Significant Differences In Nutritional Status Research Articles

Situational analysis of nutritional status among 1899 children presenting with cleft lip and/or palate in Indonesia.

Given the increased risk of malnutrition in children with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP), determining their nutritional status is critical for preventing adverse surgical risks. However, no such disaggregated, national-level data are available in Indonesia. We aimed to determine the nutritional status of patients with clefts in Indonesia and to identify problems and solutions for malnutrition cases within the population. In this cross-sectional study, we considered records of individuals who underwent primary surgery for CLP in Smile Train-sponsored facilities in Indonesia between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2021 (n = 18 480). We only included children under the age of five with an evaluation date prior to admission date and excluded subjects with invalid data values. We classified their nutritional status by z-scores according to the World Health Organization Child Growth Standard (2006). Malnutrition cases cover four indicators - stunting, wasting, underweight, and overweight. We compared the prevalence for malnutrition cases in children under the age of five using national health survey data. We included 1899 records following data validation. The national prevalence of stunting (24.4%), wasting (12.5%), and overweight cases (12.9%) was high, while underweight cases (6.8%) were comparatively low. Statistical analyses showed significant differences in nutritional status based on length/height-for-age between girls and boys aged 0-5 months (P = 0.008) and 48-60 months (P = 0.001), and based on body mass index-for-age (P = 0.000) between girls and boys aged 0-5 months. Girls in different age groups exhibited a statistically significant difference in nutritional status based on length/height-for-age (P = 0.002) and weight-for-age (P = 0.017). Concurrent stunting and overweight were the most common forms of concurrent malnutrition (8.7%). We found a significant difference in the prevalence of underweight (P = 0.001) and overweight (P = 0.000) cases between children with CLP and those without CLP. Our findings highlight the importance of nutritional interventions for children with orofacial clefts in Indonesia, and the importance of age and gender in their design and implementation. Further investigation is necessary to explore the risks of overweight and concurrent malnutrition among this population.

Impact on the Nutritional Status and Inflammation of Patients with Cancer Hospitalized after the SARS-CoV-2 Lockdown.

Many studies have demonstrated that malnutrition has a negative impact on quality of life and mortality in patients with cancer. During the SARS-CoV-2 lockdown, dietary intake changes were detected in the Spanish population, reflecting an increase in the consumption of fruit, bread, flours, and eggs. The present study analyzed the nutritional status of 728 patients with cancer admitted once the SARS-CoV-2 lockdown finished, comparing it with the previous year as well as with mortality rates. The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) was applied in the first 24 h after admission. Age, gender, days of stay, circulating concentrations of albumin, cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP), lymphocytes, prealbumin, and mortality data were analyzed. Patients with cancer admitted between June and December of 2020 exhibited no statistical differences in BMI, age, or gender as compared to patients admitted in 2019. Statistically significant differences in nutritional status (p < 0.05), albumin (p < 0.001), and CRP (p = 0.005) levels regarding lockdown were observed in relation with a small non-significant reduction in mortality. In conclusion, following the SARS-CoV-2 lockdown, an improved nutritional status in cancer patients at admission was observed with a decrease in the percentage of weight loss and CRP levels together with an increase in albumin levels compared to oncological patients admitted the previous year.

Standard Biliopancreatic Limb (50cm) Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Versus Long Biliopancreatic Limb (100cm) Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Patients with Body Mass Index 40-50kg/m2: a Randomized Prospective Study.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a widely performed procedure worldwide especially with the presence of associated medical conditions. Patients with body mass index (BMI) 40-50kg/m2 are at more risk of weight regain and relapse of comorbidities. There is a controversy on the optimum alimentary (AL) and biliopancreatic (BPL) limb lengths to be used in RYGB to achieve weight loss and remission of comorbidities without causing nutritional deficiencies in those patients. hundred-and-fifty patients with BMI between 40 and 50kg/m2 were divided equally into 2 groups undergoing standard RYGB (S-RYGB) with AL:150cm and BPL: 50cm and long biliopancreatic RYGB (L-RYGB) with AL: 100cm and BPL: 100cm. BMI, % of total weight loss (%TWL), effect on diabetes (DM), hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, and nutritional statuses were recorded at 1, 2, and 3years. Only 64/75 patients in S-RYGB and 57/75 patients in L-RYGB completed the study. L-RYGB had faster weight loss, higher %TWL, and less BMI than S-RYGB with the maintenance of achieved weight. L-RYGB had better control of DM and dyslipidemia than S-RYGB. There were no significant differences in nutritional status between S-RYGB and L-RYGB rather than lower levels of calcium and Hb and higher levels of PTH in L-RYGB yet they remain within the normal range. The application of L-RYGB helps in achieving faster weight loss for a longer period with better remission of associated comorbidities as DM, HTN, and dyslipidemia in patients with BMI 40-50kg/m2 but with effects on the nutritional status.

Nutritional Status of Younger Primary School Children in Urban and Rural Areas of Montenegro in Relation to Sex and Age During COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Study

Prevention and correction of overweight in children and adolescents is also very important for many reasons. According to previous research, the problem tends to vary according to sex, and different ages and the lifestyle in rural and urban areas has changed drastically in recent years and decades. Regarding the above-mentioned, the main goal of this research was to determine the nutritional status of young school children in urban and rural areas of Montenegro in relation to sex and age. The sample in this research has consisted of children aged 6 and 9 (younger school age). The total sample in this research is 800 male and female children who belong to the urban and rural areas of Montenegro. The sample of variables used in this study was: body mass index-percentile values (BMI), and waist circumference and body height ratio (WHtR) which were used as indicators to assess nutritional status. Based on obtained results it could be generally concluded that there are no statistically significant differences in nutritional status between primary school children from urban and rural areas of Montenegro, which is the opposite of what was expected based on previous research, but also which is very important since all subjects in the future can be treated as homogeneous groups when it comes to the impact of environment and lifestyle on the nutrition status of younger school children. On the other hand, it is important to emphasize that the main limitation of this research is that measurements were carried out in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the recommendation could be that after the end of the pandemic, special "COVID teams" should be formed, which would consist of experts from various fields of physical culture, sports, and medicine, all with the aim of influencing possible problems with nutritional status and physical activity of young school children caused by a pandemic.

ASSESSMENT OF THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CANDIDATES TO THE AVIATION HIGH SCHOOL IN DĘBLIN

Introduction: The aim of the study was to assess the nutritional status of candidates to the General Aviation High School in Dęblin using selected anthropometric indices and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Methods: A total of 103 candidates to the General Aviation High School in Dęblin (88 boys and 15 girls) participated in the study. The mean age of the participants was 14.7±0.46 years. The nutritional status was assessed based on measurements of body weight, body height, and calculated BMI. The results were interpreted using growth charts. The body composition was determined by means of the bioelectrical impedance method. Results: Mean BMI of the girls was 20.6±3.0 kg/m2 (16.3 to 26.2 kg/m2) and of the boys 20.1±2.5 kg/m2 (14.4 to 27.8 kg/m2). Most of the examined adolescents (73.3% of girls and 75% of boys) had normal body weight. There were no significant differences in nutritional status in relation to the gender of the participants. 3.4% of the boys were found to be underweight. None of the girls showed features of malnutrition. Overweight, according to BMI, was diagnosed in 13.3% of the girls and 10.2% of the boys, obesity in 6.7% of the girls and 1.1% of the boys. Too low body fat percentage was observed in almost half of the boys examined. Conclusions: The majority of the General Aviation High School candidates examined were of normal body weight. No significant differences were noted between the nutritional status and the gender of the participants, based on BMI. Overweight and obesity diagnosed on the basis of body fat percentage was significantly more frequent in the group of girls. There is a need to educate youth about the health consequences of abnormal body weight, both underweight and overweight.

Relative handgrip strength is inversely associated with the presence of type 2 diabetes in overweight elderly women with varying nutritional status.

To describe cross-sectional associations of BMI-adjusted handgrip strength with the presence of diabetes and hypertension in a community setting. Between 2016 and 2018, 601 consecutive elderly active women (70.7 ± 6.9years) were enrolled. Nutritional status was evaluated by the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) score. Muscle strength and level of fitness were assessed by standardized physical functional tests and handgrip strength (HGS). The majority of participants were overweight or obese (80% with BMI > 25). Prevalence of diabetes and hypertension was 13 and 60%, respectively. Participants in the lowest quartile of BMI-adjusted HGS (RHGS) had significantly higher prevalence of diabetes and hypertension compared with those in the top quartile (20.7 vs 5.3% and 49.3 vs 39.3%, respectively, p < 0.01 for both), without significant differences in nutritional status. Association with the presence of diabetes was significantly weaker in women with higher vs lower RHGS values (OR 0.77; 0.59-0.86 CI95%; p = 0.002), independent of age, abdominal adiposity, and presence of hypertension. RHGS was positively correlated with most of the physical functional tests performed. RHGS is an easy-to-obtain measure of muscular strength, independently associated with the presence of diabetes in overweight active elderly women. Prospective studies are required to assess its predictive value to identify adults at risk of developing diabetes.

MOTOR SKILLS AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OUTCOMES FROM A PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTERVENTION IN SHORT BREAKS ON PRESCHOOL CHILDREN CONDUCTED BY THEIR EDUCATORS: A PILOT STUDY.

childhood obesity is a worldwide health concern. For this issue different intervention have being planned to increase physical activity patterns and reduce the excess of weight in children with limited or no success. the aim of this study is to evaluate the results of a pilot intervention consisting in three 15-minute breaks conducted by educators and supervised by physical education teachers on motor skills and nutritional status in preschool children. sample was 70 preschool children (32 boys and 38 girls), age 4 ± 0,6 years. The physical activity classes were performed three times a week, 45 minutes daily, distributed in three 15 minutes breaks. The circuits were planned to have; jumps, sprints, carrying medicinal balls, gallops and crawling. Motor skill tests that were performed Standing long jump (SLJ) and Twelve meter run. with the intervention no significant differences in nutritional status where found on mean Z score (boys p = 0.49, girls p = 0.77). An increment on weight and height was fount after the intervention (p < 0.0001). Regarding the 12 meter run test, we found significant changes after the intervention when we normalize by weight in boys (p = 0.002) and girls (p < 0.0001). Our results have shown than boys significantly increased their SLJ and SLJ normalized by weight (p < 0.0001); a similar result was found in girls after the intervention (p < 0.0001) suggesting the increment of power independent of weight gain. in conclusion, this pilot study found that an intervention with more intense activities in small breaks (15 minutes), and guided by the educators could improve essential motor skills (running and jumping) in preschool children of a semi-rural sector independent of nutritional status. This gaining in motor skills is the first step to increase physical activity levels in preschool children.

Impact of a nutrition education intervention in teachers, preschool and basic school-age children in Valparaiso region in Chile

To assess the impact of a nutrition education program for teachers in the nutritional status, food knowledge and food consumption of their pre basic and basic students, and in the controls. A nutrition education intervention was conducted in pre basic and basic teachers in a school year, with a pre-post evaluation of their students, compared with a control group. Subjects were 817 students (389 men and 428 women) from pre kindergarten to the second grade. The 465 students of the intervened group were distributed in two schools (Liceo 1 = 283; Liceo 2 = 182) and 352 in the control school. The nutrition intervention consisted in 9 interactive workshops for teachers with the utilization of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The pre post evaluation consisted in a nutritional status assessment, and a food and nutrition survey with questions related with food knowledge and food consumption, at the beginning and at the end of the school year. There were no significant differences in nutritional status between the beginning and the end of the intervention. In one of the experimental schools (Liceo 2) there was a significant decrease in obesity, in women and in the age-group 7-9 years. In the experimental group there was a significant improvement in food knowledge and a decrease in non-healthy food consumption. In the control group, consumption of non-healthy food was stable, with a decrease in fruits and vegetables consumption. As it was demonstrated in similar studies, a short interactive nutrition education intervention with utilization of ICT in pre basic and basic teachers can produce positive changes in nutritional status of their students, improving food knowledge and healthy food consumption and decreasing non-healthy food consumption, compared with the control group. However, a strategy to incorporate parents in school nutrition education programs is still a pending issue.

Effect of serum lipid level change on 10-year coronary heart risk distribution estimated by means of seven different coronary risk scores during one-year treatment

This study was done in order to evaluate the effect of serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol on 10-year coronary heart disease risk distribution change. This study included 110 subjects of both genders (71 female and 39 male), aged 29 to 73, treated at the Outpatient Department of Atherosclerosis Prevention, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Centre Vojvodina. The 10-year coronary heart disease risk was estimated on first examination and after one-year treatment by means of Framingham, PROCAM and SCORE coronary risk scores and their modifications (Framingham Adult Treatment Panel III, Framingham Weibul, PROCAM NS and PROCAM Cox Hazards). Age, gender, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, smoking, positive family history and left ventricular hypertrophy are risk factors involved in the estimation of coronary heart disease besides lipid parameters. There were no significant differences in nutritional status, smoking habits, systolic and diastolic pressure, and no development of diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular incidents during one-year follow. However, a significant reduction in cholesterol level (p < 0.001), triglycerides (p < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.001) and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.02) was present although therapeutic target values were not achieved. In addition, a significant increase was observed in the category of low 10-year coronary heart disease risk (Framingham- p < 0.001; Framingham ATP III- p < 0.001; Framingham Weibul- p < 0.001; PROCAM- p < 0.05; PROCAM NS- p < 0.05; PROCAM Cox Hazards- p < 0.001: SCORE- p < 0.001) and a reduction in high-risk category (Framingham- p < 0.001; Framingham ATP III- p < 0.005; Framingham Weibul- p < 0.005; PROCAM- p < 0.001; PROCAM NS-p < 0.001; PROCAM Cox Hazards- p < 0.001; SCORE- p < 0.005) in comparison with the risk at the beginning of the study. Our results show that the correction of lipid level after one-year treatment leads to a significant redistribution of 10-year coronary heart disease risk estimated by means of seven different coronary risk scores. This should stimulate patients and doctors to persist in prevention measures.

AB0201 Assessment of protein-energy nutritional status and physical activity of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatic arthritis patients - preliminary report.

BackgroundActive rheumatic diseases can lead to malnutrition. However, the influence of the remission on the nutritional status is not clear.ObjectivesTo assess nutritional status and physical activity in ankylosing spondylitis (AS)...

연하장애 위험 여성노인의 노래중재 적용 효과

Purpose: This study was conducted to describe the risk of dysphagia and to evaluate the effects of a singing intervention for women elderly in community. Methods: One-group pre test-post test design was used. The subjects were 29 women over the age of sixty and residing in a local area. A singing intervention consisted of breathing, vowel production and singing. The one hour intervention occurred once a week for eight weeks. The variables of dysphagia risk, a swallowing test, and nutritional status were measured. Analysis was done by paired t-test. Results: There was a significant decrease in the score of dysphagia risk (p<.001). There were significant increases in the swallowing test scores [modified water swallowing test (p=.032), food test (p=.001)]. There were no significant differences in nutritional status (triceps skin fold thickness, mid arm muscle circumference). Conclusion: The findings support that a singing intervention can be helpful in reducing the risk of dysphagia may improve deglutition for the women elderly. These results suggest that this study may contribute to the use of a singing intervention for women elders with dysphagia risk.

Total serum homocysteine levels do not identify cognitive dysfunction in multimorbid elderly patients.

Total blood homocysteine (Hcys) and folate levels have been investigated in association with cognitive dysfunction in healthy but not in multimorbid elderly patients. We hypothesized that total serum Hcys is an adequate marker to identify multimorbid elderly patients with cognitive dysfunction assessed by the Short Cognitive Performance Test (SKT) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Cross-sectional study. The study center was an acute geriatric hospital. A total of 189 multimorbid elderly patients were recruited. Cognitive dysfunction was determined according to the SKT and MMSE. Biochemical parameters (Hcys, folate, vitamin B12, hemoglobin), nutritional status (BMI, Mini Nutritional Assessment, nutritional intake), and activities of daily living were assessed. According to the SKT, 25.4% of patients showed no cerebral cognitive dysfunction, 21.2% had suspected incipient cognitive dysfunction, 12.7% showed mild cognitive dysfunction, 9.0% had moderate cognitive dysfunction, and 31.7% of patients were demented. The median plasma Hcys value was elevated by approximately 20% in multimorbid elderly patients, independent of cognitive dysfunction. Serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations were within normal ranges. We did not find significant differences in nutritional status, activities of daily living, numbers of diseases or medications, or selected biochemical parameters between the SKT groups. Elevated serum Hcys levels with normal plasma folate and vitamin B12 concentrations were observed in multimorbid elderly patients. The plasma Hcys level did not appear to be an important biological risk factor for cognitive dysfunction in multimorbid geriatric patients.

Randomized Controlled Trial of Roux‐en‐Y Versus Rho‐Shaped‐Roux‐en‐Y Reconstruction After Distal Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer

The main advantage of the Roux-en-Y (RY) operation is that it prevents bile and pancreatic juice from reaching the gastric mucosa, although the gastrojejunostomy may cause functional delayed gastric emptying (DGE), known as RY stasis syndrome. Rho-shaped Roux-en-Y reconstruction (rRY), an RY reconstruction with a rho-shaped anastomosis, is an established operation that has been found to be effective in preventing DGE. We conducted the randomized trial of RY versus rRY reconstruction after gastric cancer resection. The primary endpoint was the frequency of DGE, and secondary endpoints were the length of postoperative hospital stay, morbidity, and nutritional status. Seventy patients were enrolled, with 35 in each group. The incidences of postoperative mortality and morbidity did not differ significantly between the two groups. There were no significant differences in nutritional status between the two groups after discharge. Delayed gastric emptying occurred in two patients (6%) in the RY group and four patients (11%) in the rRY group (P = 0.67). Logistic regression analysis revealed that truncal vagotomy was significantly associated with DGE inhibition. Our findings showed that RY reconstruction after gastrectomy may be as simple and sufficient as conventional reconstruction.

Total serum homocysteine levels do not identify cognitive dysfunction in multimorbid elderly patients

Total blood homocysteine (Hcys) and folate levels have been investigated in association with cognitive dysfunction in healthy but not in multimorbid elderly patients. We hypothesized that total serum Hcys is an adequate marker to identify multimorbid elderly patients with cognitive dysfunction assessed by the Short Cognitive Performance Test (SKT) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Cross-sectional study. The study center was an acute geriatric hospital. A total of 189 multimorbid elderly patients were recruited. Cognitive dysfunction was determined according to the SKT and MMSE. Biochemical parameters (Hcys, folate, vitamin B12, hemoglobin), nutritional status (BMI, Mini Nutritional Assessment, nutritional intake), and activities of daily living were assessed. According to the SKT, 25.4% of patients showed no cerebral cognitive dysfunction, 21.2% had suspected incipient cognitive dysfunction, 12.7% showed mild cognitive dysfunction, 9.0% had moderate cognitive dysfunction, and 31.7% of patients were demented. The median plasma Hcys value was elevated by approximately 20% in multimorbid elderly patients, independent of cognitive dysfunction. Serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations were within normal ranges. We did not find significant differences in nutritional status, activities of daily living, numbers of diseases or medications, or selected biochemical parameters between the SKT groups. Elevated serum Hcys levels with normal plasma folate and vitamin B12 concentrations were observed in multimorbid elderly patients. The plasma Hcys level did not appear to be an important biological risk factor for cognitive dysfunction in multimorbid geriatric patients.

Eating Habits and Dietary Status in Young Children with Autism

While clinical lore appears to accept that young children with autism have limited or narrow diets and unusual food aversions in comparison to same age peers, the empirical basis for this is missing. The goals of this preliminary study were to examine the eating habits and nutritional intake of a young cohort of well characterized children with autism compared to young children with no evidence of autism or other autism spectrum disorders. Parents reported on 19 young children with autism and 15 similar aged children with typical development using a number of informant instruments. Results indicated that children with autism had more mealtime behavioral differences, but these did not translate to significant differences in nutritional status compared to typically developing children. However, there was much variability within both groups. Results are discussed in relationship to what has been previously found in older children with autism spectrum disorders.

An evaluation of the prevalence of malnutrition in cancer patients attending the outpatient oncology clinic

AbstractBackground: The aim of the study was to assess the nutritional status of cancer patients attending the medical oncology outpatient setting for the first time.Methods: One‐hundred and forty‐one patients (87 males, 54 females) were assessed by a dietitian, using the nutrition assessment tool, the Patient‐Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG‐SGA). Tumor types included colorectal, head and neck, lung, pancreatic, gastric or esophageal cancer. No patient had previously received chemotherapy.Results: Forty‐eight (34%) patients were well nourished (PG‐SGA rating A), 79 (56%) patients were at risk of malnutrition (B), and 14 (10%) patients were malnourished (C). The median PG‐SGA score was 7. There were no significant differences in nutritional status between those &gt; 65 years and those ≤ 65 years. The highest PG‐SGA scores (indicating a greater nutritional risk) were found in patients with gastric, pancreatic and oesophageal cancers. There were significant differences found between certain cancer groups using the PG‐SGA, however, these were not detected using other more commonly used criteria, such as the body mass index (BMI).Conclusion: This study confirms that the majority of new patients with cancer presenting to a medical oncologist are at risk of malnutrition or malnourished. It calls for better screening, and adequate nutrition intervention in patients who are about to be considered for systemic treatment.

Factors affecting Nutritional Status of Malaysian Primary School Children

This paper investigates the nutritional status of a randomly selected cohort of school children and the factors affecting it. This random survey was conducted in the state of Selangor, involving 1,405 primary students (aged 9-10 years from 54 national primary schools). Physical examination was carried out on all the students. Information on the students was also obtained from the parents. Blood samples were taken by using the finger pricking technique. Body mass index (BMI) was used as a measure of physical growth. The students were mainly from urban areas (82.9%). The mean age was 9.71 years and a higher proportion was females (51%). Malays constituted 83.6%, Indians 11.6% and Chinese 4.2% of the study population. The mean weight and height were 32.30 kg and 135.18 cm respectively. The mean BMI was 17.42 kg/m2, with 1.2% of the students underweight, 76.3% normal BMI, 16.3% overweight and 6.3% were obese. Nutritional status was significantly related to blood pressure, history of breast feeding, eating fast food, taking canned/bottled drinks, income and educational level of parents. Significant differences in nutritional status between sexes and locations (rural/urban) were also found. The prevalence of overweight and obese children was of concern. There is thus an urgent need for the School Health Program to periodically monitor the school children's eating habits and physical growth. Appropriate counselling on nutritional intake and physical activities should be given not only to schoolchildren but also to their teachers and parents or caregivers.

Efficacy of Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation for Improving Anemia, Micronutrient Status, and Growth in South African Infants1

Growth faltering, anemia, and multiple micronutrient deficiency are common during infancy in developing countries. This South African trial was part of a multicenter study aimed at testing the efficacy of multiple micronutrient supplementation on growth, anemia, micronutrient status, and morbidity during infancy across 4 countries. A total of 265 infants aged 6-12 mo were individually randomized to 1 of 4 intervention groups: a daily multiple micronutrient supplement (DMM), a daily placebo supplement (P); a multiple micronutrient supplement 1 d of the week and placebo supplement on the other days of the week (WMM), and a daily iron supplement (DI). For 6 mo, the blinded supplements were provided to mothers at monthly health clinic sessions, and consumption was verified during weekly household visits by community health workers, when morbidity was also checked. Weight and height of the infants were measured monthly, and blood samples were taken at the beginning and at the end for assessing the infants micronutrient status. There were no significant differences in nutritional status of the groups at baseline with 40% of infants with anemia (hemoglobin < 110 g/L), 16% vitamin A deficiency (plasma retinol < 0.7 micromol/L), 47% zinc deficiency (plasma zinc < 10.7 micromol/L), 2% underweight, and 11% stunting. There was no difference in growth or morbidity between the micronutrient supplemented groups and the P group during the 6-mo study. The DMM was the most effective intervention tested, not only for improving anemia but also for improving iron, zinc, riboflavin, and tocopherol status.

Severe underreporting of energy intake in normal weight subjects: use of an appropriate standard and relation to restrained eating.

To assess the influence of different standards and restrained eating on underreporting in healthy, non-obese, weight-stable young subjects. Eighty-three young adults (20-38 years, 55 women, 28 men) were assessed under weight-stable conditions with a 7-day dietary record and the three-factor eating questionnaire by Stunkard and Messick. Resting energy expenditure (REE; indirect calorimetry) plus data derived from physical activity records (PA) (Standard 1) or REE times an activity factor (AF) (Standard 2) was used as standard for total energy expenditure (TEE). For comparison, doubly labelled water (DLW) was used to measure TEE in a subgroup of subjects. There was an association between self-reported energy intake and Standard 2 but not with Standard 1. When compared with DLW both calculated standards were inaccurate, but Standard 2 avoided high levels of overreporting. Using Standard 2 to identify 'severe' underreporting (SU; as defined by a deviation of energy intake (EI) and TEE of >20%), SU was seen in 37% of all subjects. It was more frequently found in women than in men (49% of women, 14.3% of men, ). Underreporting subjects had a reduced EI but there were no significant differences in nutritional status (body weight and height, body mass index, fat mass and fat-free mass), energy expenditure and the proportion of energy from macronutrients between normal and underreporting subjects. However, high restraint was associated with a higher degree of underreporting in the total group, whereas disinhibition had an influence only in men. A high prevalence of SU is seen in non-obese subjects. Characteristics of eating behaviour (restraint and disinhibition) were associated with underreporting but seemed to have a different influence in men and women.

Nutritional status changes in HIV-infected children receiving combined antiretroviral therapy including protease inhibitors

Maintaining linear growth and weight gain in HIV-infected children is often difficult. Nutritional evaluation and support are recognised as important factors to improve their quality of life. Combination antiretroviral therapy including protease inhibitors (HAART) reduces HIV-viral load and improves survival, quality of life and nutritional status. Our study aimed to determine changes in nutrional status based on body weight, height and nutritional habits, of HIV-infected children receiving HAART. Possible side effects of lipid metabolism were also studied. Twenty five children, 13 treated with HAART (group B) were followed up for 12 months. We did not observe statistically significant differences in nutritional status over that time or between groups A and B. Inadequate energy intake was more common in patients with advanced HIV-disease. Hyperlipidemia was found in 70% of children receiving ritonavir and in ≈50% of children receiving nelfinavir. We observed an important although not statistically significative modification in the height of those in group B.