Significant Differences In Stress Levels Research Articles

Real-time stress monitoring in a child-friendly court: a repeated measures field study

Most child-friendly court reforms are based on the assumption that the court setting is a stressful experience. Our objective was to analyze the acute stress levels of children who come to testify in a child-friendly investigative court using a person-by-environment approach. We employed a simple repeated measures design for this study, which included 42 minors of Spanish nationality who provided testimony as victims of violence in Spain’s inaugural Child-Friendly Court. Among the participants, 73.8% were girls with a mean age of 12.5 years (SD = 3.4), and 26.2% were boys with a mean age of 11.4 years (SD = 3.1). Stress levels were measured using heart rate variability, and anxiety was assessed using state-trait questionnaires. The study found that the mean percentile of anxiety remained at moderate levels, while stress remained at medium-low levels. No significant differences in anxiety or stress were found based on gender or type of crime. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant differences in stress levels among different court settings. Stress levels in the waiting room and Gesell room were significantly higher than those in the decompression room. In conclusion, the experience of testifying in a Gesell room about the aggressions suffered increases stress levels. However, in this sample and for this Pilot Court, the stress levels observed during testimony did not reach levels considered detrimental to children’s health. Our results lend support to the new European Judicial Policy, which includes the establishment and operation of Specialized Courts adapted to the needs of children and adolescents.

Psychological Stress in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between parents' educational level, child's birth order within the family, and family size with psychological stress in parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Parents of children with ASD were recruited through convenience sampling at Hospital (n = 230). The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) assessed psychological stress. Independent-sample t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Results: The average score for the PSS among parents with children diagnosed with ASD was 19.83±6.13. Parents with higher educational attainment reported lower psychological stress compared to those with lower degrees. Parents of firstborn children diagnosed with ASD experienced greater stress than parents of children diagnosed later. Parents with one child with ASD reported higher stress compared to parents with two or three children. No significant difference in stress levels was observed between mothers and fathers. Conclusion: This study highlights the influence of educational level, child's birth order, and family size on parental stress in families with ASD children. These findings inform the development of targeted support strategies to create a more supportive environment for families coping with ASD.

The influence of COVID-19 on temporo-mandibular disorders.

Temporomandibular disorders are multi-factorial conditions affected by psychological, biomechanical, and neuromuscular factors. Stress and anxiety experienced during the pandemic are capable of influencing and aggravating temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain. The study aimed to analyze whether the coronavirus infection can directly affect these diseases. All participants were asked to complete the Pain Screener and Patients Health Questionnaire and were assigned to Group I: healthy participants and Group 2: participants with existing complaints. In group II participants filled the questionnaires twice the Temporomandibular Disorders Symptom Questionnaire and Graded Chronic Pain Scale. The first time to self-report the severity of chronic pain before COVID-19 (T1 timeline) and the second time- to self-report the level of pain after COVID-19 infection (T2 timeline). Totally 150 participants were included in the study. In group II the difference between T1 and T2 timeline was significant for the level of average pain (p=0.022) and highest facial pain (p=0.043); Difference in level of interference of daily activities (p>0.05), recreational activities (p>0.05) and ability to work (p>0.05) was statistically not significant. Graded chronic pain status was the same "Grade I" for T1 and T2 timeline. There was no statistically significant difference in stress level between group I and II.

Dynamic levels of hormonal, oxidants, insomnia, and stress in badminton athletes who practice morning and evening

Circadian rhythms are internal mechanisms that regulate various aspects of the human body's physiology and behaviour that are influenced by activity, physicality, and change time in 24 hours. This study aims to compare oxidant levels and hormonal levels based on differences in training times, namely morning and evening, in badminton athletes. This research involved 44 badminton athletes using a purposive sampling technique who were divided into a morning group (n = 22) and an evening group (n = 22). Melatonin levels were measured using the Elabscience Kit (No. E-EL-H2016) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels using spectrophotometry. All research procedures have received ethical approval from the Hasanuddin University Medical Faculty Ethics Commission (Number: 377/UN4.6.4.5.31/PP36/2023). The results of this study indicate that the athlete's melatonin value in the morning was 76.71 ± (29.05-247.45) higher than in the evening 80.43 ± (50.83-155.24) Meanwhile, the athlete's MDA value in the evening was 2.08 ± (0.74–4.57) higher compared to the MDA in the morning of 1.09 ± (0.33–3.71). Meanwhile, based on the insomnia value for evening training, a higher value was obtained compared to morning training, namely 9.50 ± (3-11). However, there was no significant difference in stress levels. The results of the study showed that badminton athletes who trained at night tended to experience sleep disturbances (insomnia) and increased oxidant levels, while hormonal levels, especially melatonin, were higher in athletes who trained in the morning.

A comparative analysis of stress, anxiety, and social well-being of working mothers and stay-at-home mothers during the covid pandemic.

The role of mental health is crucial in maintaining the dynamism and productivity of any given society. In contemporary times, a significant proportion of the workforce is comprised of women and mothers. Working in healthcare facilities, where exposure to pathogenic agents is an everyday nuisance, can have detrimental effects on mothers' stress and anxiety levels. Furthermore, such exposure can also endanger the health of both the family and society. Conversely, the employment of mothers could positively impact their social well-being. The primary objective of this study is to assess and compare the stress, anxiety, and social well-being scores of mothers employed in healthcare facilities and stay-at-home mothers during the COVID pandemic. This study is a cross-sectional analysis of 246 mothers, equally divided into two groups: Mothers who work in health centers and stay-at-home mothers (123 individuals in each group). The study was conducted from 2021 to 2022, a multistage sampling method was utilized and two questionnaires were administered: The DASS 21 (21 questions) and the social well-being questionnaire (48 questions). The data were analyzed using SPSS 18, and descriptive and analytical tests (Independent Samples T-Test, Mann-Whitney) were employed. The mean age was 35.7 ± 7.1 for working mothers and 34.3 ± 6.3 for stay-at-home mothers. The average stress score for employed mothers was 5.72 ± 4.7, and for stay-at-home mothers, it was 7.16 ± 4.3, which indicates a statistically significant difference in stress levels between the two groups (P = 0.04). However, the two groups had no significant difference in the mean anxiety score (P = 0.08). The mean score for social well-being was 165.5 ± 18.4 for working mothers and 162.17 ± 21.2 for stay-at-home mothers. This difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.18). Except for the social acceptance dimension (P = 0.003), no statistically significant differences were observed in the social well-being dimension between the two groups. The social acceptance of working mothers appears to be greater than that of stay-at-home mothers. Higher social acceptance suggests that they hold a more positive outlook on people and are at ease in social situations, which may have helped to alleviate their stress and anxiety.

Perceived Stress, Salivary Cortisol, and Temperament Traits among Students of Dental Medicine: A Prospective and Interventional Study.

Academic stress affects students' psychological and physiological well-being. Dental undergraduate programs are known for their demanding curriculum, leading to significant stress symptoms. The objective was to determine if salivary cortisol levels were higher in students exposed to academic stress, assess the relationship between stress severity/temperament and cortisol values, and explore relaxation technique effects. Salivary cortisol was measured at two time points for all participants: Before exams and during a relaxation period after summer break. A third measurement was conducted for students with high pre-test cortisol levels who received instructions on progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) before subsequent exams. Additionally, participants completed two questionnaires: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Fisher's Temperament Questionnaire. The group analysis based on the PSS indicated that 39 participants reported high stress. Women demonstrated significantly higher stress than men (p = 0.042054). A significant difference in stress levels was observed between director and builder temperament types (p = 0.029276). Cortisol levels showed a significant decrease from the first measurement to the second measurement, and the third measurement after implementing PMR. The grade in the "Dermatovenereology" course correlated with stress level according to the PSS (k = 0.578467). Pre-test cortisol levels correlated with the frequency of using PMR guidelines during winter test periods (k = 0.416138). Stress negatively affects the immune system and poses health risks. Implementing stress reduction techniques in dental/medical education could benefit students and the healthcare system.

(107) “Can Sexual Dysfunction and Stress in Couples Attempting Conception Be Explained by the Ovulation Calculator?” An Evaluation Study

Abstract Introduction Stress and sexual dysfunction affect a significant portion of couples seeking conception, leading to emotional strain. We hypothesized that ovulation calculators, widely used as a tool to predict fertile days, may play a role in the stress experienced by couples undergoing fertility treatments. We evaluated the impact of ovulation calculators on stress levels in couples seeking fertility treatment and explored the associations with sexual dysfunction and mental health implications due to the stress of infertility. Objective The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of ovulation calculators on stress levels in couples seeking fertility treatment and to explore the associations with sexual dysfunction and mental health implications due to the stress of infertility. Methods Participants were recruited from the University of Miami Health System Clinics. Fifty couples consulting for infertility were included in the study. Both partners were asked to complete anonymous self-reported surveys consisting of validated questions related to stress levels, sexual function, and the use of ovulation calculators. The surveys included the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) for females and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) for males to assess sexual function. Additionally, the Fertility Problem Inventory (FPI) was used to measure fertility-related stress and distress. The data collected included age, duration of attempts to conceive, and responses to stress-related questions. Results A total of 50 couples who we reattempting conception completed the cross-sectional study with all the questionnaires were included in the study. Whether or not they were using ovulation calculators, women scored similarly in the 4 variables of the FSFI, including Arousal, Orgasm, Satisfaction, and Lubrication. When evaluating IIEF scores for Male Erectile Function, the average score of men tracking ovulation was 12.0 ± 4.8, compared to 11.5 ± 5.4 in male patients who were not (P-Value: 0.81). The results showed no statistically significant difference in stress levels between couples who used ovulation calculators and those who did not. However, both male and female participants reported higher levels of sexual dysfunction in couples experiencing higher stress levels due to infertility. Fertility-related stress was also found to be significantly associated with mental health implications, with increased anxiety and depression reported by couples undergoing fertility treatments. Conclusions The findings suggest that the use of ovulation calculators did not significantly influence the stress experienced by couples seeking fertility treatment. However, the study highlights the significant impact of infertility-related stress on sexual function and mental health in both male and female partners. These results emphasize the importance of addressing the psychological aspects of infertility and providing comprehensive support to couples undergoing fertility treatments. Further research is warranted to explore the complex interplay between ovulation calculator usage, infertility-related stress, sexual dysfunction, and mental health implications in couples seeking to conceive. Healthcare providers should consider incorporating mental health support into fertility treatment programs to optimize patient outcomes and overall well-being. Disclosure No.

A Clinical Incivility Management Module for Nursing Students: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

Incivility experienced by pre-licensure nursing students in clinical settings continues to grow. Interventions for clinical incivility to nursing students are needed. Our study aimed to examine the effects of a piloted two-hour interactive incivility management module on nursing students' perceived stress and general self-efficacy levels and preparedness for responding professionally to clinical incivility. A quasi-experimental post-test-only non-equivalent comparison design with control and experimental groups was used. Senior nursing students enrolled in a Bachelor of Science in Nursing program from a nursing college located in Seoul, South Korea, were recruited. The control group (n = 94) completed a self-administered online survey without the clinical incivility management module. The experimental group (n = 93) completed the same survey after receiving the clinical incivility management module. The two groups' survey data were compared; qualitative data from the experimental group's post-module debriefing session were also analyzed. The prevalence of reported clinical incivility was 72.73% (n = 137 out of 187 participants). Clinical incivility experienced by the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (z = -4.865, p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in stress levels and self-efficacy between the two groups. The mean score of the experimental group on preparedness for responding professionally to clinical incivility was statistically higher than the control group's mean score (z = -2.850, p = 0.004). Interventions to prepare students for the experience of clinical incivility are useful; they can positively affect the students' ability to respond professionally.

Stress Level Differences on Final Year Nursing Students During Distance Learning Between Gender

Introduction: The implementation of distance learning on final-year nursing students who are preparing thesis often gives more burden and stress. Stress is certainly different between male and female students. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in stress levels in final-year nursing students by gender. Method: The study was comparative research with cross-sectional design. Total samples were 167 final-year nursing students. Independent variables were distance learning. Dependent variables were stress level. The instrument used was questionnaire and analyzed by T test. Results: The number of students who experience stress is dominated by female students as much as 83.2% or 139 people. The most common level of stress found in mild stress was 28.1% or 66 people. Additionally, the result of comparative test found that there was a significant difference of 0,645 (p &gt; 0,05) which there was no significant difference of stress between male and female student of final semester Conclusions: It concluded that there was no significant difference in stress levels between male and female students. Gender differences was not followed by significant differences in stress levels in the study subject.

The Impact of Ovulation Calculators on the Stress Levels of Fertility-Seeking Couples: An Evaluation Study.

Introduction Infertility affects a significant portion of couples seeking pregnancy, leading to stress and emotional strain. Ovulation calculators, widely used as a tool to predict fertile days, may play a role in the stress experienced by couples undergoing fertility treatments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of ovulation calculators on the stress levels of couples seeking fertility. Methods Participants were recruited from the University of Miami Health System Clinics. Fifty couples consulting for infertility were asked to participate in the study and complete anonymous self-reported surveys. The surveys consisted of validated questions related to stress levels and the use of ovulation calculators. The completed surveys were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The data collected included age, number of years trying to conceive, and answers to questions related to stress levels and the use of ovulation calculators. Responses from 50 couples who met the inclusion criteria were included in the final analysis. Results A total of 50 couples who wereattempting conception and who completed all the questionnaires were included in the study. Whether or not they were using ovulation calculators, females scored similarly in the four variables of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), including arousal, orgasm, satisfaction, and lubrication. When evaluating International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)scores for male erectile function, the average score of males tracking ovulation was 12.0 ± 4.8, compared to 11.5 ± 5.4 in male patients who were not (P = 0.81). The results showed no statistically significant difference in stress levels between couples who used ovulation calculators and those who did not. However, in couples experiencing higher stress levels due to infertility, both male and female participants reported higher levels of sexual dysfunction. Fertility-related stress was also found to be significantly associated with mental health implications, with increased anxiety and depression reported by couples undergoing fertility treatments. Conclusion The findings suggest that the use of ovulation calculators did not significantly influence the stress experienced by couples seeking fertility treatment. However, the study highlights the significant impact of infertility-related stress on sexual function and mental health in both male and female partners. These results emphasize the importance of addressing the psychological aspects of infertility and providing comprehensive support to couples undergoing fertility treatments. Further research is warranted to explore the complex interplay between ovulation calculator usage, infertility-related stress, sexual dysfunction, and mental health implications in couples seeking to conceive. Healthcare providers should consider incorporating mental health support into fertility treatment programs to optimize patient outcomes and overall well-being.

Psychological problems among parents of children with congenital anomalies

Having a child with a congenital anomaly is a very stressful event that affects the whole family due to the critical and permanent needs it might impose. This study aimed to assess stress levels among Jordanian parents of children with congenital anomalies and their relationship to three factors: depression, anxiety, and somatization. A cross sectional survey was conducted at three hospitals in Jordan among 360 parents of children with congenital anomalies by using the Perceived Stress Scale and the Portuguese version of the Brief Symptom Inventory. The study found that both parents experienced high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, although there was a significant difference in stress level between mothers and fathers, with the mothers experiencing higher stress than the fathers. The correlation between stress levels with anxiety (r = 0.763) and depression (r = 0.829) were strong and positive, while somatization was moderate (r = 0.425). In a conclusion, parents of children with congenital anomalies experience high levels of stress. Parental stress leads to many psychological problems such as somatization, depression, and anxiety.

Comparative analysis of the musculoskeletal system disorders and the stress level of sports faculties students in Indonesia and Malaysia

Purpose: to determine the comparative analysis of disorders of the musculoskeletal system and the level of stress of students of sports faculties in Indonesia and Malaysia.&#x0D; Material and methods. 316 students of the Faculty of Sports Science of Indonesia and Malaysia were sampled from this study: 159 students of the Faculty of Sports Science of Indonesia, and 157 students of Sports Science of Malaysia. This research is a comparative analytical observational descriptive study conducted with a cross-sectional approach. This research was conducted in several universities both in Indonesia and Malaysia. The subjects of this study were students from Indonesia and Malaysia who took part in online learning by the criteria of inclusion and exclusion. The instrument used to collect data was a questionnaire for musculoskeletal disorders using a Nordic Body Map while a stress level questionnaire used an MSSQ (Medical Student Stressor Questionnaire). Data analysis techniques use descriptive tests through percentage distribution and comparison tests.&#x0D; The results. Based on the results of the Independent Sample t-test, a calculated t-value of 4.076 with a significance value of 0.000 was obtained. Because the significance value of 0.000 is smaller than 0.05 (p&lt;0.05), it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in musculoskeletal disorders between Indonesian and Malaysian students. The most common musculoskeletal disorder experienced by Malaysian students is a disorder of the lower back with an average of 3.15. Based on the results of the Independent Sample t-test analysis, a calculated t-value of 3.624 with a significance value of 0.000 was obtained. Because the significance value of 0.000 is less than 0.05 (p&lt;0.05), it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in stress levels between Indonesian and Malaysian students. Based on the results of the analysis, the average value of stress levels in Indonesian students was 15.66 while the average value of stress levels in Malaysian students was 17.77. It can be interpreted that students from Malaysia have a higher level of stress compared to Indonesian students.&#x0D; Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that: Malaysian students experience higher musculoskeletal disorders in the lower back and high-stress levels due to online learning compared to Indonesian students.

Challenges In Tough Times: Portrait of Stress on Housewives and Mother with Dual Role

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in mothers taking on additional responsibilities for their children's at-home learning, leading to increased stress levels. This study aimed to determine the differences in maternal stress levels between housewives and mothers with multiple roles during the pandemic. A comparative quantitative method was used with 200 participants (100 housewives and 100 mothers with multiple roles), who were selected through snowball sampling and assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale. The results showed no significant difference in stress levels between the two groups. This suggests that the stress experienced is a common concern for both housewives and mothers with multiple roles, and poses a risk to their mental health during the pandemic. This study highlights the need for support and resources to help mothers manage stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations for future research could include exploring specific stressors experienced by each group and developing targeted interventions to support maternal mental health. Additionally, it may be useful to evaluate the long-term impacts of the pandemic on maternal stress levels and the potential for resilience and recovery.

Effect of Suryanamaskar Practices with and Without Yoga Nidra On Stress Among High School Students- A Randomized Controlled Trial

Stress is the dynamic connection that exists between an individual and environment where a stimulus (whatever it is) disrupts a person's homeostasis, causing him or her to react to the circumstances with all resources available. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of suryanamaskar practises with and without yoganidra on stress levels in high school students. It was hypothesised that the influences of suryanamaskar practises with and without yoga nidra would cause significant differences in stress levels among high school students. To achieve the study's goal, 45 high school students from various schools near Kandigai, Chennai, with ages ranging from 12 to 15 years old, were chosen and divided into two experimental and control groups of 15 students each. Suryanamaskar practices with yoga nidra were performed by Experimental Group I, and Suryanamaskar practices without yoga nidra were performed by Experimental Group II for a period of 6 weeks, for an hour in the morning. The control group was not exposed to any specific training but they participated in the regular activities. Before and after the training, three groups were given pre- and post-tests. The Everly and Girnando Questionnaire was used to assess stress. The data collected from the three groups prior to and after the training period were statistically analysed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) to determine the significant difference and tested at the 0.05 level of significance. The study's findings revealed that suryanamaskar with and without yoga nidra reduced stress significantly. Suryanamaskar combined with Yoga Nidra is more effective than Surya namaskar alone.

The profile of headaches and migraine amongst medical students and its association to stress level, disability and self-management practices.

Migraine is the most common headache affecting young people that impairs their functional ability. This study aimed to determine the frequency of migraines among Malaysian medical students, the association between migraines, stress level, and functional disability among these students, and describe their self-management practices. A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students in a private medical school in Penang state. All medical students in the study site were screened for the presence of headache symptoms and the diagnosis of migraine using a self-administered questionnaire comprising International Headache Society (IHS) diagnostic criteria. Other domains that were assessed were perceived stress level and functional disability, which were measured using the Perceived Stress Scale and the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), respectively. The students' selfmanagement practices for their headaches were determined using a descriptive survey. A total of 374 medical students participated in this study and 157 (42%) students reported experiencing headaches. More than half (n=97, 61.8%) of those with headaches fulfilled the IHS criteria for migraines. Migraines were significantly associated with functional disability compared with non-migraine headaches (p<0.001); however, no significant difference in stress levels were reported between the two groups. During migraine attacks, sleep (n=73, 60.33%) and self-medication (n=56, 69.14%) were the most common self-management practices. Only 11.46% of the 157 students with headaches consulted a doctor. A high proportion of medical students suffered from headaches and more than half of them had migraines. Migraine headaches were associated with significant functional disability. Very few students sought medical consultation and most students chose to self-manage their headaches.

Effect of Vethathiri Maharishi’s Simplified Kundalini Yoga on Stress among Adolescent Girls

The purpose of the present study was to find out the effect of Simplified Kundalini Yoga (SKY) practices on stress among adolescent girls. It was hypothesized that there would be a significant difference in stress level among adolescent girls due to the influence of SKY practices than the control group. For achieving the purpose of the study a total of 30 adolescent girls were selected at random as samples from Government Higher Secondary school, Thiruvallur District. Adolescent girls aged between 13 and 15 years were selected at randomly and divided into an Experimental group and a Control group with 15 subjects each. The Experimental group underwent Simplified Kundalini Yogic practices in a schedule of weekly five days from Monday to Friday for six weeks. The duration of practice time for Experimental group, for first two weeks was 45 minutes, duly increasing the practice time from 45 minutes to 60 minutes during 3rd and 4th weeks and from 60 minutes to 90 minutes during 5th and 6th weeks. SKY practices include Simplified Yogic Physical Exercises, Simplified Kayakalpa Yogic Exercises, Introspection and Meditation practices. Subjects of Control group were allowed to continue with their normal day to day life routine during the Experimental period and were not given any yogic practices. Pre-test and post-test were conducted before and after the training program for both the groups. Stress level was assessed with the help of Everly Girdano(1980) stress scale questionnaire which consists of statements with four options and the score ranges from 0 to 42. Lesser the score, lesser the stress level. Analyze of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) was used as a statistical tool to find out the significant differences. The statistical findings of the study revealed that the stress level of the students of Experimental group, the practitioners of Simplified Kundalini Yoga significantly decreased than the Control group. Hence the hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. The conclusion was that the SKY practices help to decrease stress level among adolescent girls.

Study The Level Of Depression, Anxiety And Stress Among Working And Non Working Married Women In Ludhiana

Depression, Anxiety and Stress are more common now days in women. Depression and anxiety, stresses are psychiatric disorders that can result in emotional and physical pain, impaired functioning and difficulty in relationships and employment. The goal of this study was to see the range of depression, anxiety and stress among employed and unemployed women. The study was conducted on 100 married women, from which 50 were working women and 50 were non-working women age group between 25-40 years. DASS questionnaire developed by Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) was used to find the depression, anxiety and stress in working and non working women. There was 42 items to measure anxiety, depression and stress. Result revealed that employed and unemployed women had significant level of depression and anxiety although there was no significant difference in stress levels. It concluded that married working and non working women were having different level of depression, anxiety and stress.

Study The Level Of Depression, Anxiety And Stress Among Working And Non Working Married Women In Ludhiana

Depression, Anxiety and Stress are more common now days in women. Depression and anxiety, stresses are psychiatric disorders that can result in emotional and physical pain, impaired functioning and difficulty in relationships and employment. The goal of this study was to see the range of depression, anxiety and stress among employed and unemployed women. The study was conducted on 100 married women, from which 50 were working women and 50 were non-working women age group between 25-40 years. DASS questionnaire developed by Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) was used to find the depression, anxiety and stress in working and non working women. There was 42 items to measure anxiety, depression and stress. Result revealed that employed and unemployed women had significant level of depression and anxiety although there was no significant difference in stress levels. It concluded that married working and non working women were having different level of depression, anxiety and stress.

Stress levels among an international sample of pregnant and postpartum women during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background Stress is a complex condition that can have a profound effect on an individual’s sense of wellbeing and their ability to live a happy and healthy life. COVID-19 and its associated stressors have the potential to disrupt numerous facets of our everyday lives. Pregnant and postpartum women are especially vulnerable to changes in the availability of routine health and social care services and of their support networks. The current study sought to explore stress levels and their influencers among an international cohort of pregnant and postpartum women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We conducted an anonymous, online, cross-sectional survey in 64 countries between May and June 2020. The survey was hosted on the Pregistry platform and made available in 12 languages, with respondents sought through a variety of social media platforms and parenting forums. In addition to levels of stress, we collected data related to demographics, COVID-19 exposure and worries, lifestyle changes, traditional and social media use, precautionary measures related to COVID-19, and mental health. Results In total, 7185 women were included in our sample. We found statistically significant (p-value <0.05) reductions in stress score among older women (≥35 years of age), those either living with a partner or married, those who had graduated from college, and those with medical coverage. Higher stress scores were found among women who resided in Africa, Asia and the Pacific, the Middle East, and North America compared with those in Europe. When race and ethnicity were included in the model, black women were found to have higher stress compared to white women. Level of family and community support was inversely associated with level of stress. Conclusion Our study is one of the first to explore stress levels among pregnant and postpartum women during the COVID-19 pandemic. We found statistically significant differences in stress levels by age, education, marital status, region of residence, race/ethnicity and level of support. Understanding stress during the COVID-19 pandemic, and exploring ways to address it, will be key to contributing to the mental and physical health of expectant and new mothers, as well as their children, in both the short and long term.

The effect of e-counseling to reduce stress on nurses in special wards COVID-19

Background: Data on the incidence of COVID-19 is reported to be increasing day by day. It impacts the health of health workers both physically and mentally; several previous studies have found that counseling can help reduce anxiety. Other studies have also proven that remembrance therapy can reduce stress levels, but the effectiveness of e-counseling has not yet been tested.Objectives: This study was to determine the effect of e-counseling to reduce stress on nurses in special wards COVID-19.Method: The research design used was a quasi-experimental design with a total sample of 58 people, 29 intervention samples, and 29 control samples. Sampling using non-probability sampling and data collection using a questionnaire which was analyzed with the Independent Sample T-Test.Result: After e-counseling therapy was carried out, the stress level of nurses could decrease significantly from 7.448 to 6.311. There were significant differences in stress levels in the intervention and control groups (69.59±6.311 vs. 49.83±8.824; p&lt;0.05).Conclusion: E-Counseling has a very significant effect on reducing the stress level of nurses in special wards COVID-19.