Significant Difference In Pain Level Research Articles

Effects of Medical Material-Based Play Therapy on Pain Levels in Hospitalized Preschool Children Aged 3-6 Years

Introduction: Pain is a stressor of hospitalization that, if not managed properly, can have physical and psychological impacts on children. One intervention that can be provided to reduce pain in preschool-aged children is play therapy. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of play therapy using medical materials on the pain levels of hospitalized preschool-aged children. Method: This study uses a pre-experimental design with a one group pretest-posttest design approach. The number of respondents in this study was 25 preschool-aged children who were treated in the Dahlia Pediatric Ward at TK. II R. W. Mongisidi hospital Manado, selected using purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria. Pain measurement was carried out using the Wong Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. Data analysis was performed using the Nonparametric Wilcoxon test. Results: The Wilcoxon statistical test results showed a p-value of 0.000 (p<0.05), indicating a significant difference in pain levels before and after the play therapy intervention using medical equipment. Conclusion: Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that there is an effect of play therapy using medical materials on the pain levels of hospitalized preschool-aged children. Future researchers interested in this study are encouraged to use a quasi-experimental method with a two-group pretest-posttest design.

Comparison of Preoperative and Postoperative Ultrasound-Guided Caudal Block Analgesia for Lower Limb Surgeries in Pediatrics: A Randomized Controlled Trials

Background: Evaluating pain after surgery is particularly important in children due to their limited ability to communicate effectively. The intensity, duration, and threshold of pain make it challenging to assess in this age group. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of ultrasound-guided caudal block at different timings on children's pain and drug consumption during unilateral knee osteotomy surgery. Methods: In a randomized clinical trial, fifty patients were randomly included in the study. The patients were children aged 2 - 6 years, candidates for unilateral osteotomy surgery under general anesthesia with total IV anesthesia (TIVA). The patients were divided into two groups based on the timing of the caudal block: The first group received the block after induction, and the second group received it after surgery and before extubation. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of the average amount of Propofol and narcotic consumption during recovery at different time points (P > 0.05). However, significant differences in pain levels were observed during the operation at 60 minutes (P-value < 0.001) and 120 minutes (P-value = 0.006) between the two groups. Pain scores at the start of recovery and at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively were significantly lower in the second group than in the first group. Additionally, the mean difference in Bispectral Index (BIS) at 60 minutes between the two groups was significant (P-value = 0.003), but there was no significant difference at 120 minutes (P-value = 0.896). The second group consistently had significantly lower pain levels than the first group at all times. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, patients who received a caudal block had lower pain scores, and performing the block before extubation had more beneficial effects on postoperative pain management in children undergoing osteotomy surgery than performing it after induction.

Efficacy and safety of digital nerve block for pain management during sharp debridement of digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: A prospective observational study.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis and vascular abnormalities, often leading to the development of digital ulcers (DUs). DUs are painful and debilitating, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Effective pain management during debridement is crucial, yet there is no consensus on the optimal approach. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of digital nerve block (DNB) using lidocaine and mepivacaine for pain control during sharp debridement of DUs in SSc patients. This prospective observational study was conducted from September 2023 to May 2024 at the Rheumatology Operating Unit, University of Verona. Patients were randomized to receive either 1 mL of 2% lidocaine or 2% mepivacaine for DNB. Pain levels were assessed using a categorical grading scale during the injection and debridement. The outcomes were pain control and performance of lidocaine versus mepivacaine. The cohort developed 46 ulcers. The pain was abolished in almost all patients. Lidocaine achieved faster anaesthesia (127.92 ± 34.32 s) compared with mepivacaine (252.65 ± 49.89 s, p < 0.001). Mepivacaine resulted in less pain during injection (p = 0.006). No significant difference in pain levels during debridement was observed between the two anaesthetics. Three mild adverse effects (Raynaud's phenomenon) were reported. All procedures were completed successfully, and 35 ulcers healed with a mean time of 6.1 ± 7.77 weeks. DNB with mepivacaine provides effective pain control during DU debridement in SSc patients, with lower injection site pain and comparable efficacy to lidocaine. The procedure is safe, well-tolerated and facilitates successful ulcer healing. Further studies with larger cohorts are warranted to confirm these findings.

The Effects of Classical Music on Pain and Spinal Mobility During Stretching Exercises in Healthy Individuals

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the immediate effects of listening to classical music as a cognitive relaxation technique during stretching exercises on trunk flexibility and exercise-induced pain. Method: This study was a randomized controlled trial in which 34 healthy male and female individuals aged between 18-22 years were divided into two groups: classical music listening group (n=17) and control group (n=17). Both groups performed static stretching exercises on the lumbal region and hamstring muscle groups for a total of 15 minutes. During the exercise, participants in the Classical Music Group listened to music with headphones. Control group did not listen to any music. Both groups underwent evaluation of their forward (Sit Reach Test) and lateral trunk flexibility (Trunk Lateral Flexion Test) before and after the exercise. Pain intensity during exercise was measured with Visual Analog Scale. Statistical analysis was performed using the R-Studio 1.4.1103 program, with a significance level of p&amp;lt;0.05. Results: In both groups, there was an increase in all flexibility values compared to before the stretching exercise (p&amp;lt;0.001). Classical Music Group demonstrated greater improvements in flexibility values compared to the Control Group, except for the forward flexibility of the trunk (p&amp;lt;0.05). The two groups had no significant difference in pain levels experienced during static stretching exercises (p&amp;gt;0.05). Conclusion: Performing stretching exercises while listening to classical music has been shown to increase the pain threshold. This decreased sensation of pain resulting from exercise can also lead to increased flexibility.

The analgesic effect of non-nutritive sucking on neonates during invasive procedures

Background &amp; objective: Neonates admitted and treated in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) often receive painful invasive procedures. In such situations, the treating physicians often find themselves in a fix regarding the use of analgesics to relieve their actual or potential pain. It has been observed that the sucking often distracts the neonates from their mild to moderate pain. We conducted this study to analyze the effectiveness of non-nutritive sucking as an analgesic for neonates who were to receive invasive procedures. Methodology: This experimental study implemented a post-test-only control group design, involving 64 neonates in the NICU, selected using a simple random sampling technique, who were then divided into two groups, with 32 neonates each in a treatment group and a control group. The treatment group was given non-nutritive sucking, while the control group was given standard intervention, then the pain response was measured in both groups. Next, the pain levels of the two groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The measurement results showed that there was a difference in the mean scores of pain response between treatment and control group, respectively 1.53125 and 5.8125. The P-value of the difference test was 0.000000004252, so that it could be interpreted that there was a significant difference in pain levels between the two groups. Conclusion: On the basis of the results of our study, it is concluded that non-nutritive sucking is an effective method for reducing the pain response in neonates during invasive procedures. Keywords: Infant; Non-nutritive sucking; Neonatal Intensive Care UNIT; Pain; Pain management Citation: Ratnaningsih T, Peni T, Firdausiyah N, Nugroho HSW. The analgesic effect of non-nutritive sucking on neonates during invasive procedures. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2024;28(4):640−645; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v28i4.2511 Received: April 27, 2024; Reviewed: June 10, 2024; Accepted: June 19, 2024

Evaluation of EMLA cream with microneedle patches in palatal anesthesia in children: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Palatal injections are considered to be one of the most painful dental procedures. As a result, it was important to find alternatives to this painful injection to improve children's cooperation. The dental literature mentioned using EMLA cream as a possible alternative to conventional injections, but its anesthetic effect was debated. Therefore, it was valuable to research the impact of microneedle patches to enhance the effectiveness of this cream. The purpose of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to compare the effectiveness of different methods of anesthesia and pain levels in children aged 7–11 years. The study compared the use of EMLA cream, EMLA with microneedles, and conventional palatal injections. A total of 90 children were randomly assigned to three groups: Group 1 received conventional palatal anesthesia (control), Group 2 received EMLA cream only, and Group 3 received EMLA with microneedles. Pain levels were assessed using the FLACC and Wong-Baker scales at three different time points: T1(during anesthesia), T2(on palatal probing), and T3(during extraction). The FLACC scale revealed a significant difference in pain between groups only at T1 (P value = 0.000). It was found that the conventional palatal injection group had a higher pain level than the EMLA cream-only group and the group using microneedle patches with EMLA cream (P value = 0.000). However, the other groups did not show significant differences in pain levels during the anesthesia (P value = 1.00). Similarly, the Wong-Baker scale also demonstrated a statistically significant difference in pain between groups only at T1 (P value = 0.000). It was found that the conventional palatal injection group had a higher pain level than the EMLA cream-only group and the group using microneedle patches with EMLA cream (P value = 0.000). However, the other groups did not show significant differences in pain levels during the anesthesia (P value = 0.091). The study concludes that both EMLA cream alone and EMLA with microneedles can be used as an alternative to conventional palatal anesthesia for children.

The effect of the four-handed method on the pain caused by gastric tube insertion in premature infants: A randomized clinical trial00

The present study aims to determine the effect of the four-handed method on the pain caused by gastric tube insertion in premature infants. This study, conducted from 2022 to 2023, involved 80 premature infants selected using a convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups of 40 by coin toss. The control group underwent orogastric tube insertion using the routine two-handed method, while the intervention group received the procedure using the four-handed method. The infants' pain levels were assessed using the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) before, during, and 30 seconds after the gastric tube insertion. The researcher documented facial expressions before, during, and after the procedure while the monitor recorded physiological data concurrently. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16, employing independent t-tests, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and chi-square tests. Before the intervention, the independent t-test revealed no statistically significant difference in pain scores between the two groups (P=0.444). During the intervention, the analysis of covariance similarly indicated no statistically significant difference in pain levels between the groups (P=0.099). However, following the intervention, the analysis of covariance identified a statistically significant difference in pain scores between the two groups (P=0.015). The four-handed method appears to reduce pain following Orogastric tube insertion; however, it does not seem to significantly affect pain during insertion. Consequently, it is recommended that further research be conducted in this area to explore and confirm these findings.

Effects of Magnesium in Physiotherapy Treatment for Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex joint degenerative disorder. Pain is a dominant characteristic, becoming persistent and more limiting as the disease progresses, resulting in reduced physical function, quality-of-life. Magnesium deficiency is considered to be a major risk factor for osteoarthritis development and progression. Oral magnesium presents unique challenges for many individuals to effectively restore intracellular magnesium levels. Transdermal magnesium absorption could be more effective than oral absorption due to its greater absorption rate and presents fewer negative effects due to its gastrointestinal tract-bypassing nature. Method: Total 40 subjects with knee osteoarthritis were selected as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly assigned to either Group A (intervention) or Group B (conventional), each having 20 patients. Assessment of the outcome measures was done pre and post 8 sessions. Outcome measures used were Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), Timed up and go test (TUG), 9 Step stair climb test, Knee ROM, Quadriceps strength using pressure biofeedback. Group A was given conventional therapy along with Epsom salt foot soak and Magnesium oil application. Group B was given conventional therapy alone. Result: There was statistically significant improvement seen in all the outcome measures in intragroup analysis with p&lt;0.05. Intergroup analysis showed statistically significant difference in VAS on activity, WOMAC, Knee ROM, Quadriceps strength with p &lt;0.05 indicating Group A performed better than Group B. Conclusion: The study found that Magnesium when used as an adjunct to conventional therapy shows significant difference in pain levels, knee mobility, quadriceps strength and better functionality in activities of daily living. KEYWORDS: Knee osteoarthritis, Epsom salt, Magnesium, Physiotherapy.

Methylene Blue as an Adjuvant Analgesic Postoperative Anal Fistula: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction. Anal fistula is a pathological condition that connects the anorectal mucosa to the perianal skin, requiring various types of surgical procedures. However, surgery often causes postoperative pain. The use of methylene blue is being studied as a potential analgetic adjuvant in anal fistula surgery. Previous studies have shown that methylene blue can effectively reduce postoperative pain in various types of anorectal surgery. This study aims to determine methylene blue's clinical efficacy as an analgetic adjuvant. Methods. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted. Subjects consisting of subjects with simple anal fistula to undergo fistulectomy were randomly allocated into two groups. The first group received adjuvant analgesics in the form of methylene blue and NSAIDs, while the second group only received NSAIDs. Methylene blue 4 mL 1% was administered subcutaneously to the edge of the wound, sprayed on the surgery site, and intravenously administered ketorolac 3 x 30 mg. Randomization was done using the double-blind method. Pain levels were evaluated on the first, second, third, and seventh postoperative days using a visual analog scale (VAS). Results. Thirty-four subjects were enrolled (17 subjects in each group). Significant differences in pain levels (VAS values) were recorded between the group receiving the combination of methylene blue and NSAIDs compared to the group receiving only NSAIDs on days 1 to 3 after surgery (p &lt;0.05). This difference was no longer significant between the two groups on the seventh postoperative day (p &gt;0.05). Conclusion. The use of methylene blue in subjects undergoing anal fistula surgery as an adjuvant analgesic along with NSAIDs may reduce the intensity of pain better than NSAIDs alone.

The efficacy of myofascial release at the cervicothoracic region in patients with rotator cuff repairs: A randomized controlled pilot study

BackgroundCoactivation between tonic and phasic muscles is essential for correct posture and movement. Impaired movement patterns and postural changes facilitate the flexor response to protect painful tissue in the injured area. Tone changes between tonic and phasic muscles lead to an imbalance in the rotator cuff (RC) muscles. DesignA randomized controlled pilot study. PurposeThe purpose of this study is to determine the effects of applying myofascial release (MFR) to the muscles in the cervicothoracic region for the treatment of fascia limitations in patients with postoperative RC tear. Materials and methodsA total of 20 patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. The patients in the control group performed exercises, whereas those in the MFR group performed exercises in addition to MFR. Pain intensity, grip strength, pectoralis minor flexibility, Constant Murley Score (CMS), and Short Form-36 (SF-36) score were evaluated. Pain intensity was recorded before and after the MFR sessions. ResultsThere were no significant differences between the groups regarding pain, grip strength, pectoralis minor flexibility, CMS values, or SF-36 score (p > 0.05). There were significant differences in pain levels measured before and after all MFR sessions. Moreover, a significant decrease is shown between the first and last sessions in the MFR group (p < 0.05). ConclusionMFR can be useful, especially in postoperative RC patients who have pain in the early period. Significant reductions in pain intensity after MFR can help prepare patients for exercise and reduce pain-related medication use.

The impact of 0.24% hyaluronic acid gel on pain level and periodontal status following labial frenectomy

Aim: The labial frenum is a mucosal fold that connects the upper lip to the alveolar ridge. Frenectomy involves the surgical removal of a mucosal fold. The traditional surgical technique utilizing a scalpel remains popular for performing a frenectomy. The study aims to examine the effectiveness of applying Hyaluronic Acid (HA) Gel after conventional frenectomy. Methods: This research comprised 48 young patients (25 girls and 23 boys) aged 8 to 14. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1: Conventional Scalpel Surgery and Sterile Saline (SS) (n=24) and Group 2: Conventional Scalpel Surgery+HA (Aftamed, Child Gel 24% HA) (n=24). After measuring the participants’ periodontal parameters, the frenectomy was performed. Postoperative pain levels were evaluated daily for one week utilizing a 10-point Visual Analog Scale. Before frenectomy, Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Pocket Depth (PD), Bleeding On Probing (BOP), Keratinized Gingival Width (KGW), Attached Gingival Thickness (AGT) values were measured and recorded. The periodontal parameters were assessed and analyzed after a 3-month follow-up period. Results: VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) was assessed. The application of Although 0.24% HA gel caused less pain from days 1-3.6, there was no significant difference in pain levels between the HA gel and control groups (p&gt;0.05). Pain levels were equal between groups on day 7. No significant changes in PI, GI, PD, BOP, KGW, or AGT values after three months of follow-up (p&gt;0.05). Conclusions: During the first week after a frenectomy performed with classic scalpel surgery, the application of 0.24% HA gel did not significantly reduce pain levels. It did not result in significant changes in other measured periodontal parameters after three months of follow-up.

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of Polish version of Neuropathic Pain Questionnaire (NPQ-PL) and its comparisons with different questionnaires.

The aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Polish version of the Neuropathic Pain Questionnaire (NPQ-PL), and to compare it to other diagnostic tools. Neuropathic pain is a burdensome condition, of which the exact prevalence is difficult to estimate. During initial screening, pain questionnaires are helpful in alerting clinicians about the need for further evaluation. The NPQ-PL has been developed following the guidelines for translation and cultural adaptation. A total of 140 patients with chronic pain (ChP), 90 with neuropathic pain (NP), and 50 with nociceptive pain (NoP), were enrolled into this study. The study group consisted of 60.71% women and 39.29% men; the mean age of patients (standard deviation, SD) was 53.22 years (15.81), and the average NPQ-PL score (SD) was 0.49 (1.27). Statistically significant relationships were found between higher age distribution and greater pain intensity in the NP group compared to the NoP group. There were also significant differences in pain levels between people of different ages, with the predominance in the elderly. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the whole questionnaire was 0.85 and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for test-retest reliability was 0.635. Using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.97 and the best cut-off value was 0.002, which resulted in the highest sensitivity (93.3%) and specificity (96.0%). The NPQ-PL is a valid tool for discriminating between neuropathic and nociceptive pain. It can be used by physicians of various disciplines when assessing patients with ChP of various origins.

The effect of bubble nasal continuous positive airway pressure application on saliva cortisol levels in full-term neonates

Background Neonates with respiratory distress are commonly treated with bubble nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) and undergo many procedures that cause stress-induced pain. Salivary cortisol is a biomarker of alteration in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis caused by repeated and long-term exposure to stress.&#x0D; Objective To analyze the effect of bubble nCPAP use on salivary cortisol levels in full-term infants.&#x0D; Methods This study used a one-group pre-test­–post-test design to compare salivary cortisol levels before and 30 minutes after bubble nCPAP application. Salivary cortisol was measured using an ELISA method. Pain was also assessed at the same time points using the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) score. We included infants of 37 0/7 to 42 6/7 weeks’ gestational age with respiratory distress necessitating bubble nCPAP application. Infants with birth weight of &lt;2,500 grams, major congenital anomalies, an APGAR score of &lt;5 at 5 minutes, shock, and infants who had undergone surgery were excluded.&#x0D; Results A total of 38 subjects participated in this study. Prior to bubble nCPAP application, median cortisol levels were significantly lower (1.65 ng/mL) than after bubble nCPAP application (6.8 ng/mL) (p value?). There were no significant differences in cortisol increase based on gender, type of birth, or salivary cortisol sampling time. There were significant differences in pain level after the 30-minute nCPAP application.&#x0D; Conclusion An increase in cortisol levels and pain scale scores during administration of bubble nCPAP indicates a pain response in full-term neonates; therefore, this procedure should be accompanied by pain or stress management.

Effectiveness of counterpressure technique with a birth ball on cervical dilatation and reduction of labour pain and uterine contractions: A prospective cohort study

Background/Aim: Non-pharmacological interventions play a crucial role in managing labour pain and facilitating labour progression. The counter-pressure technique is a commonly utilised method purported to alleviate pain and enhance cervical dilation during childbirth. However, its effective-ness remains a subject of debate, necessitating further investigation. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the counterpressure technique in managing labour pain and influencing labour progression among women in labour. Method: A randomised controlled trial was conducted involving participants in active labour. The intervention group received the counterpres-sure technique, while the control group received standard care. Pain levels, uterine contractions and cervical dilation were assessed and compared between the two groups. Results: Analysis revealed no significant difference in pain levels or uterine contractions between the intervention and control groups. However, there was a significant increase in cervical dilation in the intervention group compared to the control group (p = 0.034, Cohen's d = -0.586). Conclusion: Despite the counterpressure technique's limited impact on pain relief and uterine contractions, it significantly facilitated cervical dilation during labour. These findings contribute to understanding of non-phar-macological interventions in childbirth and underscore the importance of evidence-based approaches to labour management. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the counterpressure technique and optimise its implementation in clinical practice.

Bilateral reverse shoulder arthroplasty versus bilateral anatomic shoulder arthroplasty: a meta-analysis and systematic review.

As the population is aging and indications are expanding, shoulder arthroplasty is becoming more frequent, especially bilateral staged replacement. However, surgeons are hesitant to use bilateral reverse prostheses due to potential limitations on activities of daily living. This meta-analysis was conducted to compare bilateral anatomic to bilateral reverse shoulder implants. PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar (pages 1-20) were searched until April 2023. The clinical outcomes consisted of postoperative functional scores (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons [ASES], Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation [SANE], Physical Component Score [PCS], Mental Component Score, and Simple Shoulder Test), pain, and range of motion (external rotation and forward elevation). Three studies were included in this meta-analysis. Bilateral anatomic implants had better postoperative functional outcomes and range of motion, but no significant difference was seen in postoperative pain when compared to the reverse prosthesis. Better ASES score, SANE score, and PCS as well as better external rotation and forward elevation were seen in the bilateral anatomic shoulder replacement group, but no significant difference in pain levels was seen between the two groups. The results may be explained by the lower baseline seen in the reverse prosthesis group, which may be due to an older population and different indications. Nevertheless, more randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings. Level of evidence: III.

Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Blocks Versus Local Infiltration Anesthesia on Postanesthesia Care Unit Pain Control in Patients Undergoing Abdominoplasty.

The goal of this study was to compare ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks to local infiltration anesthesia with or without blind rectus sheath blocks in patients who underwent abdominoplasty at an outpatient surgery center. A retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent outpatient abdominoplasty performed by the senior surgeon (J.T.L.). Group 1 received local infiltration anesthesia with or without blind rectus sheath blocks between April 2009 and December 2013. Group 2 received surgeon-led, intraoperative, ultrasound-guided, 4-quadrant TAP blocks between January 2014 and December 2021. Outcomes measured were opioid utilization (morphine milligram equivalents), pain level at discharge, and time spent in postanesthesia care unit (PACU). Sixty patients in each of the 2 study groups met the study criteria for a total of 120 patients. The study groups were similar except for a lower average age in group 1. Patients who received TAP blocks (group 2) had significantly lower morphine milligram equivalent requirements in the PACU (3.07 vs 8.93, P = 0.0001) and required a shorter stay in PACU (95.4 vs 117.18 minutes, P = 0.0001). There were no significant differences in pain level at discharge. Surgeon-led, intraoperative, ultrasound-guided, 4-quadrant TAP blocks statistically significantly reduced opioid utilization in PACU by 65.6% and average patient time in the PACU by 18.5% (21.8 minutes).

THE INFLUENCE OF BENSON RELAXATION TECHNIQUE ON PAIN REDUCTION IN PATIENTS AFTER CESAREAN SECTION SURGERY

A Caesarean Section (C-section) is a surgical procedure in which a fetus is delivered through an incision made in the abdominal and uterine walls, provided that the uterus is intact, and the fetus weighs more than 500 grams. Abdominal incisions can cause pain. One non-pharmacological therapy that can be employed to alleviate post-operative abdominal pain in C-section patients is Benson Relaxation Therapy. This study aims to investigate the impact of Benson Relaxation Therapy on Pain Reduction in Post-Operative C-Section Patients. This research is categorized as a quasi-experimental study using a one-group pretest-posttest design approach. Data collection took place from August 15th to 26th, 2022, involving a population of 15 post-C-section mothers. Data were collected using both primary and secondary sources and analyzed using the Wilcoxon test, as well as univariate and bivariate analysis techniques. The study results showed a significant difference in pain levels before and after the administration of Benson Relaxation Therapy, with a p-value of 0.000 (&lt;0.05). It is hoped that this research will enhance postpartum mothers' awareness of pain-reduction therapies, prompting them to consult healthcare professionals (doctors and nurses) and participate in seminars or workshops organized by relevant institutions.

The Effectiveness of Imagery Therapy Guide on Pain and Anxiety in URS Perioperative Patients in Lontara Room 2 Lower Front of Urological Surgery, RSUP Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar

Objective: The purpose of this study is to apply Evidence-Based Nursing Practice (EBNP) activities based on the concepts and models of nursing theory. Method: EBP implementation design used is true experimental with research design Guide imagery. The sampling technique in the implementation of EBP is accidental sampling with nonprobability sampling approach. The population in this study were patients who were at Wright Patterson Medical Center in Ohio with planned surgery on the head and neck area of 44 people divided into 2 groups. Results: giving guide imagery before surgery can reduce the pain as measured by using VAS. The results showed that the pain level was measured after 1 hour postoperatively and 2 hours postoperatively. At the initial measurement, there was no significant difference between the control group and the intervention group with a p value of 0.057. After 2 hours postoperatively, there was a significant difference in pain level between the control group and the intervention group with a p value of 0.041. Conclusion: The implementation of evidence based practice using guide imagery as a therapy before the patient is operated is proven to reduce the level of pain and anxiety of the patient.

A new surgical tape with a mesh designed to prevent skin tears and reduce pain during tape removal.

We devised a surgical tape that prevents skin tears while maintaining adhesive strength. Under the assumption that microscopic damage to the skin is reflected in pain felt on the skin, we statistically analyzed skin pain when the tape was peeled off to show the skin protection effect of the mesh on the new tape. This tape has a three-layer structure consisting of a tape substrate, adhesive, and mesh. When the tape is applied to the skin, a mesh is located between the adhesive and the skin. The adhesive contacts the skin through the mesh holes and fixes the substrate to the skin; it does not come into contact with the skin at the mesh body; therefore, the adhesive-skin contact area is reduced. In this experiment, we used surgical tape with and without mesh. At 8 hours after the application of each tape to the forearm of five adult males, it was removed. All tapes were peeled off while maintaining an angle of approximately 120° between the skin and tape substrate. For the tape with mesh, the tape substrate was peeled off in two ways: peeling off the substrate together with the mesh and peeling off the substrate, leaving the mesh on the skin. A perception and pain quantification analyzer (Pain Vision™) was used to quantify pain. The data were compared and examined statistically (Friedman's test and Wilcoxon's coded rank test). The least pain was experienced while peeling off the tape substrate, leaving the mesh on the skin. There was a significant difference in pain levels among the three tape removal methods. There was also a significant difference between the two peeling methods in the experimental group. The skin protection effect of the mesh reduced pain when the surgical tape was removed.

Lingual ve Labial Sabit Ortodontik Aygıtların Etkilerinin Karşılaştırılması: Retrospektif Çalışma

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of lingual and labial orthodontic appliances on patient comfort and daily life.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: A total of 30 patients, according to appliance type, two groups were considered. Lingual brackets were used with respect to total of 15 patients including 9 girls and 6 boys for Group 1 and labial brackets were taken into account for 15 patients with 8 girls and 7 boys for Group 2. Questionnaire forms filled in the T0(1st day), T1(7th day) and T2(14th day) periods of all patients were evaluated. Parameters related to pain level, speech difficulty, tongue trauma, eating difficulty, brushing difficulty, time to first notice of aligning in teeth, social environment reaction, treatment satisfaction and necessity of treatment were examined according to the values marked on a scale from 1 to 10 in the questionnaire forms. Statistical analyzes were performed with one-way Anova, Welch's t-test and paired-sample t-test.&#x0D; Results: While there was no significant difference in pain level and brushing difficulty in T0 between the groups(p&gt; 0.05), speech difficulties, tongue trauma and eating difficulties were significantly higher in Group 1 than Group 2(p&lt; 0.05). Significant decrease were observed in pain level, and difficulty in speaking, eating and brushing at T0-T1, T0-T2 and T1-T2 periods(p&lt; 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Lingual brackets caused more speech, tongue trauma and eating difficulties, especially in the first days of treatment. It was observed that the discomforts caused by both appliances were decreased over time.