Significant Difference In Muscle Strength Research Articles

Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation with Taping on Wrist Spasticity, Strength, and Upper Extremity Function in Patients with Stroke: A Randomized Control Trial.

Objective: Six months after the onset of stroke, over 60% of patients experience upper limb dysfunction, with spasticity being a major contributor alongside muscle weakness. This study investigated the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) with taping on wrist spasticity, strength, and upper extremity function in patients with stroke. Methods: In total, 40 patients with stroke were included and randomly divided into two groups: the TENS + taping (n = 20, age 52.4 ± 9.3 (range: 39 to 70)) and TENS (n = 20, age 53.5 ± 10.8 (range: 39 to 74)) groups. All subjects performed 30 sessions of task-related training, which included 10 min of postural control training and 20 min of task performance. Additionally, all subjects received TENS on the spastic muscle belly for 30 min before task-related training. In the TENS + taping group, taping was additionally applied to the forearm and wrist but not in the TENS group. The Modified Ashworth Scale was used to measure spasticity, and a handheld dynamometer was used to measure muscle strength. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Upper Extremity was used to evaluate the functional ability of the upper extremity. Results: In the TENS + taping group, spasticity and upper extremity function were significantly improved as compared to those in the TENS group (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference in muscle strength was observed between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the combination of TENS and taping for spasticity and function of the upper extremity was more effective in relieving the spasticity than TENS alone. Therefore, we suggest this combination as an additional treatment for spasticity and function of the upper extremity.

Effect of Aerobic Training with Blood Flow Restriction on Strength and Hypertrophy: A Meta-analysis.

The objective of this meta-analysis is to compare the effects on muscle strength and hypertrophy of low and high-intensity aerobic training with BFR (LI-BFR and HI-BFR) versus low and high-intensity aerobic training without BFR (LI and HI). The search was performed in five databases, by two independent researchers, and the terms and keywords used to optimize the searches were related to blood flow restriction and aerobic training. All studies were evaluated for methodological quality using the PEDro scale and for quality of evidence using the GRADE system. Meta-analyses were conducted using RevMan software. After data extraction, 11 studies met all eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. The results of the overall analysis between LI-BFR vs. LI showed a significant difference in muscle strength of knee extensors; for hypertrophy, LI was superior to LI-BFR with clinical relevance. Comparing HI-BFR vs. HI there was no superiority for muscle strength. In conclusion, for strength gains very low-quality evidence was found to support no superiority between LI-BFR and HI-BFR compared to LI and HI, respectively. For muscle hypertrophy, superiority of LI was found compared to LI-BFR, with a very low level of evidence.

Effect of Sit-to-Stand Training on Balance, Muscle Strength, and Activities of Daily Living in Patients with Stroke: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Introduction: Patients who have had a stroke often experience issues with static balance while sitting and standing. Additionally, they may encounter problems with dynamic balance, particularly when transitioning between sitting and standing positions, leading to reduced postural stability in both static and dynamic standing. This also contributes to weakness in the affected lower limb and decreased engagement in Activities of Daily Living (ADL). Nevertheless, few studies have investigated the impact of sit-to-stand training on balance, muscle strength, and ADL in stroke patients. Aim: To assess the impact of sit-to-stand training on balance, muscle strength, and ADL in patients who have had a stroke. Materials and Methods: This trial was an experimental, parallel, and assessor-blinded allocation with a computer-generated randomisation sequence. Sixty-six stroke patients (33 in each group) were enrolled from the inpatient Department of Medicine and the neurosurgery ward of Justice KS Hegde Charitable Hospital in Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India based on specific selection criteria. The trial was conducted from March 2022 to March 2023. Inclusion criteria included patients who had experienced a stroke involving the Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) and Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA), encompassing both ischaemic and haemorrhagic types of stroke, aged between 35-60 years, and including both male and female stroke patients who were able to effectively communicate and comprehend instructions. Other criteria included a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score greater than or equal to 23, the ability to independently have a transition from a supine position to a seated position, and a minimum score on the trunk impairment scale. In the experimental group, participants received sit-to-stand training for 45 minutes over five days, while the control group received conventional physical therapy, including tandem walking, single leg stance, double leg stance, early mobilisation, position and balance training exercises for 45 minutes over five days. The primary outcomes used for balance assessment were the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and for ADL, the Barthel Index (BI) Scale was used, with muscle strength being measured using a push and pull dynamometer. The independent sample t-test was used to compare between groups, and within-group comparisons were conducted using the paired t-test. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered significant. Results: Significant differences (p-value=0.044) were observed in BBS score and muscle strength between the groups during both the pretest (Day-1) and post-test (Week-1). The BI exhibited a significant difference (p-value=0.016) during the post-test (Week-1) only. Additionally, a significant difference (p-value&lt;0.001) was found in muscle strength, specifically in the Hip Extensors (HE) between the groups. Conclusion: The results of the current study showed a statistically significant difference in muscle strength of the HE. However, no significant difference was observed in BI and BBS between the groups. No side-effects or harms were reported, indicating that the approach is safe and feasible for stroke patients.

The Single Intra-Articular Injection of Platelet-Rich Plasma vs. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs as Treatment Options for Canine Cruciate Ligament Rupture and Patellar Luxation.

Cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) and patellar luxation (PL) are common pathologies affecting canines. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used as a non-surgical treatment plan in these cases. Clinical usage of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an emerging area of interest in veterinary medicine. There is a lack of studies comparing those two different treatment methods in veterinary medicine. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the use of oral NSAIDs and single intra-articular injection of PRP on treatment outcomes in cases of canine CCLR and PL. Dogs diagnosed with CCRL (n = 12) and PL (n = 10) were subgrouped by the severity of pathologies and administered treatment: half of the CCRL and PL groups were orally administered NSAIDs and supplements for 14 days, and the other half received a single intra-articular PRP injection into affected stifle joint. We measured serum TNF-α levels and clinical outcomes (lameness scores, painfulness to manipulations, goniometry of stifle joint in flexion and extension, and muscle strength) before treatment, at day 14 and day 28 of treatment. The results of TNF-α concentration indicates a significant difference between groups of differently treated partial CCLR groups on d14 (p = 0.006). Results of group CCLR-P1 on d14 were decreased, while results of group CCLR-P2 on d14 were increased. When comparing TNF-α concentration between all CCLR cases treated with NSAIDs and treated with PRP, there was a significant difference between those groups on d14 (p = 0.001). The results of TNF-α concentration indicates a significant difference between groups of differently treated PL-III on d28 (p = 0.036). Results of group PL-III1 indicate growth of TNF-α concentration, while at the same d28, results of group PL-III2 indicate decreased levels of cytokine, comparing results between the subgroups at the same time point and within subgroups from baseline. Results indicate a significant difference in muscle strength between group CCLR-P1 and group CCLR-P2 on d28 (p = 0.007), indicating an increment in muscle strength in group CCLR-P1 up to d14 and its reduction up to d28, and muscle strength of group CCLR-P2 increasing up to d28. When comparing the muscle strength between all CCLR cases treated with NSAIDs and treated with PRP, there was a significant difference between those groups on d28 (p = 0.007). In conclusion, a single intra-articular injection of PRP has a superior effect on management of inflammatory processes, has better clinical outcomes, and longer duration of action than oral NSAIDs, in the treatment of canine CCRL or PL.

When and how much does the muscle strength recover after arthroscopic superior capsular reconstruction?

Recently, arthroscopic superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) has been performed for irreparable large to massive rotator cuff tears and its excellent clinical results have also been reported. Although the muscle strength was reported to recover, it is not clarified yet when and how much it recovers. The purpose of this study was to determine the recovery pattern of muscle strength after SCR. Thirty-five patients (mean age: 65 years) who met the following inclusion criteria were retrospectively reviewed: 1) those with large to massive, irreparable tears of the rotator cuff including the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons; 2) those with severe muscle atrophy and fatty change; 3) those with their muscle quality and strength assessed by MRI and a dynamometer at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years; 4) those with a minimum follow-up of 2 years; and 5) those without severe osteoarthritis. The isometric muscle strength of scaption, internal and external rotation in adduction was measured twice for each motion by a dynamometer. Relative to the muscle strength of the uninvolved side, the involved side showed 61 ± 21% in scaption, 63 ± 20% in external rotation, and 103 ± 29% in internal rotation at 2 years after surgery. Whereas no significant differences were observed between 1-year and 2-year follow-ups, there was a significant difference in muscle strength of scaption between 6-months and 1-year (P = 0.0174). Graft retear was seen in 5 cases (14%). There was a trend that the muscle strength of scaption and external rotation in the no retear group was greater than that in the retear group despite no significant difference (P = 0.0717, P = 0.0824, respectively). The recovery of the muscle strength after SCR was observed until 1 year after surgery and the muscle strength of scaption and external rotation returned to 60% of the uninvolved side at 2 years.

Postural control among individuals with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A cross-sectional study of motor and sensory systems.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is considered a heterogenic syndrome with systemic effects, including muscle dysfunction. There is evidence of postural control impairments among individuals with COPD, partly related to muscle weakness. However, research is scarce regarding the other underlying systems of postural control, such as the visual, somatosensory and vestibular system. The aim was to compare postural control, as well as the motor and sensory systems, between individuals with and without COPD. Twenty-two participants with COPD (mean age 74.0 ±6.2 years) and 34 non-obstructive references (mean age 74.9 ±4.9 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. Postural control was assessed with center of pressure trajectory of postural sway in quiet as well as a limits of stability test, calculating mediolateral and anteroposterior amplitudes for each test. Assessment of function in the motor system included maximum hand grip strength, as well as maximum strength in muscles around the hip, knee and ankle joints. Visual acuity, pressure sensibility, proprioception, vestibular screening, and reaction time were also included. Data was compared between groups, and significant differences in postural control were further analyzed with an orthogonal projection of latent structures regression model. There was a significantly increased sway amplitude in the mediolateral direction in quiet stance on soft surface with eyes open (p = 0.014) as well as a smaller anteroposterior amplitude in the limits of stability test (p = 0.019) in the COPD group. Regression models revealed that the mediolateral amplitude was related to visual acuity and the burden of tobacco smoking assessed as pack-years. Further, muscle strength associated with anteroposterior amplitude in limits of stability test in the COPD group, and with age and ankle dorsal flexion strength among the referents. Besides for lower ankle plantar flexion strength in the COPD group, there were however no significant differences in muscle strength. Individuals with COPD had a decreased postural control and several factors were associated with the impairments. The findings imply that the burden of tobacco smoking and reduced visual acuity relate to increased postural sway in quiet stance, and that muscle weakness is related to decreased limits of stability, among individuals with COPD.

Effectiveness analysis of arthroscopic single/double-row suture techniques in repairing of moderate rotator cuff tears

To compare the early effectiveness of arthroscopic repair of moderate rotator cuff tears with single-row modified Mason-Allen technique and double-row suture bridge technique. The clinical data of 40 patients with moderate rotator cuff tears who met the selection criteria between January 2021 and May 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 20 cases were repaired with single-row modified Mason-Allen suture technique (single-row group) and 20 cases with double-row suture bridge technique (double-row group). There was no significant difference in gender, age, disease duration, rotator cuff tear size, and preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Constant-Murley score, and T2* value between the two groups ( P>0.05). The VAS score, Constant-Murley score (including subjective influence, pain, flexion, internal rotation, external rotation, abduction, and muscle strength score) were compared between the two groups before operation and at 6 weeks, 3, 6, and 12 months after operation. Functional MRI and ultrashort-echo-time (UTE)-T2* technique were performed to calculate T2* value and quantitatively evaluate the healing of rotator cuff tissue; and the healing of rotator cuff was evaluated by Sugaya classification at 12 months after operation. Patients in both groups were followed up 1 year. There was no complication such as muscle atrophy, joint stiffness, or postoperative rotator cuff tear. The intra-group comparison showed that the scores of pain, subjective influence, flexion, abduction, and muscle strength in Constant-Murley scores at each time point after operation in the two groups were significantly higher than those before operation, while VAS scores were significantly lower than those before operation ( P<0.05). Internal rotation, external rotation, and total score of Constant-Murley score in the two groups were lower at 6 weeks due to abduction immobilization within 6 weeks after operation, and gradually increased at 6 months after operation, with significant differences at 3, 6, and 12 months after operation when compared with those before operation and at 6 weeks after operation ( P<0.05). The T2* values of the two groups showed a downward trend over time, and there were significant differences between the two groups at other time points ( P<0.05), except that there was no significant difference between at 6 and 12 months after operation in the single-row group and between at 3, 6, and 12 months after operation in the double-row group ( P>0.05). The comparison between groups showed that the VAS score and T2* values of the double-row group were significantly lower than those of the single-row group at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after operation ( P<0.05). The scores of subjective influence, flexion, abduction, and internal rotation in the double-row group were significantly better than those in the single-row group at 6 weeks and 3 months after operation ( P<0.05), and the external rotation score and total score in the double-row group were significantly better than those in the single-row group at 3 months after operation ( P<0.05), but there was no significant difference at 6 and 12 months after operation ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in muscle strength and pain scores between the two groups at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after operation ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the results of Sugaya classification between the two groups at 12 months after operation ( Z=1.060, P=0.289). The effectiveness of arthroscopic repair of moderate rotator cuff tears with modified Mason-Allen technique and double-row suture bridge technique is satisfactory, but suture bridge technique is helpful to the early rehabilitation training of shoulder joint and the recovery of motor function of patients.

The Association between Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Dynapenia in Men Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background: Dynapenia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are common, especially in the middle and advanced-age diabetic male population. We aimed to examine the clinical features, NAFLD severity, and parameters associated with the presence of dynapenia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cases. Material and Methods: One hundred thirty-five male patients diagnosed with T2DM between 45 and 65 years of age were included. Patients were staged by ultrasonography according to NAFLD status. Results: There were significant differences in muscle strength, upper arm circumference, calf circumference, and up-and-go test scores between the mild-moderate-severe and non-NAFLD groups (p &lt; 0.001 for all). The frequency of dynapenia was lower, and arm and calf circumferences were higher in patients without NAFLD. The muscle strength, upper arm circumference, calf circumference, and up-and-go test scores were significantly lower in the dynapenic group compared to the non-dynapenic group (p &lt; 0.005 for all). The prevalence of dynapenia increased along with the increase in NAFLD stages (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: We detected a significant association between NAFLD and dynapenia in middle-aged men with T2DM. As muscle strength decreases, the amount of fat in the liver increases, and as the fat in the liver increases, muscle strength decreases.

Protocolo de tensão progressiva para força muscular com Kinesio tape em corredores - ensaio clínico randomizado duplo-cego

Abstract Introduction Kinesio tape (KT), although frequently used in sports, is still a matter of debate, and the results of studies that evaluated its effects on muscle strength (MS) in athletes are still inconclusive and contradictory. Objective To evaluate the effect of a progressive KT tension protocol on knee MS in runners over an eight-week intervention. Methods Clinical trial involving 49 runners of both sexes randomized into two groups: KT (KT with progressive tension protocol) and placebo (KT without tension). The MS of knee flexors and extensors was evaluated by isokinetic dynamometer (60º/s and 90º/s) at four moments: (1) without KT; (2) with KT and without tension; (3) without KT (after 8 weeks after of intervention); (4) with KT and with tension (after 8 weeks after of intervention). Inter- and intra-group comparisons were made. The significance level adopted was 95% (p &lt; 0.05). Results There were no significant differences in MS between the groups at any of the evaluated moments. There was a statistically significant difference in MS (60º/s) in both groups (KT and placebo) when comparing moments 4 and 2 for knee flexors, and in the placebo group between moments 4 and 2 and moments 4 and 3 for knee extensors. Conclusion The progressive tension protocol of KT was not able to intervene in the SM gain of knee flexors and extensors of runners in inter and intragroup comparisons.

PSAT101 Impaired Muscle Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion

Abstract Background Cushing syndrome (CS) is recognized to have multisystem morbidity, but data on the effect of mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS) are limited. We hypothesized that MACS is associated with impairments in objective measures of muscle strength and self-reported measures of physical and mental functioning. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort of patients with confirmed hypercortisolism enrolled between 8/01/2019 and 12/31/2021. MACS was defined as serum cortisol greater than 1.8 mcg/dL after the 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and lack of typical signs and symptoms of CS. Clinical outcomes were assessed prior to intervention. We measured hand grip strength with hand grip dynamometer and lower extremity muscle function with the chair rise test (number of sit-to-stands completed in 30 seconds). We assessed health-related quality of life with the Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire. Performance was reported using age- and sex-adjusted z-scores based on normative data from the USA population. Results A total of 81 patients with MACS (median age 55 years, 49% women) and 85 patients with CS (median age 48 years, 51% women—adrenal CS in 14, pituitary CS in 62, and ectopic CS in 9) were enrolled. In the MACS cohort, median cortisol following 1 mg DST was 3.4 µg/dL (IQR 2.6-5.7), DHEA-S 37.0 µg/dL (IQR 21.5-58.5), ACTH 8.1 pg/mL (IQR, 5.6-13.0; normal 10-60), and 24-hour urinary cortisol 25.0 µg/24h (IQR 15.8-43.3, normal &amp;lt;45). In the CS cohort, median cortisol following 1 mg DST was 11.2 µg/dL (IQR 5.1-15.3), 24-hour urinary cortisol 156.0 µg/24h (IQR 65.5-356.5), and late-night salivary cortisol 251.0 ng/dL (IQR 158.8-430.3; normal &amp;lt;100). Z-scores for hand grip strength (0.13 ± 1.1 vs. 0.07 ± 1.1, p=0.73) and chair rise test performance (-0.25 ± 1.3 vs. -0.39 ± 2.0, p=0.63) were similar between patients with MACS and those with CS. On the SF-36 questionnaire, z-scores for all subdomains were negative in both groups. Patients with CS had lower z-scores on physical functioning (-1.71 ± 1.38 vs. -0.97 ± 1.44, p=0.001), role-physical limitation (-1.75 ± 1.19 vs. -1.15 ± 1.17 p =0.002), general health (-1.54 ± 1.16 vs. -1.03 ± 1.07, p=0.004), social functioning (-1.59 ± 1.27 vs. -0.97 ± 1.28, p= 0.002), and vitality subdomains (-1.67 ± 0.87 vs. -1.28 ± 1.11, p=0.01), but similar physical and mental component summary scores compared to patients with MACS. Chair rise test performance correlated with physical but not mental component summary scores. Conclusions Patients with MACS have impaired chair rise test performance and health-related quality of life when compared to the general age and sex specific population. Remarkably, when compared to patients with CS, patients with MACS had no significant differences in muscle strength, SF-36 physical component summary score, or SF-36 mental component summary score. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m.

EFEITO DO TAI CHI SOBRE AS FUNÇÕES NEUROMUSCULARES NOS MEMBROS INFERIORES DOS IDOSOS

ABSTRACT Introduction: Exercise can retard the effects of aging and improve the physical function of the elderly. Tai Chi is a widespread exercise practice among the elderly in China. Although studies show the positive effects of Tai Chi practice, there is no consensus about compared studies. Objective: Evaluate the impact of regular Tai Chi exercise on neuromuscular stability in the lower limbs of elderly people, comparing the results of practitioners between sedentary and walking elderly groups. Methods: Twenty-two Tai Chi practitioners were selected, with a mean age of 59.3±3.5 years and a mean practice time of 18.4±13.2 years. This experiment mainly tests the balance ability compared to individuals practicing walking and other sedentary individuals. Results: The muscle strength of the knee flexors and extensors in the Tai Chi group was significantly greater than in the sedentary group (p=0.001 to 0.00160°/sec; P=0.002 to 60°/sec extensors; p=0.002 to 120°/sec; 120°/sec flexors, p=0.003). Similarly, there was a significant difference in muscle strength between the Tai Chi group and the walking group (the P values of the flexors and extensors at both speeds were less than 0.001). Conclusion: Tai Chi, as a regular exercise, can increase muscle strength of the general knee flexors and extensors and improve the neuromuscular stability of lower limbs in the elderly. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

Physical Functions among Children before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Longitudinal Observational Study (Stage 1).

One major impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s lifestyles is the lack of exercise owing to activity restrictions. However, information regarding the way in which physical functions among children decline under these circumstances remains scarce. In this study, we compared the physical functions and life habits among children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. The participants involved 40 children aged between 9–15 years (23 girls and 17 boys) who were examined medically both before and during the pandemic. The compared variables included muscle strength, static and dynamic balance functions, gait speed, body fat percentage, screen and sleep times, quality of life, and physical activity time. During the pandemic, compared to before the pandemic, children had lower levels of dynamic balance functions (p = 0.039), increased body fat percentages (p < 0.0001), longer screen time per day (p = 0.002), and shorter sleep time per day (p < 0.0001). Between the two periods, there were no significant differences in muscle strength, static balance functions, gait speed, quality of life, and physical activity time. The activity restrictions imposed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affect dynamic balance functions, body-fat levels, and life habits among children.

8주간의 소도구 이용 근력운동이 고령 남성 농업인의 근력, 동적 평형성 및 보행 능력에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in muscle strength, dynamic balance, and gait ability of elderly male farmer by applying an hand-props exercise for 8 weeks. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups, exercise group(n=15), control group(n=16). Exercise was performed for 60min/day with three times for 8 weeks. Measurement variables were muscle strength(grip strength), muscle endurance(30sec chair stand), dynamic balance(3m tandem walking, 3m backward walking, and 3m up and go), and gait ability(4m walking speed, 10m walking, and, 400m walking). As a results of the study, there were significant difference in muscle strength(p&lt;.001) and muscle endurance(p&lt;.001). In the case of dynamic balance, it was significantly difference in time(p&lt;.01) and interaction(p&lt;.05) on tandem walking. And there was a significantly difference in time(p&lt;.01) on 3m up and go. There was no significant difference in 4m walking speed, however, in 10m walking(p&lt;.001) and 400m walking(p&lt;.001) were a significantly difference between time and group. In conclusion, hand-props exercise with elastic band and swiss ball for 8 weeks has significantly effect on the muscle strength, dynamic balance, and walking ability of elderly male farmer, therefore, it is considered an effective exercise method for improving the health of elderly male farmer.&#x0D;

Effect of mirror therapy on upper extremity functional and motor skills among patients with chronic stroke

Background: Mirror therapy is one of the cognitive-induced interventions based on mirror neurons on neurologic grounds. Aim: to evaluate the effect of mirror therapy on upper extremity functional and motor skills among chronic stroke patients. Design: a quasi-experimental design (pre/post-test). Setting: The study was conducted at Egypt of Health care Authority, Port Said hospitals ICU departments. Subjects: All patients (50) with chronic stroke who were admitted to the previously mentioned settings at the time of data collection, which was chosen using a convenient sampling technique. Tools: Three tools were used for data collection: Tool 1: Structured interview questionnaire; Tool 2: Fugl-Meyer assessment, lower limb function (FMA); Tool 3: Brunnstrom stages, Tool 4: Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Tool 5: Modified Ashworth Scale. Results: The results of the study illustrated that the mirror therapy group showed significant differences in muscle strength, range of motion of wrist extension, and muscle tone of wrist flexors in the post-test compared to the pre-test as demonstrated by the Dualer IQ Inclinometer and Modified Ashworth Scale. (p&lt;0.05).

Acupuncture-related treatments improve cognitive and physical functions in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Objective To determine acupuncture-related treatments’ effects and duration on improving cognitive function, physical function, and quality of life in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Data sources Eight electronic databases were searched for eligible randomized controlled trials from database inception to January 2021, including Medline, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane, Airiti Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and China Journal Full-text Database. Review methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on acupuncture types, cognitive function, activity of daily life, muscle strength and quality of life. Results Sixty-six studies in total with 4191 participants, the overall risk of bias was classified 60% as low and 24% as high. Acupuncture-related treatments for cognitive function and self-care ability revealed a moderate effect size, with a significant difference in noninvasive and invasive remedies (p < 0.001). Cognitive function showed significant differences in 6, 8, 12, and 24 weeks while self-care ability in the latter two weeks (p < 0.001). Meta-regression analysis showed cognitive function increased by 0.05 points (p = 0.002) and self-care ability decreased by 0.02 points (p = 0.04) after weekly treatment. There was a significant difference in muscle strength (p = 0.0003). Conclusion Acupuncture-related treatments effectively improved cognitive function with the treatment lasted 6 weeks at least, but self-care ability started showing effects after 12 weeks of treatment. The improvement of muscle strength was also confirmed. Acupuncture-related treatments, particularly noninvasive ones, have few complications and high safety, perhaps providing patients and caregivers diversified choices and clinical care guidelines for reference.

Investigation of the Effect of Nutritional Supplementation with Whey Protein and Vitamin D on Muscle Mass and Muscle Quality in Subacute Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Patients: A Randomized, Single-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial

In post-stroke hemiparesis patients, the skeletal muscle mass decrease rapidly with the histological degradation. We investigated the effect of nutritional supplementation with whey protein and vitamin D on the muscle mass and muscle quality, in post-stroke convalescent rehabilitation patients in a randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Fifty patients were randomly assigned to two groups; HP group received supplemental jelly (100 kcal; whey protein 10 g; vitamin D 20 μg) twice a day throughout up to 16-week period, the control group received placebo jelly. Cross-sectional area (CSA) of thigh muscle, skeletal muscle index (SMI), muscle strength, activity of daily living (ADL), and some nutritional indicators in blood were measured. Although no significant difference was observed in CSA and SMI between the groups, fat infiltration into the thighs muscle was singnificantly lower in the HP group. There were no significant difference in muscle strength and ADL between the groups. Blood urea nitrogen and serum 25(OH)D at endpoint were significantly higher in the HP group but physiological normal ranges. Supplementation with whey protein and vitamin D in post-stroke patients led to suppression of fat infiltration into the muscle. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to verify whether this nutritional intervention provides substantial benefits for the prognosis of stroke survivors.

중년여성의 12주간 수영참여가 건강체력, 혈중지질 및 스트레스호르몬에 미치는 영향

In this study, swimming was performed for 12 weeks, 3 times a week, once for 60 minutes for normal middle-aged women living in P city. Health physical fitness, blood lipid and stress hormone were measured and analyzed using SPSS Ver.21.0 statistical program. The result was as follows.<BR> 1. Within the group, muscle endurance, flexibility, and lean mass significantly increased and body fat percentage significantly decreased in the exercise group. There was no significant difference in muscle strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance, body fat percentage, and lean mass in the control group. There was no significant difference in all items between groups.<BR> 2. Within the group, there were no significant differences in all items in the exercise group. In the control group, only high-density lipoprotein cholesterol showed a significant decrease, and there was no significant difference in total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. <BR> 3. Within the group, there was no significant difference in both the exercise group and the control group, and there was no significant difference in all items between groups.<BR> Summarizing the above results, regular swimming exercise had a significant effect on health, but did not significantly effect on blood lipids and stress hormones. Regular and continuous aerobic exercise, such as swimming, proper personal fitness level, has a positive effect on preventing the increase of blood lipids and stress hormones. In the future, it is expected that many follow-up studies on changes in blood lipids and stress hormones will be studied for safe and systematic exercise intensity setting.

Swimming Training Evaluation Method Based on Convolutional Neural Network

By investigating the status quo of the swimming training market in a certain area, we can obtain information on the current development of the swimming training market in a certain area and study the laws of the development of the market so as to provide a theoretical basis for the development of the market. This paper designs an evaluation algorithm suitable for swimming training based on the improved AlexNet network. The algorithm model uses a 3 × 3 size convolution kernel to extract features, and the pooling layer uses a nonoverlapping pooling strategy. In order to accelerate the network convergence, the model introduces batch normalization technology. The algorithm uses data augmentation technology to expand the data set, including rotation and random erasure, to a certain extent alleviating the problem of overfitting. The results of the study showed that there were no significant differences in fat, minerals, protein, body mass index, basal metabolic rate, and total energy expenditure in the body composition ratios of children in the convolutional neural network assessment group and the control group, while muscle and total body water were not significantly different. However, there are significant differences in fat-free body weight and muscle strength of various segments of the body, among which there are very significant differences in muscle strength of lower limbs in each segment of the body. There were no significant differences in minerals, body mass index, basal metabolic rate, total energy expenditure, and lower limb muscle strength in the body composition ratios of men and women in the convolutional neural network assessment group. There are significant differences in body weight, upper limb muscle strength, and trunk muscle strength. There were no significant differences in the proportions of body composition between men and women in the control group, except for fat and protein.

12주간 수중 밴드 운동프로그램 참여가 여성 노인의 근력, 유연성, 우울감에 미치는 영향

Purpose: This study is conducted to identify the effects of underwater resistance exercise using elastic bands on muscle strength, flexibility, and psychological depression in elderly women.<BR> Method: The subjects of the study were divided into aquatic band exercise group (n=8), aquatic exercise group (n=8), and control group (n=8). Muscle strength, flexibility, and psychological depression were measured according to participation in exercise for 12 weeks. The difference between groups was identified through the analysis of repeated measured one-way ANOVA, and the post-hoc was using LSD.<BR> Results: The results are as follows. 1. Aquatic band exercise group showed a significant difference in muscle strength at the peak torque and total work of 90°/sec knee joint flexion compared to the aquatic exercise group and control group. 2. Aquatic band exercise group showed a significant difference inflexibility compared to the aquatic exercise group and control group. 3. Aquatic band exercise group showed a significant difference in psychological depression compared to the aquatic exercise group and control group. <BR> Conclusion: In summary, Aquatic band exercises are effective in improving the muscle strength and flexibility of the elderly woman. Psychological depression is also reduced, which was found to be effective in improving the quality of life.

Determinants of High-Dose Insulin Usage and Upper Extremity Muscle Strength in Adult Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

ObjectivesIn this study, we aimed to determine the association between upper extremity muscle strength and insulin dose in patients with type 2 diabetes. MethodsA total of 236 patients with type 2 diabetes under insulin treatment for at least 1 year were included in this cross-sectional study. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on their total daily insulin dose (TDID): group 1, TDID >2 U/kg/day or >200 units/day; group 2, TDID 1 to 2 U/kg/day or 51 to 199 U/day; and group 3, TDID <0.5 U/kg/day or 50 U/day. High-dose insulin use was defined as total daily insulin dose >2 U/kg or >200 U/day. Muscle strength was measured using a handgrip dynamometer. ResultsHigh-dose insulin users were younger and had higher measures of generalized and central obesity and glycated hemoglobin. There was no significant difference in muscle strength between the groups. Low muscle strength was seen in 26.7% of all patients. Patients with low muscle strength were older, had lower insulin dose treatment and had better glycemic control than patients with normal muscle strength. Handgrip strength was inversely correlated with age, body mass index and duration of diabetes, but not with TDID. ConclusionsPatients with type 2 diabetes with high-dose insulin use had similar upper extremity muscle strength measurements with standard-dose insulin users. Studies with more patients are needed to determine the relationship between muscle mass, muscle strength and high-dose insulin use.