Significant Differences In Response Time Research Articles

Empathy for pain in individuals influenced by moral identity: Evidence from an ERP study

Both morality and empathy are crucial in the construction of human society. The influence of morality on empathy also deserves researchers’ attention. This study used event-related potential techniques to control the degree of moral identity of participants through writing tasks and deeply explored the psychological processes and neural mechanisms of moral identity affecting pain empathy. Behavioral results for picture type showed that the response time to the pain pictures was longer than the nonpain pictures, the accuracy of pain pictures was lower than that of nonpain pictures and ratings of pain pictures were rated higher than non-pain picture. Behavioral results for moral identity showed that there were no significant differences in response time, accuracy, and rating. The interaction between picture type and moral identity was not significant. The ERP results showed that people with high moral identity had higher levels of empathy than those with low moral identity, and pain pictures induced smaller N2 amplitudes and larger Late Positive Component (LPC) amplitudes than nonpain pictures. For people with low moral identity, the pain picture amplitudes were not significantly different from the N2 and LPC amplitudes induced by the nonpain pictures. These results suggest that moral identity affects and moderates the early processing of emotional empathy in the N2 representation and the late processing of cognitive empathy in the LPC representation. Individuals with high moral identity are more likely to induce early automated processing of pain to others when stimulated by pain pictures, automatically sharing the negative emotions of others, which is manifested as having more emotional empathy. Individuals with high moral identity exhibit a more refined analytical evaluation of pain pictures and a conscious, top-down control of processing when stimulated by pain pictures, which is manifested as having more cognitive empathy. Whether in the emotional empathy stage or in the cognitive empathy stage, moral identity has an important impact on pain empathy, and higher moral identity is the premise of empathy for the pain of others.

Mugikorra eta klasean arreta mantentzeko zailtasunak

This study has measured the impact on students of sending messages to a Whatsapp group. To do this, we programmed the sending of messages from a known and an un-known phone in three different time zones (morning, school hours and evening). The results show that messages sent from an unknown phone are opened before those from a known source. Furthermore, no significant differences in response time were observed in the different time zones. Finally, it was observed that during class hours, almost 40 per-cent of the participants had read messages of unknown origin on their cell phone within five minutes. Only 22 percent didn't spread messages during class hours.

Satisfaction Level and Performance of Physiotherapy Students in the Knowledge of Musculoskeletal Disorders through Nearpod: Preliminary Reports.

Physiotherapists are at high risk for musculoskeletal disorders. There is a need in academia to address workers' health issues at the time of graduation. Nearpod is an educational application founded on a web-based learning tool. In the field of Health Sciences, the use of Nearpod has been scarce. The objective of this study was to determine the level of satisfaction with using this interactive tool and to assess the influence of using Nearpod in class on students' performance while dealing with the topic of musculoskeletal disorders in third-year Degree in Physiotherapy students during the 2021-2022 academic year. The participants were students at the University of Cadiz. They were randomly divided into two groups, a control group using a PowerPoint presentation and an experimental group using the interactive Nearpod application. The experimental group took two surveys to determine their satisfaction with the method used. Students also took a multiple-choice test to assess the knowledge acquired. In the surveys, a high percentage of satisfaction was obtained (97.62% and 99.39%). There were no significant differences in the scores obtained by the two groups, although there were significant differences in response time in favor of the experimental group (p = 0.022). Although studies should be carried out with larger samples and on different subjects, it seems that Nearpod is a tool with great potential for teaching the study of musculoskeletal disorders.

Effects of sleep insufficiency on spatial working memory in low-pressure and hypoxic environments.

Background:This study aimed to investigate the effects of sleep insufficiency on spatial working memory in low-pressure and hypoxic environments.Methods:We selected 58 insufficient sleepers and 27 normal sleepers among the college students living in high-altitude areas for a long time to receive a spatial 2-back working memory task, while collecting behavioral and electroencephalograph data. We adopted an independent sample t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance to compare the differences in response time and accuracy, P2 and late positive potential components, and theta band energy values in the spatial working memory task between insufficient and normal sleepers.Results:We found no significant differences in response time and accuracy between the insufficient sleep group and the normal sleep group; however, the P2 peak value and the early theta band energy value were higher in the insufficient sleep group than in the normal sleep group.Conclusions:These results suggest that the spatial working memory ability of individuals with sleep insufficiency was weakened under low-pressure and low-oxygen environment.

Predicting User Performance in Augmented Reality User Interfaces with Image Analysis Algorithms

This study determines how to apply existing image analysis measures of visual clutter to augmented reality user interfaces, in conjunction with other factors that may affect performance such as the percentage of virtual objects compared to real objects in an interface, and the type of object a user is searching for (real or virtual). Image analysis measures of clutter were specifically chosen as they can be applied to complex and naturalistic images as is common to experience while using an AR UI. The end goal of this research is to develop an algorithm capable of predicting user performance for a given AR UI. In this experiment, twelve participants performed a visual search task of locating a target object in an array of objects where some objects were virtual, and some were real. Participants completed this task under three different clutter levels (low, medium, high) against five different levels of virtual object percentage (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) and two types of targets (real, virtual) with repetition. Task performance was measured through response time. Results show significant differences in response time between clutter levels and between virtual object percentage, but not target type. Participants consistently had more difficulty finding objects in more cluttered scenes, where clutter was determined through image analysis methods, and had more difficulty in finding objects when the virtual of objects was at 50% as opposed to other scenarios. Response time positively correlated to measures of combined clutter (virtual and real) arrays but not for measures of clutter taken of the individual array components (virtual or real), and positively correlated with the clutter scores of the target objects themselves.

Computational modelling of attentional bias towards threat in paediatric anxiety

Computational modelling can be used to precisely characterize the cognitive processes involved in attentional biases towards threat, yet so far has only been applied in the context of adult anxiety. Furthermore, studies investigating attentional biases in childhood anxiety have largely used tasks that conflate automatic and controlled attentional processes. By using a perceptual load paradigm, we separately investigate contributions from automatic and controlled processes to attentional biases towards negative stimuli and their association with paediatric anxiety. We also use computational modelling to investigate these mechanisms in children for the first time. In a sample of 60 children (aged 5‐11 years) we used a perceptual load task specifically adapted for children, in order to investigate attentional biases towards fearful (compared with happy and neutral) faces. Outcome measures were reaction time and percentage accuracy. We applied a drift diffusion model to investigate the precise cognitive mechanisms involved. The load effect was associated with significant differences in response time, accuracy and the diffusion modelling parameters drift rate and extra‐decisional time. Greater anxiety was associated with greater accuracy and the diffusion modelling parameter ‘drift rate’ on the fearful face trials. This was specific to the high load condition. These findings suggest that attentional biases towards fearful faces in childhood anxiety are driven by increased perceptual sensitivity towards fear in automatic attentional systems. Our findings from computational modelling suggest that current attention bias modification treatments should target perceptual encoding directly rather than processes occurring afterwards.

Motor performance of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy during the execution of computer tasks with different peripherals

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the effectiveness of using different input devices for computer access by children and adolescents with cerebral palsy and to verify the relationship of performance with age and level of motor classification. Methods: the study included 14 children and adolescents with cerebral palsy, aged 6 to 14 years, with Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) levels from I to V. The participants’ performance was observed during the use of touch screen, conventional mouse and eye tracking mouse in performing specific tasks with softwares Discrete Aiming Task 2.0, Tracking Task 2.0 and Single Switch Performance Test (SSPT) 1.0. The following variables were analyzed: response time, frequency of errors, mean time to activate input devices, relationship between satisfaction with input devices and motor skill level. Results: results indicated significant differences in response time, frequency of errors, and triggering mean time depending on the input device used, and correlation between the motor ability level and satisfaction, using the device, and between the level of manual ability and satisfaction with the mouse. Conclusion: the eye tracking mouse and the touch screen were the most effective devices during the execution of tasks on the computer by study participants.

Effects of TDCS dosage on working memory in healthy participants

BackgroundTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been found to improve working memory (WM) performance in healthy participants following a single session. However, results are mixed and the overall effect size is small. Interpretation of these results is confounded by heterogeneous study designs, including differences in tDCS dose (current intensity) and sham conditions used. AimsWe systematically investigated the effect of tDCS dose on working memory using behavioural and neurophysiological outcomes. MethodsIn a single-blind parallel group design, 100 participants were randomised across five groups to receive 15 min of bifrontal tDCS at different current intensities (2 mA, 1 mA, and three sham tDCS conditions at 0.034 mA, 0.016 mA, or 0 mA). EEG activity was acquired while participants performed a WM task prior to, during, and following tDCS. Response time, accuracy and an event-related EEG component (P3) were evaluated. ResultsWe found no significant differences in response time or performance accuracy between current intensities. The P3 amplitude was significantly lower in the 0 mA condition compared to the 0.034 mA, 1 mA and 2 mA tDCS conditions. Changes in WM accuracy were moderately correlated with changes in frontal P3 amplitude (channel Fz) following tDCS compared to baseline levels (r = 0.34). ConclusionsWorking memory was not significantly altered by tDCS, regardless of dose. The P3 amplitude showed that stimulation at 1 mA, 2 mA and a sham condition (0.034 mA) had biological effects, with the largest effect size for 1 mA stimulation. These findings indicate higher sensitivity of neurophysiological outcomes to tDCS and suggests that sham stimulation previously considered inactive may alter neuronal function.

Motor-symptom laterality affects acquisition in Parkinson’s disease: A cognitive and functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Background and Objectives: Asymmetric onset of motor symptoms in PD can affect cognitive function. We examined whether motor-symptom laterality could affect feedback-based associative learning and explored its underlying neural mechanism by functional magnetic resonance imaging in PD patients. Methods: We recruited 63 early-stage medication-naive PD patients (29 left-onset medication-naive patients, 34 right-onset medication-naive patients) and 38 matched normal controls. Subjects completed an acquired equivalence task (including acquisition, retention, and generalization) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. Learning accuracy and response time in each phase of the task were recorded for behavioral measures. Regional homogeneity was used to analyze resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data, with regional homogeneity lateralization to evaluate hemispheric functional asymmetry in the striatum. Results: Left-onset patients made significantly more errors in acquisition (feedback-based associative learning) than right-onset patients and normal controls, whereas right-onset patients performed as well as normal controls. There was no significant difference among these three groups in the accuracy of either retention or generalization phase. The three groups did not show significant differences in response time. In the left-onset group, there was an inverse relationship between acquisition errors and regional homogeneity in the right dorsal rostral putamen. There were no significant regional homogeneity changes in either the left or the right dorsal rostral putamen in right-onset patients when compared to controls. Conclusions: Motor-symptom laterality could affect feedback-based associative learning in PD, with left-onset medication-naive patients being selectively impaired. Dysfunction in the right dorsal rostral putamen may underlie the observed deficit in associative learning in patients with left-sided onset.© 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

Analysis of out-of-hospital emergency treatment for ventricular fibrillation between 2013 and 2016 in Shanghai

To investigate the epidemiological features of out-of-hospital patients with ventricular fibrillation (VF) in Shanghai and to analysis factors associated with outcomes, and to provide evidence for improving the success rate of VF. The data of patients with VF admitted to Shanghai Medical Emergency Center from January 2013 to December 2016 were analyzed retrospectively. All the data were recorded including the clinical data, medical service time, return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) at scene/en route, survival to hospital discharge. Factors that associated with successful resuscitation were analyzed by Logistic regression. From 2013 to 2016, 21 096 patients with suspected cardiac arrest were admitted to the Shanghai Medical Emergency Center. After excluding ventricular tachycardia (13 cases) and ventricular asystole (20 995 cases), 88 patients with VF were enrolled, with 62 male and 26 female; the average age was (63.22±16.15) years old. While bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was performed in only 21 cases (23.86%). Fifty-seven cases occurred during the day (08:00-20:00), while 31 cases occurred in the night. And the average emergency response time was (6.47±4.13) minutes; the average on-site time was (14.76±10.88) minutes; the average transport to hospital time was (5.95±4.00) minutes. There were no significant differences in response time, on-site time and transport to hospital time each year, and there were no significant differences in emergency medical service time between day and night either. From 2013 to 2016, prehospital successful resuscitation rate was decreased by years [95.65% (22/23), 87.50% (14/16), 83.33% (20/24) vs. 80.00% (20/25), respectively, χ2 = 1.895, P = 0.595]. Survival to hospital discharge rate was increased by years [21.74% (5/23), 31.25% (5/16), 37.50% (9/24), 40.00% (10/25), respectively, χ 2 = 2.862, P = 0.413]. The success rate of prehospital resuscitation for patients with 1, 2, ≥3 defibrillation was 35.23% (31/88), 23.08% (12/52), 89.19% (33/37), respectively (χ2 = 42.811, P = 0.000). The on-site time in successful final resuscitation group was shorter than that in final resuscitation failure group (minutes: 10.85±8.83 vs. 16.79±11.36, t = 2.367, P = 0.020), the ROSC time in successful final resuscitation group was shorter than that of final resuscitation failure group (minutes: 3.24±3.17 vs. 7.43±6.64, t = 3.175, P = 0.002). It was shown by Logistic regression that long ROSC time was the risk factor for final resuscitation failure [odds ratio (OR) = 0.771, P = 0.024]. Gender, age, availability of witnesses CPR, call time, emergency response time, on-site time and transport to hospital time had no significant impact on the prehospital successful resuscitation and final successful resuscitation. In prehospital successful resuscitation group, there was significant difference in survival to hospital discharge rate among different defibrillation times group [48.39% (15/31), 58.33% (7/12) vs. 21.21% (7/33), χ2 = 7.460, P = 0.024]. From 2013 to 2016, there were no significant changes in the emergency response time, prehospital successful resuscitation rate and survival to hospital discharge rate of patients with VF in Shanghai. Though, repeated defibrillation could significantly increased prehospital successful resuscitation rate, multiple defibrillation indicated decline of survival to hospital discharge rate in prehospital successful resuscitation group. Additionally, long on-site time and long ROSC time indicated poor prognosis.

Motor-symptom laterality affects acquisition in Parkinson's disease: A cognitive and functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

Asymmetric onset of motor symptoms in PD can affect cognitive function. We examined whether motor-symptom laterality could affect feedback-based associative learning and explored its underlying neural mechanism by functional magnetic resonance imaging in PD patients. We recruited 63 early-stage medication-naïve PD patients (29 left-onset medication-naïve patients, 34 right-onset medication-naïve patients) and 38 matched normal controls. Subjects completed an acquired equivalence task (including acquisition, retention, and generalization) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. Learning accuracy and response time in each phase of the task were recorded for behavioral measures. Regional homogeneity was used to analyze resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data, with regional homogeneity lateralization to evaluate hemispheric functional asymmetry in the striatum. Left-onset patients made significantly more errors in acquisition (feedback-based associative learning) than right-onset patients and normal controls, whereas right-onset patients performed as well as normal controls. There was no significant difference among these three groups in the accuracy of either retention or generalization phase. The three groups did not show significant differences in response time. In the left-onset group, there was an inverse relationship between acquisition errors and regional homogeneity in the right dorsal rostral putamen. There were no significant regional homogeneity changes in either the left or the right dorsal rostral putamen in right-onset patients when compared to controls. Motor-symptom laterality could affect feedback-based associative learning in PD, with left-onset medication-naïve patients being selectively impaired. Dysfunction in the right dorsal rostral putamen may underlie the observed deficit in associative learning in patients with left-sided onset.© 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Balance recovery after an evoked forward fall in unilateral transtibial amputees

Falls are a common and potentially dangerous event, especially in amputees. In this study, we compared the mechanisms of balance recovery of 17 unilateral transtibial amputees and 17 matched able-bodied controls after being released from a forward-inclined orientation of 10%. Kinematic analysis revealed statistically significant differences in response time and knee flexion at heel-strike between both groups. However, there were no statistically significant differences in step length of the leading and trailing limb, swing time of the leading limb, and maximal knee flexion during swing. In the amputees, we found spatial and temporal differences when recovering with the sound versus prosthetic limb first. When leading with the prosthetic limb, they responded faster and also the interval between heel-strike of the leading and trailing limb was shorter. Furthermore, amputees made a longer step and showed less knee flexion at heel-strike when leading with the prosthetic limb. Interestingly, amputees as a group had no specific limb preference, prosthetic or sound, to recover after a forward fall, despite the asymmetry in their locomotor system. Analyses of dynamic stability (extrapolated center of mass) revealed that the amputees were equally efficient in recovering from an impending fall as controls, irrespective whether they lead with their prosthetic or sound limb. We suggest that in amputee rehabilitation, balance recovery after a fall should be trained with both sides, as this can increase confidence in fall-prone situations.

Instinctive and Cognitive Reasoning: A Study of Response Times

Lecture audiences and students were asked to respond to virtual decision and game situations at gametheory.tau.ac.il. Several thousand observations were collected and the response time for each answer was recorded. There were significant differences in response time across responses. It is suggested that choices made instinctively, that is, on the basis of an emotional response, require less response time than choices that require the use of cognitive reasoning.

Instinctive and Cognitive Reasoning: A Study of Response Times

Lecture audiences and students were asked to respond to virtual decision and game situations at gametheory.tau.ac.il. Several thousand observations were collected and the response time for each answer was recorded. There were significant differences in response time across responses. It is suggested that choices made instinctively, that is, on the basis of an emotional response, require less response time than choices that require the use of cognitive reasoning.

Comparative Cognition: Human Numerousness Judgments

Previous studies regarding numerousness judgments of dot displays showed humans to be accurate to 6 dots and 2 monkeys to be accurate to 8 dots and 1 monkey to 9 dots. However, the monkeys performed numerousness discrimination involving pairs of dot arrays and the humans made absolute numerousness judgments involving as many as 35 dot arrays. With 140 humans we replicated as closely as possible the discrimination method used with monkeys. On the three most difficult tasks, 5 of 20 subjects discriminated 8 versus 9 dots and 2 of 20 discriminated 9 versus 10 and 10 versus 11 dots. There were no significant differences in response time (RT) for successive numerousness pairs and no correlation between mean RT and dot arrays over the range from 3 to 11 dots. Results were discussed in relation to human and nonhuman animal investigations of numerical competence and were considered consistent with a noncounting process interpretation.

Is Propofol Cost-Effective for Day-Surgery Patients?

To attempt to justify the expense of using propofol for day-surgery, we have compared propofol with methohexitone for induction of anaesthesia for elective minor gynaecological procedures. Seventy healthy patients were randomised to receive either induction agent and postoperatively they were compared for recovery times, side-effects and patient appraisal the following day. The results showed that propofol was superior to methohexitone for most parameters, with small but statistically significant differences in response time, ambulation time, vomiting and drowsiness during recovery. There were minor differences in patient appraisal the next day. However, it is doubtful whether the advantages of propofol are sufficiently substantial to justify the expense of its routine use in preference to methohexitone and its place is a matter for individual judgement.

Is Propofol Cost-Effective for Day-Surgery Patients?

To attempt to justify the expense of using propofol for day-surgery, we have compared propofol with methohexitone for induction of anaesthesia for elective minor gynaecological procedures. Seventy healthy patients were randomised to receive either induction agent and postoperatively they were compared for recovery times, side-effects and patient appraisal the following day. The results showed that propofol was superior to methohexitone for most parameters, with small but statistically significant differences in response time, ambulation time, vomiting and drowsiness during recovery. There were minor differences in patient appraisal the next day. However, it is doubtful whether the advantages of propofol are sufficiently substantial to justify the expense of its routine use in preference to methohexitone and its place is a matter for individual judgement.