Significant Differences In Blood Glucose Research Articles

Abstract PO5-09-11: Abrupt involution of mouse mammary gland leads to inflammatory systemic changes along with mammary specific metabolic shifts that may enhance risk of breast cancer

Abstract Epidemiological data links higher parity and lack of breastfeeding with increased risk of breast cancer, specifically aggressive triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and higher mortality rate. Following pregnancy and lactation, breast remodels to near pre-pregnancy stage through apoptotic cell death and adipocyte repopulation process. Long-term breastfeeding and gradual weaning of an infant leads to gradual involution (GI) of the breast, while lack of or abrupt discontinuation of breastfeeding after birth leads to abrupt involution (AI), when rapid and massive cell death takes place. Our studies have shown several precancerous changes, such as increased collagen deposition, inflammation, and hyperplasia in the mammary gland of mice after AI. However, the systemic impact of AI and how this increases risk of breast cancer is yet to be elucidated. Objectives: Our objective is to evaluate the systemic effects that are prompted by the AI mammary gland. We hypothesize that AI leads to marked alteration in lipid metabolism and systemic inflammation that enhances risk for breast cancer. Methods: FVB/n mice (8week old) were paired for breeding. At partum (day 0), dams were randomized to AI or GI cohort and standardized to 6 pups. AI mice had pups removed on day 7 postpartum (ppm) to mimic short-term breastfeeding. For GI mice 3 pups each were removed on day 28 and 31ppm to mimic gradual weaning. Tissues harvested on day 28, 56, and 120 postpartum. Body composition was measured by echo MRI. Glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed after a 6 hour fast using a 2g/kg glucose intraperitoneal injection. Blood glucose was measured by glucometer. Serum insulin was analyzed by ELISA. HOMA-IR was calculated using blood glucose and serum insulin results. Serum was analyzed using multiplex ELISA by MesoScale Diagnostics. Mammary glands were subjected to untargeted lipidomics. Results: There were no significant differences in body weight, percent body fat or lean mass between AI and GI groups at any time point. However, at day 120 ppm (4 months after partum), we have observed significantly larger amount (1.29-fold increase) of perigonadal adipose tissue (visceral adipose) in AI mice than GI mice (p=0.0112; n=24-38/group). There were no significant differences in blood glucose, serum insulin, HOMA-IR, or GTT results between AI and GI groups at day 120. AI mice had significantly higher levels of cytokines IL-1β (3.1-fold increase, p=0.0417) and KC/GRO (1.5-fold increase, p=0.0196) than GI mice at day 120. At day 28, AI mammary glands had significantly higher amounts of level 3 identified oxidized ceramide containing sphingolipids that were linked to insulin resistance and diabetes. At day 56, GI mammary glands had significantly higher amounts of level 2 and 3 identified metabolites linked to cellular signaling and lipid metabolism. On day 120, there were no significant differences in lipid metabolites between groups. Conclusion: Although histologically GI and AI mammary glands return to near pre-pregnancy state within a month after partum, our data shows specific lipid changes in the AI mammary gland similar to what has been shown in women with TNBC. Furthermore, AI of the mammary gland leads to systemic effects on adiposity and inflammation that could be key to increased breast cancer risk. Further studies along these lines are in progress to understand the whole-body effects of AI and stratify preventive measures for women who cannot breast feed. Significance: Lack of breastfeeding is more prevalent in African American (AA) women and linked to higher risk of developing aggressive TNBC1. Our novel animal models of AI and GI help to link the impact of AI and systemic changes that may enhance breast cancer risk. In particular, we see an increase in visceral adiposity with AI. Understanding this mechanism will help identify strategies to reduce risk in women who are unable or choose not to breastfeed and ultimately help to reduce TNBC and TNBC-related mortality in AA women. Citation Format: Kate Ormiston, Kirti Kaul, Neelam Shinde, Djawed Bennouna, Rachel Kopec, Ramesh Ganju, Sarmila Majumder, Bhuvaneswari Ramaswamy. Abrupt involution of mouse mammary gland leads to inflammatory systemic changes along with mammary specific metabolic shifts that may enhance risk of breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO5-09-11.

Effect of Nutrition and Behavior Modification Program (NBMP) on maternal and neonatal outcomes among hyperglycemic mothers.

Hyperglycemic mothers and their offspring are at increased risk of various maternal and neonatal complications such as macrosomia, future type 2 diabetes, and metabolic abnormalities. Early diagnosis and individualized dietary management, exercise, and emotional well-being are expected to reduce these risks. The study aims to identify the effect of the Nutrition and Behavior Modification Program (NBMP) on maternal and neonatal outcomes of hyperglycemic mothers. A pre-experimental study was performed among 89 hyperglycemic mothers. Glycemic control at 28 and 36 weeks, weight gain during pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), mode of delivery, duration of exercise, emotional well-being, neonates' birth weight, incidence of hypoglycemia, and NICU admission were compared among the study and control groups. The intervention group received an individualized NBMP from their diagnosis of hyperglycemia until delivery. The results showed a significant difference in blood glucose between the study periods and groups at p<0.05 as per repeated ANOVA. Also, diet scores had a significant influence on BMI and glycemic control at p<0.05. Logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders including baseline blood glucose, age, economic status, previous GDM, family history of DM as well as baseline BMI, diet score, physical activity, and maternal well-being score, indicated that the NBMP reduced the blood glucose and BMI significantly at p<0.05 in the study group. NBMP also reduced the risk of SGA/LGA and preterm/post-mature birth, as well as increased the exercise duration and emotional well-being of mothers. The study's conclusions draw attention to the possible roles that maternal wellness, physical activity, and diet may have in reducing risks for both hyperglycemic mothers and their newborns. The NBMP resulted in higher adherence to lifestyle changes. Further research on a larger sample of hyperglycemic mothers is recommended to expand the generalizability of the findings.

Impact of Lowered Inpatient Correctional Bedtime Insulin Dosing on Glycemic Outcomes of Veterans

Purpose: This study evaluated glycemic outcomes for hospitalized patients after reduction in bedtime correctional insulin dosing. Methods: This was a retrospective, single-center analysis of a protocol change that reduced bedtime correctional insulin scale. Comparable cohorts pre- and post-protocol change were created which included patients who were ordered correctional insulin with at least 1 blood glucose (BG) reading. The primary outcome was number of nocturnal hypoglycemia readings. Secondary outcomes included, but were not limited to, mean fasting BG, BG within various ranges, and length of stay. Results: 3 percent of patients in the post-protocol change group (N = 100) experienced nocturnal hypoglycemia compared to 6% of patients in the pre-change group (N = 100) (P = .507). There were no significant differences in BG ranges <110 mg/dL, <140 mg/dL, 140 to 180 mg/dL, and >180 mg/dL. However, 19% of patients in the post-protocol change group had BG of >250 mg/dL as compared to 9% in the pre-change group (P = .033). Mean fasting BG was higher in the post-protocol change group compared to the pre-change group (156.5 mg/dL vs 139.3 mg/dL [P = .002]), as was hospital length of stay (5.17 vs 4.6 days, [P = .024]). Conclusions: A decreased bedtime correctional insulin scale had mixed results with more patients achieving goal fasting BG but also more patients experiencing BG > 250 mg/dL and longer length of stay. Larger prospective studies are required to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this type of intervention and its long-term impact.

Assessing the Postprandial Glycemic Response to Japonica Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari) with a Small Amount of Lysolecithin and Canola Oil in Japanese Adult Men: a Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Crossover Study.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial was performed to analyze the effects of a small amount of lysolecithin and canola oil on blood glucose levels after consuming japonica rice. Overall, 17 Japanese adult men were assigned to consume 150 g of normally cooked japonica rice (placebo group) and 150 g of japonica rice cooked with 18 mg of lysolecithin and 1.8 g of canola oil (treatment group); these lipids were added as emulsified formulation (EMF) for stability and uniformity. Subsequently, blood samples were collected before and 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after consuming test foods. There was no significant difference in blood glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels between the groups. However, a stratified analysis of 11 subjects with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 22 revealed that blood glucose levels were significantly lower after 30 min in the treatment group than in the placebo group (p = 0.041). Through in vitro digestibility test, the rice sample of the treatment group was observed to release significantly less glucose within 20 min than that in the placebo group rice. These results suggest that the combination of a small amount of lysolecithin and canola oil modulated the increase in postprandial blood glucose levels induced by the intake of cooked japonica rice in adult men with BMI ≥ 22. This clinical trial was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Center, (UMIN000045744; registered on 15/10/2021).

Infection control: dental extractions in ICU patients and their relation to the exams

Through dental extraction, dentists are able to eliminate infectious foci that can lead to systemic problems in patients during their admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the influence of dental extraction on laboratory exams of ICU patients, identify the profile of patients undergoing dental extraction in the ICU, and assess the safety of performing this procedure in critically ill patients. A retrospective analysis of medical records was conducted for patients admitted to the ICUs of two public hospitals, both before and after the dental extraction procedure. The following tests were examined: daily laboratory glucose levels and daily leukocyte counts for a period of ten days. The profile of patients requiring dental extractions in the ICU, in order, includes those admitted for respiratory diseases, sepsis, heart disease, and kidney problems. There were no statistically significant differences in blood glucose and leukocyte values after the dental extractions. Therefore, this study suggests that when dental extractions are properly indicated, they are a safe procedure as they do not cause significant worsening in leukocyte counts or glycemia, and they do not increase mortality in ICU patients.

Effects of Different Generations and Sex on Physiological, Biochemical, and Growth Parameters of Crossbred Beef Cattle by Myostatin Gene-Edited Luxi Bulls and Simmental Cows.

(1) Background: Myostatin (MSTN) is a protein that regulates skeletal muscle development and plays a crucial role in maintaining animal body composition and muscle structure. The loss-of-function mutation of MSTN gene can induce the muscle hypertrophic phenotype. (2) Methods: Growth indexes and blood parameters of the cattle of different months were analyzed via multiple linear regression. (3) Results: Compared with the control group, the body shape parameters of F2 cattle were improved, especially the body weight, cross height, and hip height, representing significant development of hindquarters, and the coat color of the F2 generation returned to the yellow of Luxi cattle. As adults, MSTN gene-edited bulls have a tall, wide acromion and a deep, wide chest. Both the forequarters and hindquarters are double-muscled with clear muscle masses. The multiple linear regression demonstrates that MSTN gene-edited hybrid beef cattle gained weight due to the higher height of the hindquarters. Significant differences in blood glucose, calcium, and low-density lipoprotein. Serum insulin levels decreased significantly at 24 months of age. MSTN gene editing improves the adaptability of cattle. (4) Conclusions: Our findings suggest that breeding with MSTN gene-edited Luxi bulls can improve the growth and performance of hybrid cattle, with potential benefits for both farmers and consumers.

Anti-diabetic potential and safety profiles of Tephrosia purpurea on streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetes in rats

Background: Tephrosia purpurea was traditionally used for the management of diabetes mellitus. Since this claim has not been investigated scientifically, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Tephrosia purpurea extracts against STZ-Nicotinamide induced diabetes in rat. Methods: This preclinical study was done to evaluate the anti-hyperglycaemic activity of whole plant extract of Tephrosia purpurea in STZ- Nicotinamide induced diabetic rats, which produced a significant difference in blood glucose, lipid profile, renal and liver profile in comparison to untreated rats. In this study, the animals were divided into five groups and diabetes was induced by administering STZ-Nicotinamide and animals with blood sugar level &gt;200 were enrolled in the study. Further the animals are grouped into Group I control (0.1% CMC), Group II, diabetic control and Group III reference control received glibenclamide. Group IV and V, diabetic rats treated with Tephrosia purpurea extract 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively. All the test drugs were administered for 30 days. Results: In diabetic rats, treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg of Tephrosia purpurea blood glucose level significantly lowered on 10th day (p&lt;0.05) and 5th day (p&lt;0.01) respectively as compared to untreated rats. At the end of 30th day there is significant reduction in blood glucose treated with TP 400 mg/kg (p&lt;0.001). Safety assessment shows the protective effect of TP (400 mg/kg) on lipid profile TC, TG (p&lt;0.001), HDL (p&lt;0.001), LDL (p&lt;0.001) and VLDL (p&lt;0.01). It also shows protective activity against AST (p&lt;0.001), ALT (p&lt;0.01), ALP (p&lt;0.001) and Renal functions BUN (p&lt;0.001), Creatinine (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: The anti-hyperglycaemic activity of Tephrosia purpurea is brought out in the study by its significant reduction in the blood glucose level. The safety and efficacy is established based on the protective effect of Tephrosia purpurea in lipid profile, renal and hepatic function of diabetic rats.

Beneficial effects of 1,3-1,6 β-glucans produced by Aureobasidium pullulans on non-esterified fatty acid levels in diabetic KKAy mice and their potential implications in metabolic dysregulation.

In this study, we used an obese and diabetic mouse model to compare two strains of Aureobasidium pullulans (AFO-202 and N-163) produced beta-glucans (β-glucans), which alleviate lipotoxicity. Four groups of KK-Ay mice were used, with six subjects in each group. Group 1: sacrificed on day 0 for baseline values; Group 2: control (drinking water); Group 3: AFO-202 beta glucan-200mg/kg/day; Group 4: N-163 beta glucan-300mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days. Group 4 (N-163) had the lowest non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) levels and marginally decreased triglyceride levels compared to the other groups. There were no significant differences in blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. N-163 β-glucans decreased NEFA levels after 28days. These results, although modest, warrant further in-depth research into lipotoxicity and associated inflammatory cascades in both healthy and diseased subjects for the prevention and management of metabolic dysregulation and associated diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Effect of Targeted Care plus Exercise Intervention on Blood Glucose Levels and Maternal and Newborn Outcomes in Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

Objective To evaluate the effect of targeted care plus exercise intervention on blood glucose levels and maternal and newborn outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods A total of 96 patients with GDM admitted to our hospital between March 2018 and January 2020 were recruited and assigned to receive either routine nursing (routine group) or targeted care plus exercise intervention (study group) via random method, with 48 patients in each group. Outcome measures included blood glucose, immune function, maternal and newborn outcome, and nursing satisfaction. Results The patients in the study group had significantly lower amniotic fluid index (AFI), weight at delivery, body mass index (BMI), and weight gain during pregnancy than patients in the routine group (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in blood glucose between the two groups of patients before the intervention (P > 0.05). Targeted care plus exercise intervention resulted in significantly lower levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2 h postprandial blood glucose (2hPBG), and blood glucose before bed versus routine care (P < 0.05). The patients with targeted care plus exercise intervention had higher immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM levels; higher CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ levels; and lower lgA levels versus those with routine care (P < 0.05). Targeted care plus exercise intervention was associated with a lower incidence of negative pregnancy outcomes and a higher satisfaction versus routine care (P < 0.05). Conclusion Targeted treatment plus exercise intervention efficiently controls blood glucose levels in GDM patients, improves immunological function, lowers the risk of pregnancy problems, improves pregnancy outcomes, and promotes patient satisfaction, indicating a high potential for therapeutic development. Targeted treatment combined with exercise intervention is encouraged following effective pharmacological interventions to facilitate recovery.

Correlation between Glycated Haemoglobin Level, Cardiac Function, and Prognosis in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Combined with Myocardial Infarction.

Objective This study was to investigate the correlation between glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level, cardiac function, and prognosis in patients with diabetes mellitus combined with myocardial infarction. Methods Ninety-three patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with acute myocardial infarction who were hospitalized and treated in our hospital from January 2021 to June 2021 were recruited for prospective analysis and equally divided into group A (HbA1c < 6.5%), group B (6.5% ≤ HbA1c ≤ 8.5%), and group C (HbA1c > 8.5%) using the random number table method, with 31 patients in each group. General data of patients were collected on admission and blood glucose and cardiac function indexes were measured; the incidence of myocardial infarction and death during the follow-up period was recorded at 6 months after discharge. Results There was a significant difference in blood glucose (FBG) and HbA1c levels at fasting between the three groups (P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in plasma levels of N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and uric acid (UA), left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and cardiac function classification of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) among the three groups (P < 0.05). By statistical analysis, the HbA1c level was positively correlated with FBG, NT-proBNP, UA, LVEDD, LVESD, and NYHA grades but negatively correlated with LVEF (P < 0.05). The incidence rate of myocardial infarction and mortality was significantly higher in group C than in groups A and B (P < 0.05). Conclusion HbA1c level in patients with diabetes mellitus combined with myocardial infarction is closely related to the degree of cardiac function damage. Glycated haemoglobin levels are associated with the development of cardiac insufficiency in patients with acute myocardial infarction; glycated haemoglobin is also an independent predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events. Reasonable and effective blood glucose control is of great significance to the prognosis of patients.

Comparing the Effects of Concord Grape (Vitis labrusca L.) Puree, Juice, and Pomace on Intestinal Morphology, Functionality, and Bacterial Populations In Vivo (Gallus gallus).

This is a preliminary study evaluating the effect of different fractions of Concord grapes (Vitis labrusca L.) on the brush border membrane (BBM) morphology, duodenal gene expression, and specific gut bacterial populations. For this study, we utilized a unique intraamniotic approach, wherein, the test substances are administered into the amnion of the Gallus gallus egg (on day 17). The embryo orally consumes the amniotic fluid along with the injected test substance before the hatch. We randomly divided ~50 fertilized eggs into 5 groups including 6% grape (juice, puree, and pomace) along with controls (no injection and diluent—H2O). The grape juice was prepared by crushing the grapes; the grape residues were used as pomace. The grape puree included the grape skin, endocarp, mesocarp, and juice but not the seeds. On day 21, the hatch day, the blood, pectoral muscle, liver, duodenum, and large intestine were harvested. Our results showed no significant differences in blood glucose, pectoral glycogen level, or body weight. However, significant (p < 0.05) differences in duodenal and liver gene expression were observed between the treatment groups. The grape puree treatment resulted in higher Clostridium numbers and lower Bifidobacterium numbers when compared to all other groups. In summary, the dietary consumption of grape polyphenols has the potential to beneficially modulate aspects of intestinal health provided their concentration is limited.

Feeding Thai Native Sheep Molasses Either Alone or in Combination with Urea-Fermented Sugarcane Bagasse: The Effects on Nutrient Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, and Hematological Parameters.

Simple SummaryA key strategy for attaining value-added and ecologically sustainable operations is the conversion of agro-industrial waste into animal feed. Sugarcane bagasse, a fibrous byproduct of the sugar-refining process, is widely available. Bagasse, however, has low nutritional value and a high quantity of indigestible fiber, which causes low digestibility and, as a result, poor animal performance. Ensiled bagasse’s fermentation properties improved after being treated with molasses and urea. Sheep’s ability to digest crude protein was increased by mixing fermented sugarcane bagasse with 10% molasses and 3% urea without having an adverse impact on the ruminal fermentation or the animal’s hematological parameters.The purpose of this study was to find out how adding molasses to fermented sugarcane bagasse (FSB) alone or in combination with urea affected sheep’s rumen fermentation, hematological parameters, and ability to digest nutrients. Four Thai native sheep with an initial body weight (BW) of 20.87 ± 1.95 kg and 11 ± 1.0 months old were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 periods of 14-d adaptation and 7 d of sample collection. Each treatment received a different combination of experimental roughage as follows: FSB without additives (T1), FSB + 10% molasses (T2), FSB + 20% molasses (T3), and FSB + 10% molasses + 3% urea (T4). The concentrate diet was fed twice daily at 2% BW, while roughage sources were provided ad libitum for each treatment. The crude protein (CP) digestibility in the T2 and T3 groups was higher (p < 0.05) than in the FSB group without additions, with the T4 group having the highest (p < 0.05). Although there were no significant differences in blood glucose, packed cell volume, ruminal pH, ammonia–nitrogen (NH3-N), propionic acid, or acetic acid, the plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) at 0 h was highest in the T4 group (p < 0.05) compared with the other groups. However, the proportion of butyric acid tended to be higher in all FSB groups with additives. Thus, the current experiment concluded that the addition of molasses alone or in combination with urea had positive effects on pH and LAB population, and including both together in FSB improved the CP digestibility of sheep. In conclusion, FSB with 10% molasses and 3% urea might be used as an alternate roughage source for ruminants without affecting the animal’s ruminal fermentation or hematological parameters.

Comparative Analysis of Clinical Effects of Insulin Aspart Combined with Acarbose and Metformin in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of Insulin aspart 30 combined with acarbose and metformin enteric-coated tablets in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Methods 90 diabetic patients admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to December 2021 were selected as the research subjects, and the patients were randomly divided into group A (n = 30, using insulin aspart 30 alone), group B (n = 30, using insulin aspart 30 combined with metformin enteric-coated tablets), and group C (n = 30, using insulin aspart 30 combined with acarbose). The blood glucose balance before meals and before going to bed was maintained in the three groups of patients, and the blood glucose fluctuations, time to target, hypoglycemia, insulin dosage, and daily consumption of the three groups were compared. Results There was no significant difference in blood glucose and average blood glucose at each time point before treatment in the 3 groups of patients (P > 0.05); compared with the blood glucose and average blood glucose at each time point after reaching the target in the three groups, the blood glucose after dinner in group A was significantly higher than that in groups B and C; at 2 : 00, the blood glucose of group A was significantly higher than that of group B (P < 0.05); there was no significant difference in blood glucose and average blood glucose at other time points (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in blood glucose standard deviation, LAGE, and PPGE at each point in the three groups before treatment (P > 0.05); the standard deviation of blood glucose, LAGE, and PPGE at each point of the three groups of patients after reaching the standard were compared with those in the same group before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05); there were statistically significant differences in blood glucose standard deviation, LAGE, and PPGE among the 3 groups after reaching the standard (P < 0.05). Compared among the three groups, the standard deviation of blood glucose and LAGE level at each point after reaching the standard, the difference between group B, group C, and group A was statistically significant (P < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference between the patients in group B and group C (P > 0.05); the level of PPGE in group A was higher than that in group B, which was higher than group C, and between group C and group A, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The time of reaching the standard in 3 groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05); there was no significant difference in the time of reaching the standard between group B and group C (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of hypoglycemia among the 3 groups (P > 0.05); there were significant differences in the proportion of insulin twice a day among the three groups (P < 0.05); there were statistically significant differences in daily insulin dosage among the 3 groups after reaching the standard (P < 0.05). The daily consumption of the three groups of patients after reaching the standard was compared, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between group A and group B (P > 0.05). Conclusion The effect of insulin aspart 30 alone in the treatment of diabetic patients is not good, it will lead to a large fluctuation of blood sugar in the patient's body, and the time required to reach the standard is relatively long; the use of insulin aspart 30 combined with metformin enteric-coated tablets or acarbose can effectively reduce the blood sugar fluctuation range of diabetic patients and reduce the number of insulin injections, and insulin aspart 30 combined with metformin en teric-coated tablets can also greatly reduce the daily insulin dosage and daily consumption cost of diabetic patients.

The Effect of 8 Weeks of Yogic Practice on Type-II Diabetes Mellitus and Hemoglobin among 45–55 Age Groups

The purpose of the study was to access the effect of 8 weeks of yogic practice on Type-II diabetes mellitus and hemoglobin among 45–55 age groups. The present study is undertaken among 10 urban peoples, for example, five experimental groups and five control groups. They were selected randomly from rural area of Assam who recently use to practice yoga asanas regularly during the morning time for 1.30 h. A randomized single-group design was adopted in this study. The volunteers were made aware of testing and training procedure. For the collection of the data, blood glucose was measured using (Accu-Chek active blood glucose meter) and hemoglobin level was measured using (StatStrip hemoglobin and hematocrit meter system). To evaluate the hypothesis of the study, descriptive statistics such as mean, SD, and compare mean such as paired “t”-test were applied and were tested at 0.05 level of significant. The statistical findings revealed that there was a significant difference in blood glucose and hemoglobin of the subjects. The blood glucose level of the experimental group P value and t value was 0.001 and 2.7764 and the control group P value and t value was 0.969. Hemoglobin level of the experimental group P value and t value was 0.002 and 2.7764 and the control group P value and t value was 0.883, respectively. On the basis of the statistical result, it was concluded that there was a significant effect of 8 weeks of training on blood glucose and hemoglobin among the age group of 45–55 years.

Effects of different crystalloid resuscitation on renal function in septic shock rabbits under the guidance of pulse indicator continuous cardiac output

To study the effect of different crystalloid resuscitation on renal function in septic shock rabbits, and to provide a theoretical basis for the choice of crystalloid for clinical fluid resuscitation. Thirty-six healthy male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into six groups by random number table: control group, model group, and four crystalloid groups including normal saline (NS) group, lactate Ringer solution (LR) group, acetate Ringer solution (AR) group, and sodium potassium magnesium calcium glucose injection (SPMCG) group, with 6 rabbits in each group. Rabbits were infused with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 500 μg/kg via the marginal ear vein (infused at a constant speed within 20 minutes), and then continued to infuse in an increase of 300 μg/kg every 10 minutes, the maximum dose was 2 mg/kg, until the mean arterial pressure (MAP) dropped to 60% of the basal value, the septic shock model was considered to be successfully reproduced. The rabbits in the control group were not injected with LPS, and other operations were the same as in the model group. Different crystalloid groups were given crystal solution immediately after modeling for resuscitation (predetermined fluid volume 60 mL/kg, transfusion within 3 hours). The volume stress test was performed every hour to guide the fluid volume, and the stroke volume index increase rate (ΔSVI) < 15% was the end point of resuscitation. The control group and the model group were given NS 4 mL×kg-1×h-1 to maintain the physiological requirement. All groups were given tracheotomy and mechanical ventilation, and the hemodynamic changes were monitored by pulse-indicated continuous cardiac output (PiCCO). The dynamic changes of hemodynamic indexes, arterial blood gas analysis, electrolytes, blood glucose and renal function biomarkers were monitored before modeling, immediately after modeling and 3, 6, and 12 hours after resuscitation. (1) Hemodynamic indicators: after modeling, the MAP in the model group and the four fluid resuscitation groups decreased significantly, the cardiac index (CI) increased, and the systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), global end-diastolic volumn index (GEDVI) decreased. After different crystalloid resuscitation at different time points, MAP, SVRI, and GEDVI increased in the four crystalloid groups. (2) Arterial blood gas analysis, electrolytes, blood glucose: blood lactic acid (Lac) in the model group and the four fluid resuscitation groups increased after model success. After fluid resuscitation, the Lac of each crystalloid group began to decrease and reached to the lowest at 12 hours. Compared with the LR, AR and SPMCG groups, the pH value decreased in the NS group at 6 hours and 12 hours of fluid resuscitation (6 hours: 7.29±0.00 vs. 7.40±0.02, 7.35±0.02, 7.37±0.02; 12 hours: 7.27±0.02 vs. 7.38±0.02, 7.39±0.02, 7.35±0.01; all P < 0.05). After fluid resuscitation, blood Cl- levels at 3, 6, and 12 hours in the NS group were significantly higher than those in the LR, AR and SPMCG groups (mmol/L: 113.4±0.6 vs. 101.4±3.6, 108.0±1.1, 106.0±0.8 at 3 hours; 115.1±2.0 vs. 101.1±2.7, 109.0±2.2, 105.3±0.6 at 6 hours; 116.9±0.1 vs. 104.2±4.4, 107.6±1.7, 108.7±0.6 at 12 hours; all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in blood glucose at each time point among the four crystalloid groups. (3) Biomarkers of renal function: blood and urine neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C (Cys C) were significantly increased in the model group and four fluid resuscitation groups. After fluid resuscitation, blood, urine NGAL and Cys C decreased. There was no significant difference in blood, urine NGAL and Cys C at all the time points among the different fluid resuscitation groups. In the rabbit model of septic shock induced by Escherichia coli LPS, hyperchloremia and acidosis occurred after NS resucitation, but did not occur during the recovery of LR, AR and SPMCG. There was no difference in the effects of different crystalloid resuscitation on renal function in septic shock rabbits.

Exploring the effects of entecavir treatment on the degree of liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver combined with chronic hepatitis B in Tibet region

Objective: To explore the efficacy of entecavir antiviral therapy on the degree of liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) combined with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in Tibet region. Methods: HBeAg-positive CHB patients who were treated with entecavir in the outpatient and inpatient Department of Infectious Diseases of the Tibet Autonomous Region people's Hospital between January 2018 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Among the 140 subjects with CHB, 95 cases were CHB alone, and the other 45 cases were diagnosed as CHB combined with NAFLD by ultrasound. All patients were given entecavir 0.5 mg orally once daily on an empty stomach for 48 weeks. HBeAg negative conversion rate, blood glucose, blood lipid, liver function and the degree of liver fibrosis were compared between the two groups at the 12th, 24th and 48th weeks of treatment to evaluate the virological response. SPSS 19.0 statistical software was used to process the data. Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (x¯±s). Descriptive statistical analysis was used for t-test, and the categorical variables were expressed as percentage (%) and χ2 test. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: After 48 weeks of treatment, the HBeAg and HBV DNA negative conversion rate were significantly better in patients with CHB alone (group B) than CHB combined with NAFLD (group A), that is to say, HBeAg negative conversion rate in group A and B patients were 28.90% and 40%, respectively, and group B was better than group A. HBV DNA negative conversion rate was significantly elevated in group B (83.2%) than group A (64.4%), with statistical significance (P<0.05), and the difference between the both groups was statistically significant. Alanine aminotransferase level was significantly decreased in patients with CHB alone than patients with CHB combined with NAFLD. Aspartate aminotransferase/platelet ratio index was significantly decreased after treatment than before treatment in both group of patients, and the depletion was more pronounced in CHB alone group. Liver stiffness values were significantly decreased in patients with CHB combined with NAFLD than CHB alone group. Moreover, liver stiffness values was higher in group A than group B before treatment under the influence of fat attenuation factors, and the differences before treatment and after treatment were 3.50±4.66 and 2.05±2.53, respectively; however, group B was not affected by fat attenuation factors, so LSM value reduction in group A was more obvious, and the differences were statistically significant. There was no statistically significant difference in blood glucose and blood lipids levels before and after treatment between the two groups. Conclusion: NAFLD has a certain effect on antiviral therapy and liver fibrosis in patients with CHB, i.e., the effect of antiviral therapy in patients with CHB alone is better than patients with CHB combined with NAFLD. Patients with CHB combined with NAFLD when treated with antiviral therapy had a significantly greater degree of liver stiffness reduction than patients with CHB alone. Therefore, it is necessary to actively intervene the risk factors associated with NAFLD according to the actual situation of different individuals to improve clinical efficacy of antiviral therapy.

Sudden Changes in Water Hardness Do Not Impact Short-Term Rainbow Trout Survival

Fish transferred from hard water to soft water, as can occur during the stocking of hatchery-reared fish into natural environments, experience many physiological stressors that can cause mortality. This study consisted of four trials examining the effects of direct transfer from hard (345 mg/L CaCO3) to soft water on mortality and glucose stress response of two different sizes and strains of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The first trial subjected 90 g Shasta strain rainbow trout to a direct transfer to soft water (70 or 160 mg/L as CaCO3). The second trial used the same strain and size trout, with transfer to lower hardness values of either 0 or 35 mg/L. The third and fourth trials used 3 to 5 g Arlee strain rainbow trout. The third trial transferred the fish from 345 mg/L hardness water to water at a hardness of either 0 or 35 mg/L. The fourth trial added a secondary temperature stressor of 20 °C (versus the experimental standard of 11 °C) in combination with a hardness level of 0 mg/L. In every trial, survival was not significantly different among all treatments. Sudden and extreme changes in water hardness, even in combination with increased water temperature, did not cause trout mortality. There was also no significant difference in blood glucose over time among any of the treatments in the first three trials. In the fourth trial, glucose values did significantly vary among the treatments at 48 and 168 h after the start of the trial. However, all glucose values were relatively close to the basal level. These results indicate that changes in water hardness likely do not impact the survival of rainbow trout, negating the need for tempering or acclimation.

Antihypertensive effects of abalone viscera fermented with Lactiplantibacillus pentosus SN001 via angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition.

Abalone viscera, which accounts for more than 20% of body weight, is typically discarded. With increases in abalone aquaculture production, novel uses for abalone viscera are needed. Here, we evaluated the effects of abalone viscera fermented with Lactiplantibacillus pentosus SN001 on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and blood pressure elevation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The fermented product significantly reduced systolic blood pressure compared with the control. There were no significant differences in blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels; alanine aminotransferase activity; and aspartate aminotransferase activity between the fermented product and control groups. Uracil was isolated and identified from the fermented product. Uracil may be the active component. Overall, L. pentosus SN001-fermented abalone viscera showed sustained inhibitory effects on blood pressure elevation but did not alter blood components after long-term intake. These results provide insights into the safety of L. pentosus SN001-fermented abalone viscera as a food product.

Respostas agudas da glicose sanguínea no segundo dia da recuperação do exercício resistido de moderada vs. alta intensidade em mulheres com diabetes tipo 2

Resistance exercise (RE) can lower blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, greater clarity is needed regarding the RE intensity and time required for this acute response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare acute blood glucose responses on the second day of recovery from moderate vs. high-intensity RE in women with T2D. Twelve women with T2D (55.2 ± 4.0 years; 70.1 ± 11.4 kg; and 155.7 ± 3.3 cm) performed two experimental sessions seven days apart in a randomized order. For session 1: RE40% of one-repetition maximum test (1RM) and session 2: RE80%1RM, with 16 and 8 repetitions for each set, respectively, in 7 exercises with 3 circuits during 40min. Blood glucose was monitored for over 35h (first day: 24h and second day: 11h) every 5 minutes after each experimental session by the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (Guardian REAL-Time model). Student's t-test showed no significant difference in blood glucose on the second day (11h) after RE40%1RM vs. RE80%1RM sessions [respectively, 161.3 ± 62.3 mg.dL-1 vs. 157.2 ± 41.9 mg.dL-1; t (11) = 0.259; p = 0.800]. Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures showed that blood glucose responses every hour during recovery on the second day showed no significant differences between RE sessions [F (1.731, 19.039) = 0.688; p = 0.734]. We concluded that the acute blood glucose responses on the second day of moderate and high intensity RE did not differ among women with T2D.

Acute blood glucose responses on the second day of recovery from moderate vs. high intensity resistance exercise in women with type 2 diabetes

Resistance exercise (RE) can lower blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, greater clarity is needed regarding the RE intensity and time required for this acute response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare acute blood glucose responses on the second day of recovery from moderate vs. high-intensity RE in women with T2D. Twelve women with T2D (55.2 ± 4.0 years; 70.1 ± 11.4 kg; and 155.7 ± 3.3 cm) performed two experimental sessions seven days apart in a randomized order. For session 1: RE40% of one-repetition maximum test (1RM) and session 2: RE80%1RM, with 16 and 8 repetitions for each set, respectively, in 7 exercises with 3 circuits during 40min. Blood glucose was monitored for over 35h (first day: 24h and second day: 11h) every 5 minutes after each experimental session by the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (Guardian REAL-Time model). Student's t-test showed no significant difference in blood glucose on the second day (11h) after RE40%1RM vs. RE80%1RM sessions [respectively, 161.3 ± 62.3 mg.dL-1 vs. 157.2 ± 41.9 mg.dL-1; t (11) = 0.259; p = 0.800]. Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures showed that blood glucose responses every hour during recovery on the second day showed no significant differences between RE sessions [F (1.731, 19.039) = 0.688; p = 0.734]. We concluded that the acute blood glucose responses on the second day of moderate and high intensity RE did not differ among women with T2D.