Significant Differences In Attitudes Research Articles

Attitudes of the General Public towards Corporate Social Responsibility in Nepal: The Influence of Gender and Generation

Background: Despite the increasing concerns about corporate social responsibility (CSR) among academicians and corporate managers, there is a lack of studies regarding the general public's attitudes towards CSR in Nepal. No previous studies in the Nepalese context have examined the influence of demographic factors, including gender and generation, on attitudes toward CSR. Objectives: The paper aims to identify the general public's attitudes towards CSR in Nepal and examine the differences in attitudes toward CSR by gender and generation. Methods: The study employed a questionnaire survey method by taking a sample of 212 general public, including males and females from Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z. Descriptive statistics, one-way-ANOVA, and t-tests were used to analyse the collected data. Results: Although the general public of Nepal demonstrates above-average agreement on the four different business responsibilities towards society, they believe that the philanthropic responsibility of business is most important, followed by legal, economic, and ethical responsibilities. The t-tests and One-Way ANOVA tests show no statistically significant differences in attitudes toward CSR based on gender and generation, indicating that the demographic factors do not significantly influence participants' attitudes towards economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities of business towards society. Conclusion: The results show that Nepal's general public perceives philanthropic responsibilities as the most important. The findings also indicate that gender and generation do not influence people's attitudes towards CSR. Implications: The results suggest that business organisations in Nepal should consider all economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities while designing and implementing CSR strategies to get favourable evaluations of their CSR practices from the general public regardless of gender and generation. However, philanthropic and legal CSR can be given more priority over economic and ethical CSR. Paper Type: Research paper JEL Classification: M14

Attitudes of the General Public towards Corporate Social Responsibility in Nepal: The Influence of Gender and Generation

Background: Despite the increasing concerns about corporate social responsibility (CSR) among academicians and corporate managers, there is a lack of studies regarding the general public's attitudes towards CSR in Nepal. No previous studies in the Nepalese context have examined the influence of demographic factors, including gender and generation, on attitudes toward CSR. Objectives: The paper aims to identify the general public's attitudes towards CSR in Nepal and examine the differences in attitudes toward CSR by gender and generation. Methods: The study employed a questionnaire survey method by taking a sample of 212 general public, including males and females from Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z. Descriptive statistics, one-way-ANOVA, and t-tests were used to analyse the collected data. Results: Although the general public of Nepal demonstrates above-average agreement on the four different business responsibilities towards society, they believe that the philanthropic responsibility of business is most important, followed by legal, economic, and ethical responsibilities. The t-tests and One-Way ANOVA tests show no statistically significant differences in attitudes toward CSR based on gender and generation, indicating that the demographic factors do not significantly influence participants' attitudes towards economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities of business towards society. Conclusion: The results show that Nepal's general public perceives philanthropic responsibilities as the most important. The findings also indicate that gender and generation do not influence people's attitudes towards CSR. Implications: The results suggest that business organisations in Nepal should consider all economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities while designing and implementing CSR strategies to get favourable evaluations of their CSR practices from the general public regardless of gender and generation. However, philanthropic and legal CSR can be given more priority over economic and ethical CSR. Paper Type: Research paper JEL Classification: M14

An Indonesian-version of the short attitude toward mathematics inventory: a voice from pre-service chemistry teacher

<span lang="EN-US">This study aimed to examine the validity of the Indonesian version of the short attitude toward mathematics inventory (ATMI). The adapted inventory was also used for further analysis to explore mathematics attitude of pre-service chemistry teachers across gender. The original ATMI was translated into Bahasa and distributed to 328 participants via the online survey. After preliminary checking for multivariate outliers, all the data were used to analyze the construct validity of structural model using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Furthermore, multigroup analysis with structured mean modelling was conducted to explore the gender effect toward mathematics attitude. All item means, standard deviations and correlation matrix were also explored. The result found that the short form supported the four-factor solution as the original ATMI. Modification indices, standardized regression weight, and squared multiple correlations were used to determine which items to be removed or retained during analysis until standard criteria for model fit reached. This items deletion produced a shorter version of ATMI (19 items) with fairly good internal consistency, both for all items inventory (α=0.92) or for individual subscale (mean α=0.86). Moreover, the t-test on the latent mean value showed no significant difference of attitude toward mathematics between male and female.</span>

Attitudes of UK pathologists and judicial officers towards medicolegal view and grant examinations: a cross-sectional mixed-methods study

AimsDespite the 1988 ‘Dundee Initiative’, which maximised the use of view and grant examinations to reduce the invasive forensic autopsy rate in Tayside, the view and grant itself remains controversial....

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Mask Usage Among Patients in a Tertiary Dental Care Center

ABSTRACT Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice related to mask use among patients visiting a tertiary dental care clinic through a structured self-administered questionnaire. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study comprised dental outpatients at Government Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala. The questionnaire contained demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practice questions about COVID-19. Data analysis included Chi-square testing and descriptive statistics. Results: A 99% response rate was achieved with 495 responses. There were 241 (49%) men and 254 (51%) women. The study had the most respondents aged 21 to 40 years (n = 220; 44.4%), followed by people older than 40 years (n = 204; 41.2%) and younger than 20 years (n = 71; 14.3%). There were statistically significant differences in age, education, and occupation with knowledge and significant differences in attitude and practice by occupation. Conclusion: This study suggests that dental patients are knowledgeable about health issues and disease prevention strategies. Positive attitudes toward infection prevention in dental clinics with higher levels of prevention practices against COVID-19 transmission rates were reported.

Examining the Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Nostalgia Appeals: A Comparative Experiment of Nostalgia and Regret

ABSTRACT Obesity rates remain high among U.S. adults, especially rural residents. Research has shown that nostalgia appeals effectively promote several healthy behaviors. However, the psychological mechanisms underlying nostalgia appeals remain unclear. This study examined the effects of nostalgia appeals on intention to increase exercise and shed light on how nostalgia affected persuasive outcomes. We anticipated that nostalgia appeals would persuade people by enhancing self-esteem and reducing anger and counterarguing. To illuminate the mechanisms underlying the effects of nostalgia, a between-subject experiment (nostalgia appeal vs. regret appeal vs. irrelevant message vs. neutral persuasive message) was conducted among overweight or obese rural Michiganders (N = 507). Results showed that relative to the regret appeal, the nostalgia appeal led to higher state self-esteem, less anger, and less counterarguing. There was no significant difference in attitude or behavioral intention between the nostalgia appeal, regret appeal, and neutral persuasive message. We demonstrated that enhancing self-esteem was the key mechanism by which the nostalgia appeal persuaded the target audience.

P137 A multinational survey to identify the clinicians perspectives concerning proton pump inhibitors in patients with systemic sclerosis

Abstract Background/Aims Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, there is scarce evidence to support their use while long-term safety has been questioned. The aim of our study was to identify healthcare providers’ perspectives and experience regarding PPIs therapy in SSc patients. Methods An online survey in English language targeting clinicians involved in the care of SSc patients, was developed and distributed through social media and international physician networks. The survey was launched on 27th November 2022 and kept open for three weeks. Results Responses from 227 clinicians from 36 countries were recorded: most of them (86%) were between 30-70 years and gender was equally represented (F: 52%; M: 48%). The majority ‘agreed’ (41%) or ‘strongly agreed’ (45%) that GERD is a major cause of morbidity in SSc. Lifestyle modifications and non-pharmacological approaches alone were seldom (16%) considered effective. Only half of respondents ‘agreed’ (43%) or ‘strongly agreed’ (11%) there is solid evidence supporting PPIs efficacy in SSc. A range of PPIs was prescribed by clinicians, most frequently pantoprazole (74%), esomeprazole (72%), omeprazole (72%), and lansoprazole (68%). The most common reasons for PPIs prescription (Table 1) were symptomatic GERD unresponsive to lifestyle modification (95%), objective evidence of GERD (82%), and hoarseness or respiratory symptoms (71%). Multiple concerns were raised about PPI long-term safety. The three highest (mean, 10 being very concerned) reasons were: small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (5.5), osteoporosis (5.4), and drug interactions (5.2). There were significant differences in attitudes towards surgery for refractory GERD: ‘strongly disagreed’ (14%), ‘disagreed’ (26%) ‘neutral’ (52%), ‘agreed’ (13%), ‘strongly agreed’ (3%). Furthermore, half of respondents had concerns about potential complications (i.e., worsening of dysphagia): ‘disagreed’ (26%) or ‘strongly disagreed’ (6%), ‘neutral (52%), ‘agreed’ (13%), ‘strongly agreed’ (3%). Conclusion Our survey confirms that PPIs are frequently prescribed for GERD in SSc patients, despite the absence of randomized clinical trials demonstrating their efficacy and safety. Clinicians are concerned about side effects, especially regarding long-term use. There is significant heterogeneity in attitudes towards surgery for refractory GERD. Future research and practical treatment recommendation are urgently needed. Disclosure G. Bandini: None. A. Alunno: None. F. Oliveira Pinheiro: None. C. Campochiaro: None. I. Galetti: None. P. Matucci Cerinic: None. B. Ruaro: None. A. Moggi Pignone: None. L. Dagna: None. M. Matucci Cerinic: None. Z. McMahan: None. M. Hughes: None.

Comparing attitudes towards compulsory interventions in severe and persistent mental illness among psychiatrists in India and Switzerland.

Psychiatrists face a major ethical challenge when deciding whether to make use of coercive measures in the treatment process of patients suffering from severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI). As India and Switzerland show major cultural, political and financial differences, it is hypothesized that attitudes towards coercive measures among Indian and Swiss psychiatrists will vary too. Exploring differences in attitudes between cultures strengthens the critical reflection on one's own stances and in consequence, on our way of action. Especially when it comes to situations involving power imbalances between patients and health practitioners, self-reflection is essential to prevent ethically inappropriate behavior. An online survey on aspects of care for patients with SPMI was sent to 3'056 members of the Indian Psychiatric Society between April and June 2020 and to 1'311 members of the Swiss Society for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy between February and March 2016. The respondents' answers were compared. This article deals with the questionnaire's items on autonomous decision making and the implementation of coercive measures in clinical practice. More precisely, participating psychiatrists were asked to rate the importance of patient's autonomy in general and their willingness to apply coercive measures regarding two specific case vignettes depicting a patient with schizophrenia and one with depression. The statistical analysis, namely descriptive data analysis and calculation of arithmetic means, Shapiro Wilks tests and Mann-Whitney U tests, was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics version 27. Answers were received from 206 psychiatrists in India and 457 psychiatrists in Switzerland. Indian participants tended to value autonomous decision making as slightly less important than Swiss participants (62.2% vs. 91%, p =.01). Regarding a case of severe and persistent depression, psychiatrists in the Indian group were on average more in favor of acting against the wishes of the patient (55% vs. 34.1%, p <.0001) as well as of accepting a temporary decrease in quality of life due to coercion (40% vs. 23%, p =.008). Answers concerning a case of schizophrenia revealed that Indian participants were more in favor of acting against the patient's wishes than Swiss participants (39% vs. 37%, p =.007), whereas the comparison whether to accept a temporary decrease in quality of life regarding this case showed no significant difference (p =.328). The significant difference in attitudes towards coercive measures among Indian compared to Swiss psychiatrists found in this study might arise from a predominantly more collectivist society in India compared to Switzerland. Moreover, differences in financial resources, the organization of the health care system, and the historical background might have an influence. Continuous and critical reflection on one's own views and behavior is essential, especially if ethical principles and individual rights could be violated through a power imbalance, as in the case of coercive measures.

Investigation of Digital Game Playing Time and Motivation of Sport Sciences Students

The aim of this study was to investigate the time spent playing digital games and the motivation of Sports Sciences students. A total of 192 students (122 males, 70 females) who are studying at the Faculty of Physical Education of Ondokuz Mayıs University Yasar Dogu took part in the study. The data collection instruments used in this study were the digital game playing motivation scale and the digital game playing attitude scale. For data analysis, SPSS 21 package was used. Independent samples t-test and ANOVA tests were used for data evaluation. Significance was set at 0.05 to compare all variables. There was no significant difference in attitude and motivation to play digital games according to gender, class, height, age and father's educational level among the students of Sports Sciences (p &gt; 0.05). A significant difference was found between the behavioural sub-dimensions of attitude towards digital games and the curiosity and social acceptance sub-dimensions of motivation towards digital games according to the level of education of the mothers (p&lt;0.05). As a result, the curiosity-social acceptance sub-dimensions of the digital game playing motivation scale increase as the level of parental education increases, according to the data obtained from the parental education variable. It can be said that students are influenced by extrinsic sources of motivation in line with their desires and needs in the direction of the target behaviour, as the level of curiosity-social acceptance increases.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Community Health Workers in Relation to Environmental Health Hazards in the Nelson Mandela Bay.

Community health workers (CHWs) cover extensive areas observing the environmental conditions in which community members live. However, current CHW training modules do not have modules focusing specifically on environmental health. CHWs appear to lack knowledge of environmental health hazards, and little is known of their attitudes and practices regarding environmental health hazards. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of CHWs in relation to environmental health hazards in the Nelson Mandela Bay (NMB). This study used a quantitative, cross-sectional research design. A sample of 110 respondents completed the questionnaire. The questionnaire was based on the literature, consisting of 36 items in four sections. Data analysis consisted of descriptive and inferential statistics. Reliability and validity were enhanced by utilizing a pre-test study. There were significant differences in attitudes (t = -2.308, df = 91.107, p = 0.023) and practices (t = -2.936, df = 62.491, p = 0.005). Those trained in environmental health had a significantly lower mean attitudes score (m = 3.2365, sd = 1.113) compared to those not trained in environmental health (m = 3.694, sd = 0.894). In addition, those trained in environmental health had a significantly lower mean practice score (practiced more frequently) (m = 1.231, sd = 0.327) compared to those not trained in environmental health (m = 1.4605, sd = 0.4162). Regarding training, 62% (n = 67) of CHWs felt they needed additional training in environmental health. Most of the CHWs had a moderate knowledge of environmental health hazards. Furthermore, most of the CHWs had a very positive or positive attitude towards environmental health hazards. However, there is a need for CHWs to receive very specific training in environmental health. In addition, the scope of work of CHWs, as well as their role in relation to environmental health, needs to be further explored.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of dental health professionals toward dental impression disinfection protocol during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia– a cross-sectional study

BackgroundDespite the updated guidelines on dental impression disinfection protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic, adherence to such procedures has not been studied among dental health professionals in Saudi Arabia. Understanding DHPs’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding COVID-19 is crucial in assessing a willingness to adhere to the recommendations provided by health authorities in mitigating the spread of COVID-19 via dental impressions impacting patient safety and infection control measures. Hence, this study aimed to assess dental health professionals’ (DHPs) knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward dental impression disinfection protocol during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia.MethodsA cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted from 14 December 2022 to 21 March 2023 among practicing dentists, dental assistants (DA), dental laboratory technicians (DT), and dental hygienists in Saudi Arabia. A validated and reliable questionnaire that consisted of 38 items along with demographic variables was prepared to collect the data. Using Google Forms, a questionnaire link was prepared and shared on the social media platforms of DHPs in Saudi Arabia. A descriptive analysis was conducted to report the percentages and frequencies. The mean knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were analyzed using an Independent t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation tests.ResultsA total of 718 DHPs voluntarily participated in the survey. Most of the DHPs exhibited average knowledge 392 (54.6%), neutral attitudes 393(54.7%), and adequate 549 (76.5%) practice towards dental impression disinfection protocol. The mean knowledge score differed significantly across nationality (p = 0.013), type of DHPs (p < 0.001), qualification (p = 0.045), and experience (p = 0.028) of the study participants. Significant differences in attitude towards impression disinfection were observed in different age groups (p = 0.002), qualifications (p = 0.015), and experiences (p = 0.024) of the DHPs. Similarly, practice varied across different age groups (p = 0.010), nationality (p = 0.013), type of DHPs (p = 0.019), qualification (p = 0.044), experience (p = 0.041), and COVID-19 Infection (p = 0.006). Moreover, a significant positive correlation between knowledge-attitude (r = 0.258, p < 0.01), knowledge-practice (r = 0.283, p < 0.01), and attitude-practice (r = 0.196, p < 0.01) was observed.ConclusionDHPs considered in this study demonstrated average knowledge and attitudes toward impression disinfection, requiring improvement through continuous dental education and training. However, they displayed acceptable dental impression disinfection practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is highly recommended that continuing education programs should mainly reinforce the knowledge of sodium hypochlorite, iodophor, and phenolics and their concentrations to be used as an impression disinfectant. Additionally, it should focus on techniques of disinfecting elastomeric, hydrocolloid, zinc oxide and eugenol, and impression compound materials to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 based on Saudi ministry of health guidelines.

Online educational intervention: Improving maternal knowledge and attitudes in providing developmental stimulation for stunting toddlers.

Stunting remains a significant public health concern, impacting physical growth and impeding children's development. Mothers, who play a crucial role in stimulating children's development, often encounter barriers in providing effective stimulation, primarily due to limited access to appropriate resources and information. Online education can bridge this gap by offering easily accessible learning. This aim of this study was to determine the effect of online education on maternal knowledge and attitudes in providing developmental stimulation for stunting toddlers. A quasi-experimental research design was employed, comprising a treatment group and a control group, each consisting of 46 mothers with stunting toddlers, sampled purposively. The treatment group received an online developmental stimulation educational intervention through WhatsApp groups for twelve meetings, each lasting 1.5 to 2 hours. Meanwhile, the control group participated in a stunting assistance program provided by the community health centers (Puskesmas). To compare the knowledge and attitudes between groups, Mann-Whitney and independent Student t-test were used. The assessment of intervention effects on knowledge and attitudes was conducted using Wilcoxon and paired Student t-test within each group. Following the educational intervention on developmental stimulation, there was a significant increase in knowledge; however, there was no significant difference in attitudes. The treatment group (mean score 3.9±1.76) had a higher increase in knowledge scores compared to the control group (2.0±2.25) with a p<0.001. Nonetheless, no significant difference in attitudes was observed between the two groups with the mean change scores was 5.8±15.31 in treatment group and 2.5±18.69 for control group, with a p=0.335. This study suggests that providing online education leads to increased knowledge scores but does not impact attitudes significantly. Additional educational approaches should be considered to enhance maternal attitudes.

A multi-national survey to identify clinicians’ perspectives concerning Proton Pump inhibitors in patients with systemic sclerosis

ObjectivesProton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used in SSc for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, there is little evidence to support their empirical use and long-term safety has been questioned. Our objective was to better describe clinicians’ attitudes toward PPIs prescription and use in SSc patients. MethodsClinicians involved in the care of SSc patients were invited through international physician networks and social media to participate in an online survey. ResultsResponses from 227 clinicians from 36 countries were evaluable. The majority ‘agreed’ (41.4 %) or ‘strongly agreed’ (45.4 %) that GERD is a major cause of morbidity in SSc. Lifestyle modifications are seldom (16 %) considered effective. Only half ‘agreed’ (43 %) or ‘strongly agreed’ (11 %) there is solid evidence supporting PPIs efficacy in SSc. The most common reasons for PPIs prescription were symptomatic GERD unresponsive to lifestyle modification (95 %), objective evidence of GERD (82 %), and hoarseness or respiratory symptoms (71 %). There are variable concerns about PPIs long-term safety in SSc. The three highest (mean) reasons (0–10, here 10 is ‘very concerned’) were: small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (5.5), osteoporosis (5.4), and drug interactions (5.2). There are significant differences in attitudes towards surgery for refractory GERD, and concerns about potential complications. PPIs may have a putative role for disease modification (e.g., ILD and calcinosis), and the role of immunosuppression is uncertain for GI (gastrointestinal) disease in SSc. ConclusionPPIs are frequently prescribed in SSc. Side effects are a recognized concern, especially regarding long-term therapy. There is significant variation in attitudes towards surgical intervention. Future research and practical treatment recommendation for PPIs in SSc are urgently needed.

THE EFFECT OF ELECTRONIC FOOD FOR PREGNANCY (E-FOCY) APPLICATION ON THE NUTRITION BEHAVIOR OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN THE RIAU ISLANDS COMMUNITY

Malnutrition is the cause of maternal and child death. One population that is very vulnerable to nutritional problems is pregnant women.This research method is quantitative research with a quasi-experimental design (Quasi Experimental) with a one group pretest and posttest design. The samples taken in this study were all 30 pregnant women in the second trimester who had their wombs checked at the Bugis Village Community Health Center. The results of the pre-test knowledge analysis between the control group and the intervention group showed a p-value of 0.867 (p&lt;0.05), which means that there was no significant difference in the pre-test knowledge score between the control group and the intervention group. The results of the posttest analysis of knowledge between the control group and the intervention group showed a p-value of 0.000 (p&lt;0.05). However, from the research results it was found that there were significant differences in attitudes and behavior between pregnant women who were given intervention using the E-FOCY application and those who were only given counseling from the KIA book. There was a significant increase in knowledge from the pre and post test results (p-value 0.000). However, in the intervention group the increase was higher than in the control group.

Trauma-informed care education for midwives: Does education improve attitudes towards trauma-informed care?

IntroductionContinuing education is important to improve midwives’ attitudes to trauma-informed care in addressing the needs of women during the perinatal period. This study aimed to evaluate if there was a significant difference in attitudes towards trauma-informed care between midwives who participated in a 2-day trauma-informed care education program and those who did not. MethodA static group comparison design was adopted with a convenience sample of midwives to analyse differences in attitudes towards trauma-informed care between midwives who received a 2-day TIC education (n = 19, intervention group) and their peers who did not receive the education (n = 18, comparison group). ResultsThe results suggest that midwives who participated in a 2-day trauma-informed care education program had significantly higher scores for positive attitudes towards trauma-informed care compared to those who did not take part in the program and that this effect was sustained at 6 months. ConclusionTo minimise perinatal trauma for mothers and babies, midwives require specific trauma-informed care education. This study proposes that trauma-informed care education is a foundational pathway for implementing a trauma-informed care framework across a maternity service.

Attitudes toward stuttering of college students in the USA and China: A cross-cultural comparison using the POSHA-S

PurposeThis study compared the attitudes toward stuttering among college students in China and the USA using the POSHA-S survey, which assesses knowledge about stuttering and attitudes toward it. We investigated how cultural and social differences between the two groups influenced these attitudes. MethodsWe collected 199 responses to the POSHA-S survey from various universities in China and the USA. We conducted a statistical analysis of 15 summary scores generated from the POSHA-S to determine if there were significant differences in attitudes toward stuttering between the two groups. Additionally, we retrieved percentile ranks relative to the global POSHA-S database to compare attitudes in both groups with global median scores. ResultsThe study revealed that Chinese college students hold more negative attitudes toward stuttering compared to their American counterparts and the global median scores. We discussed the social and cultural factors that may contribute to these attitudes. Furthermore, our findings emphasized the importance of addressing the lack of accurate information about stuttering in China, which could be a key factor driving these negative attitudes. ConclusionThese results underscore the urgent need to raise awareness about stuttering and promote a shift in public attitudes, especially among college students in China, who play influential roles in society's future.

Changing consumer attitudes towards suboptimal foods: The effect of zero waste labeling

Food waste is a significant issue in today's society, and it is essential to understand factors influencing consumer attitudes and perceptions towards suboptimal food products. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the impact of a “zero waste” label on consumer attitudes and perceptions towards suboptimal food products compared to optimal and suboptimal ones with and without the label. Online surveys with a total sample of 1,034 consumers were used in the research. The results showed that the addition of a “zero waste” label had significant impact on consumer attitudes and perceptions towards suboptimal food products, with no significant difference observed between attitudes and perceptions towards optimal and zero waste-labeled ones.Furthermore, it was found that consumers with higher ecological concern showed significant differences in attitudes and willingness to buy between optimal and suboptimal products, but these differences disappeared with the addition of the “zero waste” label. In contrast, consumers with low ecological concern showed significant differences in attitudes and willingness to buy between optimal and suboptimal products, even with the “zero waste” label. These findings suggest that policymakers and food producers could focus on increasing consumer awareness regarding the issue of food waste to reduce negative attitudes towards suboptimal food. Additionally, the results provide valuable insights for practitioners on how to promote suboptimal products and reduce food waste.

Status and predictors of medical students’ knowledge and attitude towards palliative care in Jordan: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPalliative care focuses on the ability of medical students to use their expanded experiences and knowledge; however, basic medical education does not provide adequate knowledge and skills regarding palliative and end-of-life care. This study designed to examine knowledge related to palliative care and attitudes toward dying people among medical students in Jordan.MethodsCross-sectional, descriptive design was used in this study. A total of 404 medical students were recruited using convenience sampling techniques from six medical programs. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire in relation to knowledge and attitudes regarding palliative care and dying persons using Palliative Care Assessment Knowledge (PCAK) and Frommelt Attitudes toward Care of the Dying Scale Form B (FATCOD-B).ResultsMedical students have a moderate level of knowledge related to palliative care in (PCAK) part1 subscale about; pain managing (n = 156, 38.6 %), managing other palliative care symptoms (n = 164, 40.6 %), and in witnesses' family counseling and breaking bad news discussion (n = 178, 44.1 %). However, medical students have inadequate knowledge concerning the palliative care in part-2of the scale. Furthermore, students have positive attitudes towards caring for dying patients with mean score of 108.76 (SD = 8.05). The highest ranked attitude subscales were; Fairs/Malaise (M = 29.03, SD = 4.28), Communication (M = 21.39, SD = 2.51) and Relationship (M = 18.31, SD = 1.55). There was a significant difference in attitudes in relation to gender (t = -5.14, p < 0.001) with higher female mean score (M = 109.97) than males (M = 105.47). Also significant difference found among those who are exposed to Palliative Care and those who are not (t = -6.33, p < 0.001) with higher mean score of those exposed to palliative acre courses (M=298) than those who did not (M=106).ConclusionImproving knowledge and attitudes of medical students regarding palliative and end of life care should be highlighted to medical educators and medical schools need to incorporate palliative and end-of-life care into medical curricula across all levels

A Multilab Replication of the Induced-Compliance Paradigm of Cognitive Dissonance

According to cognitive-dissonance theory, performing counterattitudinal behavior produces a state of dissonance that people are motivated to resolve, usually by changing their attitude to be in line with their behavior. One of the most popular experimental paradigms used to produce such attitude change is the induced-compliance paradigm. Despite its popularity, the replication crisis in social psychology and other fields, as well as methodological limitations associated with the paradigm, raise concerns about the robustness of classic studies in this literature. We therefore conducted a multilab constructive replication of the induced-compliance paradigm based on Croyle and Cooper (Experiment 1). In a total of 39 labs from 19 countries and 14 languages, participants ( N = 4,898) were assigned to one of three conditions: writing a counterattitudinal essay under high choice, writing a counterattitudinal essay under low choice, or writing a neutral essay under high choice. The primary analyses failed to support the core hypothesis: No significant difference in attitude was observed after writing a counterattitudinal essay under high choice compared with low choice. However, we did observe a significant difference in attitude after writing a counterattitudinal essay compared with writing a neutral essay. Secondary analyses revealed the pattern of results to be robust to data exclusions, lab variability, and attitude assessment. Additional exploratory analyses were conducted to test predictions from cognitive-dissonance theory. Overall, the results call into question whether the induced-compliance paradigm provides robust evidence for cognitive dissonance.

A Comparison of Attitudes of Teachers towards Students who Stutter in Selected Primary Schools and Colleges in Zambia

Purpose: To establish whether there are differences in attitude of regular education teachers, special education teachers, regular student teachers, and special education student teachers toward stuttering and students who stutter (SWS) in some selected primary schools and colleges of education in the Copperbelt, Luapula, Lusaka, and Muchinga provinces of Zambia. It also sought to determine whether attitudes of teachers differed based on gender, geographic location or educational level. Method: The survey had a random sample of 324 participants who completed the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes – Stuttering (POSHA-S) questionnaire. Nonparametric analyses were employed to determine any significant differences among the four groups of teachers surveyed. Findings: Significant differences in attitude toward stuttering and SWS were noted between practicing teachers and student teachers (N = 133 &lt; 191, Mdn = 95.0 &lt; 96.0), U = 9663.500, p = .000., and between special education teachers and regular education teachers (N = 62 &lt; 71, Mdn = 95.0 &gt; 97.0), U = 1526.000, p =.002. However, no significant differences were observed in attitude of teachers based on gender and geographic location except for educational level. Conclusions: Special education teachers have a comparatively positive attitude towards stuttering and SWS than ordinary, mainstream teachers. This is possibly because of the nature of their training and experience of working with learners with special education needs. The implication of this finding is the need to examine training programs for teacher education in order to determine how much content on stuttering student teachers are exposed to. This could, in turn, positively impact the preparedness of teachers to address needs of SWS.