Significant Differences In Reasons Research Articles

Competing at age 55 and over. Reasons why older athletes participate in sport

ABSTRACT This study explores the reasons why older people participate in sports. A total of 463 senior athletes (M = 61.4, SD = 5.5) who are actively engaged in competitive sports disciplines participated in this study. The participants indicated their degree of agreement with reasons for practicing sport on a 4-point Likert scale with 20 items, developed on the basis of a literature review on motivation theories in sports. These items were analyzed psychometrically. The exploratory factorial analysis revealed five components: competitiveness, interpersonal, cognitive, physical and emotional reasons. The most frequently reported reasons for participation were to feel healthier, to improve mood, and to release tension and stress. Analyses of variance showed significant differences in reasons for participating in sport based on sex, age, comparative health status, type of sport and number of competitive events attended per year. These findings could contribute to the development of age-specific sports promotion interventions tailored to different groups of older people.

Retrospective analysis of locked versus non-locked plating of distal fibula fractures

IntroductionUnstable distal fibular fractures have traditionally been treated with open reduction internal fixation using a 1/3 tubular non-locked plate (compression plating). Locked plating is a newer technique that has become more popular despite the lack of clinical data supporting improved outcomes. The cost of locked plating is almost four times that of compression plating. We compared rates of reoperation due to implant failure, infection, and symptomatic device between compression and locked plating in open reduction internal fixation of distal fibular fractures MethodsA retrospective study was performed at a level one trauma center over a ten-year period (2008-2017). Patients who were 18 and older and treated for unstable ankle fractures with locking or non-locking plate were included in this study. Patient charts were reviewed by orthopedic trauma surgeons to identify whether patients were treated with a 1/3 tubular non-locking or pre-contoured locked plate and to determine the cause of reoperation. ResultsIn total, 442 patients were identified with 203 in the non-locked 1/3 tubular plate group and 239 in the pre-contoured locked plate group. A total of 38 patients (8.6%) underwent device removal with a higher proportion of patients in the non-locked 1/3 tubular plate cohort (11.3% vs. 6.3%, p = 0.059). Statistically significant differences in reasons for reoperation were found for symptomatic implant (78.3% vs. 46.7%, p = 0.045) and infection (8.7% vs 53.3%., p < 0.01). Of patients who had device removal for symptomatic implant in the compression plating cohort, 13 (72.2%) had lateral positioning and 5 (27.8%) had posterior positioning (p < 0.01) whereas there was no statistical difference in plate positioning in the locked cohort. Of all medical comorbidities identified, only diabetes was associated with a higher rate of infection-related reoperations (83.3% vs. 15.6%, p < 0.01). ConclusionsBoth compression and locked plate techniques demonstrated low reoperation rates. Compression plating with 1/3 tubular plates placed laterally more often resulted in reoperation due to symptomatic implant but had fewer complications of infection. Given that the cost is significantly less, 1/3 tubular plating placed posteriorly may be preferred to decrease the risks of symptomatic implant and infection.

The profile of Saudi male nursing workforce: A cross-sectional study

This study aims to determine the profile of the Saudi male nursing workforce that influences tenure in their job and their intentions in staying on the job or leaving their job. This research used the quantitative-comparative approach employing 361 nurses as participants from the three major government hospitals namely, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, and King Fahad Medical Center in Riyadh city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Results showed that nurses in the workforce perceived the lack of promotion opportunities as the main reason for leaving the nursing profession (3.92±.952) and the reason for becoming a nurse wanted to help others cope with illness (4.68). There is a significant difference found in age to reasons (F=11.51; p&lt;001) opinion of becoming a nurse (F=6.73; p&lt;001), highest qualification on their reasons for leaving the nursing profession (F=11.8; p&lt;.001) but not on the opinion of nurses (F=.690; p&gt;.502). Moreover, the years of experience of the nurses were found significant to reasons (F=5.085; p&lt;.002) and opinion (F=4.89; p&lt;.002). Regarding the position held, there found significant differences in reasons for leaving (F=9.05; p&lt;.001) and their opinion about becoming a nurse (F=11.81; p&lt;.001). Concerning marital status there found significant differences in their reasons for leaving the nursing profession (t=5.779; p&gt;.290) and their opinion (t=1.39; p&gt;.573). Meanwhile, the number of dependents found no significant difference in their reasons (t=2.248; p&gt;0.38) and opinion (t=.820; p&gt;.366). Continuous skill development and career progression opportunities for male nurses contribute to job satisfaction and, as a result, it will be the key to gaining greater autonomy for Saudi Arabia's nurses.

Gender Differences in Reasons for Using Electronic Cigarettes: A Systematic Review.

Differential reasons for electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use for men and women have seldom been examined, and there is no systematic overview of this research literature. The aim of this review is to conduct a systematic review of the literature to identify gender differences in the reasons for e-cigarette use. Systematic searches covered in three databases found 866 unique articles: Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO. Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Reasons for e-cigarette use were sorted into 17 distinct categories. Sixteen studies identified statistically significant differences in reasons between men and women. Frequently assessed reasons for e-cigarette use across studies included Health/Smoking Cessation, Experimentation/Curiosity, Enjoyment/Pleasure, Use in Specific Locations, Acceptable to Others, and Cost. Of those that identified statistically significant differences in reasons between men and women, the findings varied considerably, and some reasons for e-cigarette use were found to be significant in only one or two studies. Most of the reasons identified were only measured in a small number of studies, complicating our ability to make intervention recommendations based on gender. Additionally, we limited our literature search to peer-reviewed studies. Of the reason categories that did find significant differences between gender, such as reasons related to Health/Smoking Cessation, the outcomes were not consistent across studies. Future studies are needed to identify potentially important differences in the reasons for e-cigarette use among men and women. This systematic review aims to uncover gender differences in e-cigarette use to understand important differences in motivation for use that may help us better understand strategies for prevention and treatment of tobacco use disorder. This review is the first on this topic and could provide further insight on patterns of e-cigarette use across gender.

Healthcare Tendencies of Insured Versus Uninsured Patients: Implications for Educational Initiatives

We assess health education needs and preferences of insured and uninsured patients, particularly with regard to their disparate use of nonphysician sources of health information. Telephonic survey results of over 14,000 insured and 2,000 uninsured US residents reveals important differences in the general health, tendencies in seeking medical care, and perceptions of the need for and value of health insurance between these two groups. Results also show significant differences in reasons why insured versus uninsured patients may put off seeking medical care, as well as their tendencies to seek health-related information from alternate (non-physician) sources and the role such information plays in their general health and healthcare tendencies. Despite the many “safety net” programs available in the United States as well as legislation like the Affordable Care Act, many US residents still lack sufficient health insurance. Not having health insurance often means a person fails to get needed medical help for chronic conditions, does not benefit from regular or adequate preventive care, gets incomplete or insufficient care, or must resort to costly emergency room visits when they are sick. Practical implications of these findings for health education are discussed.

African American-Caucasian American differences in aortic valve replacement in patients with severe aortic stenosis

Among patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), there are limited data on aortic valve replacement (AVR), reasons for nonreceipt and mortality by race. Utilizing the Duke Echocardiography Laboratory Database, we analyzed data from 110,711 patients who underwent echocardiography at Duke University Medical Center between 1999 and 2013. We identified 1,111 patients with severe AS who met ≥1 of 3 criteria for AVR: ejection fraction ≤50%, diagnosis of heart failure, or need for coronary artery bypass surgery. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between race, AVR and 1-year mortality. χ2 testing was used to assess potential racial differences in reasons for AVR nonreceipt. Among the 1,111 patients (143 AA and 968 CA) eligible for AVR, AA were more often women, had more diabetes, renal insufficiency, aortic regurgitation and left ventricular hypertrophy. CA were more often smokers, had more ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia and higher median income levels. There were no racial differences in surgical risk utilizing logistic euroSCORES. Relative to CA, AA had lower rates of AVR (adjusted odds ratio 0.46, 95% CI 0.3-0.71, P < .001) yet similar 1-year mortality (aHR 0.81, 95% CI 0.57-1.17, P = .262). There were no significant differences in reasons for AVR nonreceipt. We identified 143 African Americans (AA) and 968 Caucasian Americans(CA) with severe AS who met prespecified criteria for AVR.. AA relative to CA were more often women, had more diabetes, renal insufficiency, and left ventricular hypertrophy, however had less tobacco use, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia and lower median income levels. Among patients with severe AS, AA relative to CA had lower rates of AVR (adjusted odds ratio 0.46, 95% CI 0.3-0.71, P < .001) without significant differences in reasons for AVR nonreceipt and similar 1-year mortality.

Academic procrastination among University students – A gender based study

Academic procrastination is a tendency of delaying academic-related tasks due to one or other reasons until the last minute of experiencing anxiety and stress associated with it. The present study aims to investigate gender differences in the reasons for academic procrastination among University Students. The sample consists of 199 undergraduate’s students who were selected from Assam Agricultural University (AAU) using Solvin’s formula and proportionate allocation. The procrastination Assessment Scale for Students (PASS) (Solomon and Rothblum, 1984) was administrated to collect the data. The difference between male and female in reasons was checked by using Z test and the results revealed that there is no significant difference in reasons of academic procrastination in relation to gender. Procrastination leads to failure of meeting individual’s academic goals so proper recognition to delaying behaviour is very much important in today’s time for a successful and accomplished life.

PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC TESTING (PGT) SUCCESS IN THE UNITED STATES (2014-2017): MULTIPLE OUTCOME MEASURES INDICATE SUPERIORITY OF PGT OVER NO PGT

Studies have compared outcomes of transferring embryos tested for Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) with untested embryos (No PGT). Most studies using comprehensive chromosome analysis (CCA: qPCR, array based or sequencing) found benefits for PGT in single centers (1,2,3). One multi-center randomized controlled trial showed benefit only for patients >35 years (4). Data spanning the United States (US) are available; but have not been reviewed since results from 2011 & 2012 (5)(mainly day 3 biopsies with a mix of aCGH and FISH). This study evaluates over 420,000 cycles from 2014-2017 comparing outcomes using PGT (mainly blastocysts using CCA) versus no PGT. Analysis of Data Collected from the SART Registry (www.sart.org). Data for non-banking cycles (years: 2014-2017, inclusive) were segregated by use of PGT biopsy or not. Outcomes included: Livebirth (LB) per cycle (up to 1 transfer), miscarriage, multiple pregnancy and preterm deliveries. The mean number of embryos transferred was determined for each group. LB per cycle was significantly greater for PGT in all age groups (see table), despite transfer of more embryos (no PGT). The excess live birth rate (PGT) varied among age groups. Miscarriage, multiple pregnancy and preterm delivery rates were significantly greater with no PGT (all ages). After adjusting for significant differences in reasons for ART in each age group, PGT had greater LB rates (all ages). Cycles in the US revealed that PGT provided better rates for all ages: Higher LB, lower miscarriage, lower multiple pregnancy (associated with fewer embryos transferred) and lower preterm birth (associated with lower multiple pregnancy rate). LB rates, adjusted for reasons for ART, indicated that reasons for ART do not account for the significant advantage of PGT over no PGT. Confounders include: cases with PGT intent that had no biopsy (included as No PGT) and cases with PGT for other than PGT-A (included as PGT).Tabled 1Table 1OutcomeGroupFemale Age (years)1<3535-3738-4041-42>42LB/cycle (# cycles)PGT43.5% (37,903)37.6% (27,440)28.0% (29,999)17.0% (15,120)6.9% (8,222)No PGT41.8% (134,266)32.5% (62,944)20.6% (55,618)10.1% (28,102)3.3% (21.395)# embryosXfrdPGT1.181.181.151.141.19No PGT1.561.732.042.442.57LB/cycle dx-adjustedPGT44.8%37.9%28.0%16.7%7.4%No PGT43.0%33.0%21.1%10.3%2.9%MiscarriagePGT11.4%12.3%13.6%15.0%16.9%No PGT12.3%16.6%25.3%37.6%54.3%Multiple BirthPGT10.7%10.0%8.6%7.8%3.7%No PGT21.4%20.8%19.2%14.4%9.5%Premature BirthPGT15.0%14.9%15.0%14.8%13.1%No PGT21.7%21.2%21.4%19.6%18.2%1In each age group, every outcome was significantly different when comparing between PGT and No PGT(2 x 2 Contingency X2 with P < 0.05) Open table in a new tab

WHY DON’T OLDER ADULTS USE SENIOR CENTERS? EVIDENCE FROM A SAMPLE OF MASSACHUSETTS ADULTS AGE 50 AND OLDER

Senior centers are an integral community resource, providing programs and services intended to meet the vast range of needs and interests of older adults. There is a growing literature describing senior center participants and benefits to participation, but little is known about those who choose not to participate at a local senior center. This presentation uniquely characterizes non-users of senior centers, based on a sample of community-dwelling adults aged 50+ from seven communities in Massachusetts (N = 9,462). To date, this is the largest data set that describes senior center usage. Most of the sample were women (60%) and in the 60-69 age group (36%). More than three quarters of the sample do not use the local senior center (77%). The most common reasons for non-usage were lack of interest (27%) and not feeling old enough (26%). There are significant differences in reasons of non-usage among age groups and gender (p < .001). Younger age groups’ (50-69) most popular reasons for non-usage were not feeling old enough, not having time, inconvenient senior center hours, and not knowing what is offered. In contrast, older age groups (80+) more frequently reported having no interest or using programs elsewhere. Men were more likely to report not being interested and not being familiar with what is offered. Women were more likely to report not having time, inconvenient hours of programming, and using programs elsewhere. Based on results from this study, this presentation will outline implications for the future of senior centers and their programming.

Interventions to minimize complications in hospitalized patients with Parkinson disease.

In this study, we sought to evaluate the efficacy of inpatient interventions on hospitalization-related complications in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Hospitalized patients with PD have an increased risk of complications. Although several interventions have been suggested in the literature, data-driven recommendations are limited. This study was designed as a prospective cohort study. A hospital-wide alert system was incorporated into the electronic medical record (EMR) system. The alert was triggered when a patient with PD or on dopaminergic therapy was admitted prompting the inpatient pharmacy to confirm medication details. A warning was also triggered if antidopaminergic medications were ordered. In-services were performed for nursing staff and physicians regarding these measures. Charts of patients with PD admitted 6 months before and after the intervention were reviewed to serve as the 2 comparison groups. There were 73 patients (mean 73.2 years) preintervention group and 103 patients (mean 72.3 years) postintervention group. There were no significant differences in reasons for admission, admission to neurologic vs non-neurologic floor, or admitting service between the groups. The percentage of patients for whom contraindicated medications were ordered decreased from 42.5% to 17.5% (p < 0.001). Medication administration with doses given over 30 minutes late decreased from 46% to 39% (p = 0.068). Medications ordered correctly were 42.9% vs 54.7% (p = 0.131) before and after the intervention. Length of stay was 5.3 vs 5.2 days (p = 0.896), and mean complications were 0.38 vs 0.37 (p = 0.864). An intervention involving EMR alerts and in-service didactics for nurses and physicians decreased the frequency of contraindicated medications ordered in hospitalized patients with PD, but it did not change other hospital outcomes or complications.

20대 여성의 화장품 구매행동에 관한 연구 (2) :화장품 소비가치를 중심으로

This study aimed to classify respondents based on cosmetic consumption values, and to investigate the differences in their cosmetic purchasing behavior.their reasons for using cosmetics, the degree to which they use information sources, their product selection criteria, place of purchase, purchase reason, purchase propensity, purchase frequency, purchase quantity, and purchase satisfaction. We collected data from 308 women between the ages 20 and 29 through an Internet survey administered between the 5<SUP>th</SUP> and 10<SUP>th</SUP> of December 2016, and analyzed it using descriptive statistics, factor analyses, cluster analysis, analyses of variance, and chi-square tests. We classified the respondents into four clusters (an emotional consumer group, a rational consumer group, an ostentatious/fashion-oriented consumer group, and a functional consumer group) with cluster analysis using four dimensions of cosmetic consumption value (hedonic value, ostentatious value, functional value, and fashion-pursuing value). The results of the analyses of variance and chi-square tests revealed significant differences in reasons for using cosmetics, degree of information source use, product selection criteria, place of purchase, purchase reason, purchase frequency, purchase quantity, and purchase satisfaction among groups classified based on cosmetic consumption value. However, we found no significant difference in purchase propensity between the four clusters. The findings of this study will contribute to showing that cosmetic consumption value can be used to segment the cosmetic market and to establishing cosmetic marketing strategies for different groups of cosmetic consumption values.

Association of Same-Day Discharge With Hospital Readmission After Appendectomy in Pediatric Patients

Appendectomy is the most common abdominal operation performed in pediatric patients in the United States. Studies in adults have suggested that same-day discharge (SDD) after appendectomy is safe and does not result in higher-than-expected hospital readmissions. To evaluate the influence of SDD on 30-day readmission rates following appendectomy for acute appendicitis in pediatric patients. This retrospective cohort study used the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program-Pediatric database to evaluate 30-day readmission rates among pediatric patients who underwent an appendectomy for acute, nonperforated appendicitis. The database provides high-quality surgical outcomes data from more than 80 participating US hospitals, including free-standing pediatric facilities, children's hospitals, specialty centers, children's units within adult hospitals, and general acute care hospitals with a pediatric wing. Patients selected for inclusion (n = 22 771) were between ages 0 and 17 years and underwent appendectomy for uncomplicated appendicitis between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2015. Patients excluded were those discharged more than 2 days after surgery. Same-day discharge after appendectomy or discharge 1 or 2 days after surgery. The primary outcome was 30-day readmission. Secondary outcomes included surgical-site infections and other wound complications. Of the 20 981 patients, 4662 (22.2%) had SDD and 16 319 (77.8%) were discharged within 1 or 2 days after surgery. The patient cohort included 12 860 boys (61.3%) and 8121 girls (38.7%), with a mean (SD) age of 11.0 (3.56) years. There was no difference in the odds of readmission for patients with SDD compared with those discharged within 2 days (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.82; 95% CI, 0.51-1.04; P = .06; readmission rate, 1.89% vs 2.33%). There was no significant difference in reason for readmission on the basis of discharge timing. Likewise, there was no difference in wound complication rate between patients with SDD and those discharged 1 or 2 days after surgery (aOR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.56-1.01; P = .06). In pediatric patients with acute appendicitis undergoing appendectomy, SDD is not associated with an increase in 30-day hospital readmission rates or wound complications when compared with discharge 1 or 2 days after surgery. Same-day discharge may be an applicable quality metric for the provision of safe and efficient care for pediatric patients with acute, nonperforated appendicitis.

Reported reasons for breakdown of marriage and cohabitation in Britain: Findings from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3).

ObjectivesBreakdown of marriage and cohabitation is common in Western countries and is costly for individuals and society. Most research on reasons for breakdown has focused on marriages ending in divorce and/or have used data unrepresentative of the population. We present prevalence estimates of, and differences in, reported reasons for recent breakdown of marriages and cohabitations in Britain.MethodsDescriptive analyses of data from Britain’s third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3), a probability sample survey (15,162 people aged 16–74 years) undertaken 2010–2012, using computer-assisted personal interviewing. We examined participants’ reported reasons for live-in partnership breakdown in the past 5 years and how these varied by gender and partnership type (married vs. cohabitation).ResultsOverall, 10.9% (95% CI: 9.9–11.9%) of men and 14.1% (13.2–15.0%) of women reported live-in partnership breakdown in the past 5 years. Mean duration of men’s marriages was 14.2 years (95% CI: 12.8–15.7) vs. cohabitations; 3.5 years (3.0–4.0), and for women: 14.6 years (13.5–15.8) vs. 4.2 years (3.7–4.8). Among 706 men and 1254 women reporting experience of recent breakdown, the reasons ‘grew apart’ (men 39%, women 36%), ‘arguments’ (27%, 30%), ‘unfaithfulness/adultery’ (18%, 24%, p<0.05), and ‘lack of respect/appreciation’ (17%, 25%, p<0.05) were the most common, irrespective of partnership type. A total of 16% of women vs. 4% of men cited domestic violence. After adjusting for age at interview and duration of partnership, there were no significant differences in reasons given for breakup by partnership type, except that men more commonly cited ‘moving due to changing circumstances’ as a reason for a cohabitation ending than for a marriage (AOR = 3.78, 95% CI: 1.08–13.21); and among women, ‘not sharing housework’ (0.54, 0.35–0.83) and ‘sexual difficulties’ (0.45, 0.25–0.84) were less commonly cited as reasons for cohabitation ending than marriage.ConclusionThese representative data on recently ended marriages and cohabitations among men and women in Britain show that there were more similarities than differences in the reasons reported for breakdown across partnership type. For both marriages and cohabitations, cited reasons relating to communication and relationship quality issues were most common, followed by unfaithfulness/adultery. Our findings support a focus on relationship quality, including communication and conflict resolution, in preventive and therapeutic interventions addressing breakdown of live-in partnerships.

Targeting Rejection: Analysis of Specimen Acceptability and Rejection, and Framework for Identifying Interventions in a Single Tertiary Healthcare Facility.

Assessment of specimen rejection rates is an important laboratory quality measure for laboratories because of a potential negative impact on patient care. Here, we examined reasons for specimen rejection at a single, tertiary care healthcare institution and propose a framework for designing an efficient intervention. During a 1-year period, we identified all specimens rejected at our hospital and performed an analysis of a wide range of associated variables: reason for rejection, patient location, type of phlebotomist, tests ordered, priority status, collection container used, transport time. Clotted and hemolyzed specimens accounted for the majority of rejected specimens, but significant differences in reasons for specimen rejection existed between patient care areas. Eighty-five percent of rejected specimens came from the Emergency Department and eight other inpatient care areas. Registered nurses drew approximately 85% of rejected specimens, while laboratory phlebotomy staff drew only 4%. While hemolysis and clotting are primary causes for specimen rejection, collection of all available data regarding specimen rejection data is essential for laboratories determining which factors are most significant causes of specimen rejection.

The dwell time and survival rates of PICC placement after balloon angioplasty in patient with unexpected central venous obstruction.

To evaluate the dwell time and actual survival rates of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) placements after balloon angioplasty in patients with unexpected central venous obstructions. Data were obtained on all PICC insertions performed in a tertiary care hospital from August 2008 to December 2013. Thirty-five PICCs attempted after balloon angioplasty in 25 patients (15 male and 10 female patients; mean age, 63 years). Fisher's exact test was used to test for differences in reasons for catheter removal between the groups of patients with stenosis or obstructions. Survival curves for PICC dwell time of all patients, stenosis group, and obstruction group were generated separately using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and compared with log-rank tests. There were a total 21 obstructions and 14 stenoses. The overall technical success rate of PICC placement after balloon angioplasty was 94% (33 of 35 procedures). The PICC dwell time was determined for 27 PICCs and ranged from 4 to 165 days (mean, 39.6 days). Among all PICCs, 16 were removed early, resulting in an actual survival rate of 40.7% (11 of 27 PICCs). There were no significant differences in reasons for catheter removal between the stenosis and obstruction groups (p = 0.24). The dwell times for both groups were not significantly different by Kaplan-Meier analysis (p = 0.54). PICC placement after balloon angioplasty is a good treatment option for patients with unexpected central venous lesions, and offers high technical success rates. The actual survival rate was relatively lower (40.7%) than that from previous studies.

Recognition of food allergies and dietary attitudes in Jeonnam elementary school students

본 연구는 전남 나주지역 초등학생 5, 6학년을 대상으로 식품 알레르기 특성을 알아보고, 식품 알레르기 경험에 따라 식품 알레르기와 식생활 태도 인식을 비교하여 학교급식에서 알레르기 학생의 효율적인 관리를 위한 기초 자료로 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초등학생의 식품 알레르기 증상으로는 ‘피부’가 가장 많았고, 알레르기 원인 음식으로는 ‘원인 식품을 모른다’가 33.5%이었으며, 의사의 진단을 받은 경우는 51.0%이었고, 치료를 받은 적이 있는 경우는 63.9%이었으며, 이로 인해 식품을 제한하고 있는 경우는 53.5%, 식품을 제한하게 된 동기는 병원진단을 통해서가 40.5%로 가장 많았다. 식품 알레르기 가족력은 ‘없다’가 가장 많았고, 식품알레르기 증상이 심하게 나타나는 계절은 ‘계절과 상관없다’가 가장 많았다. 알레르기에 영향을 주는 가장 큰 요인으로는 특정 식품이나 음식이 64.1%로 가장 많았고, 알레르기에 대처하는 방법은 ‘별다른 대처를 하지 않는다’가 가장 높게 나타났으며, 식품 알레르기 예방 치료 방법으로 ‘원인 식품을 제한한다’가 45.1%로 가장 많았다. 둘째, 식품 알레르기 경험에 따른 식품 알레르기 인식에서는 ‘식품 알레르기에 대하여 알고 있거나 들어본 적이 있는지 유무’, ‘식품알레르기 상담 및 교육 참여 여부’, ‘알레르기 원인 식품을 제한해서 나타나는 성장기 아동의 문제점’, ‘식품 알레르기에 관한 학교급식 알림판 정보 제공 관심 여부’, ‘알레르기 주의 식품에 대한 교육 필요 여부’, ‘식품 알레르기와 관련하여 학교에 바라는 점’ 항목에서 식품 알레르기 경험에 따라 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 셋째, 식품 알레르기 경험에 따른 식생활 특성은 편식하는 이유에서 유의한 차이를 보였고 하루 식사, 특정 식품 편식, 주된 간식에서는 식품 알레르기 경험에 따라 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다.The purpose of this study is to investigate the recognition of food allergies and dietary attitudes in elementary school students. For the food allergy symptoms, they responded ‘skin trouble’ 63.6% the most. For the causing foods of allergies, they responded, ‘I don t know the causing foods’ 33.5%, ‘I was diagnosed’ 51.0%, ‘I was treated’ 63.9%, and therefore ‘I restricted foods’ 53.5%, due to ‘I restricted foods through hospital diagnosis’ 40.5% the most. For family history, 67.9% responded the family history matters. 70.3% responded the seasons would not affect to the symptoms. 64.1% responded the cause of food allergy is specific foods. For allergy solution, they responded, ‘I don t use any treatment’ 42.8% the most. For effective treatment, they responded, ‘I restricted causing foods’ 45.1% the most. Recognition of food allergies by food allergy experience showed a significant difference in the items such as ‘have heard or known about food allergies’(p<.001), ‘whether participated in consultation and training’(p<.001), ‘problems of growing children when putting limits on causing foods’(p<.001), ‘interests in getting information about food allergy’(p<.001), ‘feeling the needs of allergy education about careful foods’(p<.01), ‘wish for schools to be educated’(p<.01). Dietary attitudes by food allergy experience showed a significant difference in reason of unbalanced diet(p<.001).

Telemedical Maritime Assistance Service (TMAS) to Swedish merchant and passengers ships 1997-2012.

Telemedical Maritime Assistance Service (TMAS) for seafarers and traveling passengers is important and can be crucial for the optimal medical treatment on board ships. The aim of this study was to analyse and to compare the data from consultations and evacuations from merchant ships and passenger ferries for possible improvements. Data for seafarers from 1997, 2002 and 2007 and for passengers on Swedish ferries for the years 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2012 from the Swedish Radio Medical were studied. Symptoms and diseases were classified according to the International Classification for Primary Care (ICPC-2). The distribution of symptoms, accidents and diseases, treatments/actions taken, evacuations and the communication forms were analysed. One thousand ninety-five contacts for seafarers from merchant ships and 651 passenger patients from Swedish ferries were analysed. While the evacuations for the seafarers gradually decreased over the years from 18% in 1997 to 14% in 2007, still 39.5% of the passenger patient contacts were evacuated mainly by helicopters and 70 patients were picked up by an ambulance on the quay. Accidents were 20% for seafarers and 25% for passengers of the contacts. Evacuations for passengers were mainly in the diagnostic groups: unspecific (A), digestive (D), cardiology (K), musculoskeletal (L) and neurology (N). The use of VHF, radio communications and fax machines have been greatly reduced while the use of e-mail and satellite phone increased. No significant differences in reasons for contact or actions over the years have been identified. The evacuations of seafarers decreased over the years but was stable among the passenger patients (39%). The circumstances and reasons behind the evacuations should be analysed for prevention. Standard forms and digital images for documentation can facilitate knowledge exchange and further studies.

Attitudes and motivations regarding willingness to participate in dental clinical trials.

BackgroundThis study examined attitudes about research, knowledge of the research process, reasons for and satisfaction with participation in a dental clinical trial as a function of demographic characteristics.Materials and methods180 adults were invited to complete a 47-item survey at the completion of a 10-week dental product study at a Midwestern academic dental center. Seven demographic items included gender, race/ethnicity, age, education, household income, location of usual dental care, and dental insurance. Forty items assessed: attitudes about research; knowledge of the research process; perception of the study team; perceived risks/benefits; health perceptions; and general satisfaction with the study.Results176 participants completed the questionnaire for a 98% response rate. African Americans were more likely to attribute Fate/God as more important to their health and their willingness to participate in research than whites, and more likely to report non-supportive social norms when compared to whites and other groups. Individuals in the 45–59 age group were less likely to attribute financial reimbursement as a motivator for their participation in research compared to all other age groups. Individuals with less education rated Fate/God attitudes as important to their research participation, reported lower autonomy for participation, and reported less supportive social norms compared to those with some college education. Participants in the four income categories showed significant differences in reasons for participation and desire for free care.ConclusionMotivations for participation of a Midwestern population of research subjects are dependent on age, ethnicity, belief in Fate/God, education, social norms and income.

Sex differences in morbidity and care-seeking during the neonatal period in rural southern Nepal.

BackgroundSouth Asian studies, including those from Nepal, have documented increased risk of neonatal mortality among girls, despite their early biologic survival advantage. We examined sex differences in neonatal morbidity and care-seeking behavior to determine whether such differences could help explain previously observed excess late neonatal mortality among girls in Nepal.MethodsA secondary analysis of data from a trial of chlorhexidine use among neonates in rural Nepal was conducted. The objective was to examine sex differences in neonatal morbidity and care-seeking behavior for ill newborns. Girls were used as the reference group.ResultsReferral for care was higher during the early neonatal period (ENP: 0–7 days old) (50.7 %) than the late neonatal period (LNP: 8–28 days old) (31.3 %), but was comparable by sex. There were some significant differences in reasons for referral by sex. Boys were significantly more often referred for convulsions/stiffness, having yellow body/eyes, severe skin infection, and having at least two of the following: difficulty breathing, difficulty feeding, fever, or vomiting during the ENP. Girls were more often referred for hypothermia. During the LNP, boys were significantly more often referred for having yellow body/eyes, persistent watery stool, and severe skin infection. There were no referral types in the LNP for which girls were more often referred. Less than half of those referred at any point were taken for care (47.0 %) and referred boys were more often taken than girls (Neonatal Period OR: 1.77, 95 % CI: 1.64 - 1.91). Family composition differentially impacted the relationship between care-seeking and sex. The greatest differences were in families with only prior living girls (Pahadi - ENP OR: 1.78, 95 % CI: 1.29 - 2.45 and LNP OR: 1.51, 95 % CI: 1.03 - 2.21; Madeshi - ENP OR: 2.86, 95 % CI: 2.28 – 3.59 and LNP OR: 2.45, 95 % CI: 1.84 – 3.26).ConclusionsCare-seeking was inadequate for both sexes, but ill boys were consistently more often taken for care than girls, despite comparable referral. Behavioral interventions to improve care-seeking, especially in the early neonatal period, are needed to improve neonatal survival. Addressing gender bias in care-seeking, explicitly and within interventions, is essential to reducing neonatal mortality differentials between boys and girls.

Duration of Membership at Sports Centers and Reasons for Quitting

Reasons for quitting membership at a sports center and their relation with socio-demographic characteristics and duration of membership were investigated. 642 individuals (55.4% men, 44.6% women), who had recently quit membership at a Spanish sports center, completed a questionnaire. There were significant differences in reasons for quitting on age, occupation, type of activities, and time spent on membership activities. The main reason was financial, regardless of the duration of membership.