparticles by Comparison of Various Particle‐Size Fractions

Information on the nature, physicochemical properties, and environmental fate of nanoparticles is severely lacking. Zeolite A was used to demonstrate its structural transformation from well crystalline to short‐range‐ordered (SRO) particles, including nanoparticles with size fractions in the range of 450 to 2000, 100 to 450, 25 to 100, and 1 to 25 nm. The chemical properties of a zeolite are dependent on its framework structure, which is formed by connecting truncated octahedra (sodalite) through the simple double four rings (D4‐R) with external linkage in each sodalite. With decreasing particle size, the T(Si, Al)‐O asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations shifted toward higher frequencies and the Si to Al molar ratio increased consistently from 1.8 to 5.2. The chemical shift of 27Al and 29Si magic‐angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra was related to its structural transformation from well crystalline to SRO particles, which was attributed to the loss of external linkage D4‐R units in the structure. Comparing the various particle‐size fractions (PSFs) showed significant differences in surface area, Si/Al molar ratio, morphology, crystallinity, framework structure, and surface atomic structure of nanoparticles from those of the bulk sample (i.e.,&lt;2000 nm) before particle‐size fractionations. Formation of these most reactive nanoparticles were caused by physicochemical weathering merits increasing attention with reference to their nature and properties, and their importance in ecosystem integrity.

Surface Area of the Human Vagina as Measured from Vinyl Polysiloxane Casts

Sixty-two vinyl polysiloxane casts from subjects in the lying, supine position were measured for surface area with five shapes: conical, parallel sides, heart, slug, and pumpkin seed being included. The surface areas ranged from 65.73 to 107.07 cm² with a mean of 87.46 cm² and a standard deviation of 7.80 cm². There were no significant differences in surface area among the shape groups. And no correlations with surface area were found by parity or by rod length, introital diameter, posterior length of casts as measured with string, or greatest width and greatest depth of casts. 70% of the casts had a surface area of 84.50 cm² or above, and 90% had a surface area of 77.72 cm² or above. Variation within the interquartile range (75th to 25th percentile) was ±5.2% of the median.

Resin-bonded prostheses: Microleakage and luting agent thickness of etched and cast-meshwork retainers

The purpose of this study was to compare in vitro marginal leakage, metal surface features, and luting resin film thickness between electrolytically etched and cast mesh resin-bonded retainer designs. The rate of microleakage along an etched metal-composite interface appears to be considerably slower than along a cast mesh-composite interface. Significant differences in surface area between these two retention systems, especially at the margin, is thought to be primarily responsible. Whether such a microleakage difference will be meaningful in terms of clinical longevity remains a matter for further study. Luting resin thickness was found to be significantly less for etched retainers. This may be due to characteristics of framework adaptation to the teeth under the conditions of this investigation.