Significant Decrease In Respiratory Rate Research Articles

Exploring diaphragmatic response to high-flow nasal cannula in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia using ultrasound: a proof of concept study.

Recent studies have highlighted the recognition of diaphragmatic dysfunction as a significant factor contributing to respiratory disturbances in severely ill COVID-19 patients. In the field of noninvasive respiratory support, high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has shown effectiveness in relieving diaphragm dysfunction. This study aims to investigate the diaphragmatic response to HFNC in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia by utilizing ultrasound. This retrospective study was conducted in a medical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU) at a tertiary care center in Buenos Aires, Argentina (Sanatorio de Los Arcos) over a 16-month period (January 2021-June 2022). The study included patients admitted to the ICU with a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia who were deemed suitable candidates for HFNC therapy by the attending physician. Diaphragm ultrasound was conducted, measuring diaphragmatic excursion (DE) both before and during the utilization of HFNC for these patients. A total of 10 patients were included in the study. A statistically significant decrease in respiratory rate was observed with the use of HFNC (p = 0.02), accompanied by a significant increase in DE (p = 0.04). HFNC leads to a reduction in respiratory rate and an increase in DE as observed by ultrasound in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, indicating promising enhancements in respiratory mechanics. However, further research is required to validate these findings.

Predictive value of invasive mechanical ventilation parameters for mortality in COVID-19 related ARDS: a retrospective cohort study

The 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) can generate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), requiring advanced management within the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) using invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV However, managing this phenomenon has seen learning and improvements through direct experience. Therefore, this study aims were to describe the assessment of the different IMV variables in patients with post-COVID-19 hospitalized in the ICU and their relation with mortality. Observational and retrospective study. The sample was divided into two, the surviving group (SG) and the non-surviving group (NSG). Clinical data were extracted from the electronic clinical file and the respiratory therapist record sheet. The following information was obtained: Patient medical history: gender, age, co-morbidities, arterial gases, days on IMV, and IMV parameters. Out of a total of 101 patients, the total mortality was 32%. There was a significant decrease in respiratory rate (RR) (29.12 ± 4.24–26.78 ± 3.59, p = 0.006), Driving pressure (DP) (11.33 ± 2.39–9.67 ± 1.84, p = 0.002), Ventilatory rate (VR) (2.26 ± 0.66–1.89 ± 0.45, p = 0.001) and a significant rise in Static compliance (Cest) (35.49 ± 8.64–41.45 ± 9.62, p = 0.003) and relation between Arterial oxygen pressure/Inspirated oxygen fraction (PaO2/FiO2) (201.5 ± 53.98- 227.8 ± 52.11, p = 0.008) after 72 h of IMV, within the NSG compared to the SG. Apart from these points, multi-morbidity (HR = 3.208, p = 0.010) and DP (HR = 1.228, p = 0.030) and VR variables (HR = 2.267, p = 0.027) had more death probabilities. The results of this study indicate that there was a significant increase in RR, DP, VR, and CO2 and a significant drop in Cest and PaO2/FiO2 among the NSG compared with the SG. Apart from this, the DP and VR variables, multi-morbidity and being male. have more possibility of death.

Effect of Right Nostril Breathing on Cardiorespiratory Parameters and Reaction Time in Young, Healthy Humans: An Interventional Study.

Yogic breathing helps in reduction of stress and strain in the body. Right and left nostril breathings (RNB and LNB, respectively) have different effects on cardiorespiratory parameters. The study was performed to examine the effect of RNB exercise on cardiorespiratory parameters and reaction time in young, healthy human volunteers. In this prospective, interventional study, 110 young healthy volunteers underwent systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (RR), vital capacity (VC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and reaction time (RT) examination before and after 2 weeks of performing 45 min of RNB exercise daily. There was notable increment in SBP (113.39 ± 17.72 vs. 117.74 ± 10.83 mmHg, P = 0.002) and DBP (67.64 ± 10.32 vs. 71.27 ± 8.68 mmHg, P = 0.002). PR increased nonsignificantly (86.44 ± 12.65/min vs. 87.32 ± 13.43/min, P = 0.476). Significant decrease in RR (14.40 ± 2.48/min vs. 12.31 ± 2.23/min, P < 0.0001) was observed. VC (3.57 ± 0.57 vs. 3.82 ± 0.55 L/min, P < 0.0001) and PEFR (441.36 ± 50.22 vs. 468.91 ± 53.66 L/min, P < 0.0001) also increased significantly. Substantial reduction in auditory reaction time (ART) (165.58 ± 32.18 vs. 147.42 ± 23.39 ms, P < 0.0001) and visual reaction time (VRT) (191.04 ± 37.94 vs. 165.86 ± 28.74 ms, P < 0.0001) was seen. After engaging in cardiorespiratory exercise, the maximal heart rate (MHR) remained unchanged (P = 0.929). RNB results in increase in blood pressure, heart rate, VC, and PEFR and decrease in ART and VRT. Further studies in patients with cardiorespiratory diseases are necessary to understand its clinical utility.

Comparison of Changes in Chest Wall Mechanics and Respiratory Timing Between Patient-Controlled Epidural Analgesia and Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia After Laparoscopic Gastrectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Upper abdominal surgery is associated with postoperative diaphragmatic dysfunction. Whether patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) is superior to intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) in preventing postoperative diaphragmatic dysfunction is still unclear in laparoscopic gastric surgery. Sixteen patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrectomy randomly received either PCEA or IV-PCA. The primary outcomes were the change in chest wall mechanics and respiratory timing, measured by respiratory inductive plethysmography(Respitrace; Ambulatory Monitoring Inc., Ardsley, New York, United States) before and after surgery, and analyzed by a data acquisition system (PowerLab; ADInstruments, Dunedin, New Zealand). Inspiratory time (Ti), expiratory time (Te), total respiratory cycle time (Ttot), proportion of inspiratory time over total respiratory cycle time (Ti/Ttot), respiratory rate (RR), and abdominal contribution to tidal volume (AB/VT [%]) were calculated from the stored data. AB/VT, relative volume contribution of diaphragm to tidal breathing, represents an index of diaphragmatic function.Because the diaphragm is the main contributor to tidal volume, decreases in AB/VT indicate diaphragm dysfunction. Changes in outcomes over time between the two groups were analyzed using a linear mixed model, and two-sided p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The secondary outcomes were postoperative pain score(visual analog scale (VAS)), bowel function recovery, and hospital stay duration. Postoperative AB/VT in the IV-PCA group was significantly decreased compared to preoperative levels. AB/VT in the PCEA group was significantly higher than the IV-PCA group on postoperative day (POD) 1. Change in AB/VT over time between the PCEA group and the IV-PCA group differed significantly (p = 0.01). A decrease of AB/VT during POD 1 to 3 was observed in the IV-PCA group but not in the PCEA group. As for respiratory timing, there were significant increases in RR with a reduction of Te and Ttot compared to preoperative levels on POD 1 in the PCEA group. There were significant decreases in RR and Ti/Ttot with an increase of Te and Ttot compared to preoperative levels on POD 1 in the IV-PCA group. There was a significant difference in the change of the Ttot over time between the two groups (p = 0.046). There were no significant differences in the changes of Te, Ti/Ttot, Ti, and RR over time between the two groups. There was no significant difference in VAS over time at rest and mobilization, recovery of bowel function, and hospital stay between the two groups. Continuous ropivacaine infusion with PCEA partially attenuated diaphragmatic dysfunction after laparoscopic gastrectomy, while pain relief by continuous intravenous administration of fentanyl could not attenuate diaphragmatic dysfunction. This suggests that PCEA might ameliorate postoperative diaphragmatic dysfunction after laparoscopic gastrectomy.

Respiratory simulators and halotherapy in rehabilitation of patients with chronic respiratory diseases

Respiratory diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity, temporary disability, and mortality of the population. The purpose of the study: to assess the efficacy of the combined sequential effect of the Universal-2011 respiratory massage simulator and halotherapy in the complex treatment and rehabilitation of patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Materials and methods. The study involved 60 patients aged 32 to 64 with chronic respiratory diseases beyond the acute stage, with respiratory failure of 0-1 degrees. All patients were divided by randomization into two groups: the main group (32 people) and the comparison group (28 people). The patients of both groups underwent clinical examination, saccharin test, and spirography, and the quality of life was assessed using the COPD assessment test (CAT). The patients of the main group were trained under conditions of hypoxia and hypercapnia with the Universal-2011 breathing simulator followed by a session of halotherapy. The patients of the comparison group received only halotherapy sessions according to the same methodology and parameters. The course of treatment included 10 procedures. As a result of the treatment, a statistically significant decrease in respiratory rate was noted in the main group in relation to the comparison group. Only in the main group, there was a significant increase in VC, FEV1, peak expiratory flow rate, and peak inspiratory flow rate. According to the CAT, all patients noted an improvement in their general condition, however, in the main group it was more significant, and the disease had a negligible effect on the patients’ lives, while in the comparison group it remained moderate. Conclusions. The proposed technique with the consistent use of the Universal-2011 breathing simulator and the halotherapy procedure can be included in the treatment and rehabilitation complex of patients with chronic respiratory diseases.

Cardiopulmonary Functions in Dogs under Propofol, Ketamine and Isoflurane Anaesthesia Premedicated with Glycopyrrolate, Dexmedetomidine and Butorphanol

Background: The study was conducted to evaluate the cardiopulmonary functions in dog under propofol, ketamine and isoflurane anaesthesia premedicated with dexmedetomidine and butorphanol.Methods: Four groups of dogs (A,B,C and D) comprising of six animals in each groups were premedicated with glycopyrrolate @ 0.01 mg/kg, dexmedetomidine @5ìg/kg IV and Butorphanol @ 0.1mg/kg IV. Induction was done with propofol (A and B) and with ketamine (C and D). The anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane (A and C), propofol (B) and ketamine (D). The cardiopulmonary functions were recorded at 0 minute (before premedication) and 20 minutes, 40 minutes and 60 minutes. Result: The heart rate decreased significantly in Group B while there was a significant gradual increase in heart rate in Group D. A significant decrease in respiratory rate was observed in all the groups with a lowest value in group D. The systolic pressure decreased significantly in Group A, B and C but in Group D, the systolic pressure decreased initially at 20 minute. The diastolic pressure decreased significantly in Group A and Group B and but in group D, the diastolic pressure decreased at 20 minute. A significant decrease in mean arterial pressure was recorded in Group A, B and C. In Group D, a decrease in the mean arterial pressure was noticed at 20 minute. The SpO2 level remained near the base line values with slight variation in Group A and C where as the values remained at lower level from the base line value in Group B and D. The EtCO2 level showed non-significant changes in Group A and C. In Group B and D, the EtCO2 levels increased non-significantly with the highest value recorded in Group D. The ECG parameters remained within the normal limit with slight variation according to the heart rate.

Immediate effect of Chest Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation on Respiratory Rate, Chest Expansion and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background: In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), as result of dynamic hyperinflation, primary respiratory muscles go into weakness and length tension relationship of muscles is altered. This leads to decreased ability of primary respiratory muscles to generate muscle tension. COPD patients mostly use accessory muscle for breathing and there is lack of facilitation of intercostal muscle and weakness of diaphragm. Few studies are conducted to assess the immediate effect of Chest Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) i.e. intercostal stretch among COPD patients. Therefore, there is need to find out immediate effect of chest PNF- intercostal stretch on respiratory rate (RR), chest expansion, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) among patient with COPD. Objective: To find out immediate effect chest PNF on respiratory rate, chest expansion and peak expiratory flow rate. Methodology: Ethical clearance and participant consent was taken. Study design was Qausi experimental study. The 65 subjects were taken by convenient sampling. Intercostal stretch was applied over 2nd and 3rd rib bilaterally for 10 breaths with 1 minute rest with a 10 repetitions and Outcome measures were assessed before and immediately after giving chest PNF. SPSS 16 software was used to analyse the data. The normality of the data was assessed using parametric paired t test. Significance level was set at 0.05 and 95% Confidence Interval. Outcome Measures: Respiratory rate, Chest expansion, Peak expiratory flow rate. Result: Immediate effect of chest PNF showed that there was statistically significant increase in PEFR and chest expansion at three level (P=0.000) and there was statistically significant decrease in RR (P=0.000). Conclusion: There is immediate effect of Chest PNF- intercostal stretch on, Respiratory rate, Chest expansion at three level that is axillary, nipple and xiphisternal and Peak expiratory flow rate. It is an easy to use, less time consuming, easy to understand and cost effective technique. KEY WORDS: Chest PNF, intercostal stretch, COPD.

SEDATIVE, CARDIORESPIRATORY, AND THERMOREGULATORY EFFECTS OF ALFAXALONE ON BUDGERIGARS (MELOPSITTACUS UNDULATUS).

Alfaxalone is a neurosteroid anesthetic agent that has been extensively used in both human and veterinary medicine for more than 50 yr. Previous studies involving avian species demonstrated various dose ranges and multiple routes of administration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term sedative, cardiorespiratory, and thermoregulatory effects of an intramuscular injection of alfaxalone on budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). A crossover study was performed with a sample size of 10 male budgerigars, previously determined to be healthy based on physical examination. Alfaxalone was administered intramuscularly at two doses: 15 and 20 mg/kg. The lower dose resulted in mild to moderate sedation for 29 ± 5 min, whereas the higher dose resulted in moderate to profound sedation for 29 ± 7 min. A statistically significant decrease in heart rate was observed 2 min after administration of alfaxalone at 15 mg/kg; however, this finding was noted to be transient. A statistically significant decrease in respiratory rate was observed at 6 and 10 min after injection in both groups. Cloacal temperature measurement with a digital thermometer and eye temperature calculated from thermographic images demonstrated a decrease in body temperature over time but was not found to be statistically significant. Intramuscular use of alfaxalone proved to provide short-term sedation in budgerigars, with statistically significant but clinically mild cardiorespiratory effects. Due to a significant decrease in body temperature, active warming is recommended when using alfaxalone in budgerigars.

Aeration changes induced by high flow nasal cannula are more homogeneous than those generated by non-invasive ventilation in healthy subjects

BackgroundNon-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) is a standard respiratory support technique used in intensive care units. High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) has emerged as an alternative, but further evidence is needed. The lung aeration and diaphragm changes achieved with these two strategies in healthy subjects have not been compared to date. MethodsTwenty healthy subjects were recruited. Ten were ventilated with NIV and ten underwent HFNC. Lung impedance and diaphragmatic ultrasound measurements were performed before and after 30 min of respiratory support. The Mar-index was defined as the ratio of the diaphragm excursion-time index to the respiratory rate. ResultsBoth groups showed significant decreases in respiratory rate (NIV: 14.4 (4.1) vs 10.4 (1.6), p = 0.009; HFNC: 13.6 (4.3) vs 7.9 (1.5) bpm, p = 0.002) and significant increases in the end-expiratory lung impedance (EELI) (NIV: 66,348(10,761) vs. 73,697 (6858), p = 0.005; HFNC: 66,252 (9793) vs 69,869 (9135), p = 0.012). NIV subjects showed a significant increase in non-dependent silent spaces (4.13 (2.25) vs 5.81 (1.49)%, p = 0.037) while the increase was more homogeneous with HFNC. The variation in EELI tended to be higher in NIV than in HFNC (8137.08 (6152.04) vs 3616.94 (3623.03), p = 0.077). The Mar-index was higher in HFNC group (13.15 vs 5.27 cm-sec2/bpm, p = 0.02). ConclusionsNIV and HFNC increased EELI in healthy subjects, suggesting an increase in the functional residual capacity. The EELI increase may be higher in NIV, but HFNC produced a more homogeneous change in lung ventilation. HFNC group has a higher MAR-index that could reflect a different ventilatory system adaptation.

INTRAVENOUS ALFAXALONE ANAESTHESIA IN LEOPARD GECKOS (EUBLEPHARIS MACULARIUS)

Intravenous alfaxalone, administered at a dose of 5mg/kg in the jugular vein, was evaluated in 20 leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) to ascertain its ability to provide anesthesia. The induction time, time to loss of mandibular tone, interval of deep anesthesia, and full recovery time were 27.5 ± 30.7seconds (10 to 56seconds), 1.3 ± 1.4minutes (11 seconds to 4 minutes), 12.5 ± 2.2minutes (11.11 to 15.39minutes), and 18.8 ± 12.1minutes (10.4 to 52.31minutes), respectively. A significant reduction in heart rate (74 ± 12.9 beats/minute) was recorded between 2 and 24minutes after alfaxalone administration. A significant decrease in respiratory rate (26.8 ± 10.1 breaths/minute) was recorded 2minutes after alfaxalone administration, and respiratory rate remained lower than the basal rate (31.4 ± 3.1 breaths/minute) for 24minutes but without statistical significance. The intravenous administration of alfaxalone in leopard geckos achieved a rapid onset of anesthesia and a suitable recovery time. Based on this investigation, an afaxalone dose of 5 mg/kg intravenously proved to be suitable for sedation before tracheal intubation. Moreover, the administration route via the jugular vein, was acceptable in leopard geckos; a species in which other venipuncture sites can be challenging or inaccessible.

Effects of dexmedetomidine combined with commonly administered opioids on clinical variables in dogs.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate cardiopulmonary, sedative, and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine combined with commonly administered opioids in dogs. ANIMALS 8 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES Dogs were sedated by IM administration of each of 7 treatments. Treatments comprised dexmedetomidine (0.01 mg/kg; Dex) and the same dose of dexmedetomidine plus butorphanol (0.15 mg/kg; Dex-But), meperidine (5 mg/kg; Dex-Mep), methadone (0.5 mg/kg; Dex-Meth), morphine (0.5 mg/kg; Dex-Mor), nalbuphine (0.5 mg/kg; Dex-Nal), or tramadol (5 mg/kg; Dex-Tram). Cardiorespiratory and arterial blood gas variables and sedative and antinociceptive scores were measured before drug injection (time 0; baseline) and at 15-minute intervals for 120 minutes. RESULTS Heart rate was reduced at all time points after injection of Dex-But, Dex-Mep, Dex-Meth, and Dex-Mor treatments. There was a significant reduction of mean arterial blood pressure for Dex-But, Dex-Mep, and Dex-Mor treatments at all time points, compared with baseline. There was a significant decrease in respiratory rate, compared with the baseline value, for Dex, Dex-But, Dex-Meth, and Dex-Tram treatments from 15 to 120 minutes. A significant decrease in arterial blood pH was detected from baseline to 120 minutes for all treatments, with differences among Dex, Dex-Mep, and Dex-Mor. Reduction in Pao2 was greater for the Dex-Mep treatment than for the other treatments. The highest sedation scores were detected for Dex-Mep and Dex-Meth treatments. Antinociceptive effects were superior for Dex-But, Dex-Meth, Dex-Mor, and Dex-Nal treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Drug combinations caused similar cardiorespiratory changes, with greater sedative effects for Dex-Mep and Dex-Meth and superior antinociceptive effects for Dex-But, Dex-Meth, Dex-Mor, and Dex-Nal.

Influence of the prone position on a stretcher for pregnant women on maternal and fetal hemodynamic parameters and comfort in pregnancy

OBJECTIVES:To analyze the influence of lying in prone position on a specially designed stretcher on the maternal-fetal hemodynamic parameters and comfort of pregnant women.METHODS:A randomized, controlled trial with 33 pregnant women divided into 2 groups: pregnant group sequence 1 and pregnant group sequence 2. The order of positions used in sequence 1 was Fowler’s position, prone position, supine position, left lateral, Fowler’s position 2, supine position 2, prone position 2 and left lateral 2. The order of positions used in sequence 2 was Fowler’s position, prone position, left lateral, supine position, Fowler’s position 2, left lateral 2, prone position 2 and supine position 2. Each woman remained in each position for 6 minutes. For the statistical analyses, we used Wilcoxon’s test for 2 paired samples when comparing the prone position with the other positions. The variables are presented in graphs showing the means and 95% confidence intervals. Trial Registration: Clinical Trial No. ISRCTN41359519RESULTS:All the parameters were within the standards of normality. There were no differences between positions in terms of maternal heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, oxygen saturation and fetal heart rate. However, there were significant decreases in respiratory rate and systolic blood pressure in prone position 2 compared with left lateral 2. There was an increase in oxygen saturation in prone position compared with Fowler’s position and supine position 2 in both sequences. All the women reported feeling comfortable in the prone position.CONCLUSIONS:The prone position was considered safe and comfortable and could be advantageous for improving oxygen saturation and reducing the systolic blood pressure and respiratory rate.

Music intervention during daily weaning trials—A 6 day prospective randomized crossover trial

PurposeTo examine the effect of patient-selected music intervention during daily weaning trials for patients on prolonged mechanical ventilation. MethodsUsing a crossover repeated measures design, patients were randomized to music vs no music on the first intervention day. Provision of music was alternated for 6 days, resulting in 3 music and 3 no music days. During weaning trials on music days, data were obtained for 30min prior to music listening and continued for 60min while patients listened to selected music (total 90min). On no music days, data were collected for 90min. Outcome measures were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), blood pressure (BP), dyspnea and anxiety assessed with a visual analog scale (VAS-D, VAS-A) and weaning duration (meanh per day on music and non-music days). ResultsOf 31 patients randomized, 23 completed the 6-day intervention. When comparisons were made between the 3 music and 3 no music days, there were significant decreases in RR and VAS-D and a significant increase in daily weaning duration on music days (p<0.05). A multivariate mixed-effects model analysis that included patients who completed ≥2 days of the intervention (n=28) demonstrated significant decreases in HR, RR, VAS-A, and VAS-D and a significant increase in daily weaning duration on music days (p<0.05). ConclusionsProviding patient selected music during daily weaning trials is a simple, low-cost, potentially beneficial intervention for patients on prolonged mechanical ventilation. Further study is indicated to test ability of this intervention to promote weaning success and benefits earlier in the weaning process.

The efficacy of nebulized magnesium sulfate alone and in combination with salbutamol in acute asthma.

ObjectiveEvaluation of the efficacy of nebulized magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) alone and in combination with salbutamol in acute asthma.MethodsA double-blind randomized controlled study was conducted in Chest and Emergency Departments. Thirty patients of acute attack of bronchial asthma were randomized into three groups: MgSO4 nebulization (group A), salbutamol nebulization (group B), and their combination (group C). All patients were monitored before and after nebulization (each 20 minutes) for peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), blood pressure, pulsus paradoxus, oxygen saturation, clinical examination, and Fischl index.ResultsA highly significant improvement in PEFR, PEFR percentage, and Fischl index and significant decrease in RR and HR was observed in all groups. A similar improvement in PEFR was observed in group A and group B (P=0.389). The difference in peak expiratory flow (PEF) improvement was insignificant between group B and group C (P=0.101), while there was a significant difference between group A and group C (P=0.014) in favor of group C.ConclusionNebulized MgSO4 alone or combined with salbutamol has a clinically significant bronchodilator effect in acute asthma and leads to clinical improvement, increase in PEFR, reduction in HR, and reduction in RR. The response to nebulized MgSO4 alone (PEFR improvement 54±35.6 L/min, P=0.001) is comparable (P=0.389) to that of nebulized salbutamol (PEFR improvement 67.0±41.9 L/min, P=0.001) and is significantly less than (P=0.014) that of nebulized combination (PEFR improvement 92.0±26.9 L/min, P=0.000).

Evaluating Postoperative Parameters in Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) Following Routine Orchiectomy

The goals of this study were to evaluate changes in gastrointestinal parameters, physiologic variables, and electronic von Frey (EVF) mechanical thresholds following routine orchiectomy to determine if these parameters can serve as appropriate, repeatable criteria to monitor postoperative changes in guinea pigs. A randomized, double-blinded study was performed with 14 intact male guinea pigs. All guinea pigs underwent routine orchiectomy and were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 postoperative treatment groups. Each guinea pig received meloxicam 0.5mg/kg subcutaneously and buprenorphine 0.03mg/kg subcutaneously immediately following surgery. They were then administered either: meloxicam 0.5mg/kg subcutaneously at 24 and 48 hours postoperatively (meloxicam group) or saline subcutaneously at 24 and 48 hours postoperatively (control group). Basic physiologic parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and body weight), urine and fecal output, food and water consumption, and EVF mechanical thresholds around incision sites were recorded for 48 hours preoperatively and postoperatively. Significant increases in heart rate and rectal temperature and significant decreases in respiratory rate, body weight, and EVF mechanical thresholds were identified postoperatively in both treatment groups. Significant decreases in consumption were noted postoperatively in both treatment groups, but no change in fecal or urine output was identified. Most of these values were easily obtained and showed significant changes from preoperative values in both study groups.

Catecholaminergic neurons projecting to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus are essential for cardiorespiratory adjustments to hypoxia.

Brainstem catecholamine neurons modulate sensory information and participate in control of cardiorespiratory function. These neurons have multiple projections, including to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which contributes to cardiorespiratory and neuroendocrine responses to hypoxia. We have shown that PVN-projecting catecholaminergic neurons are activated by hypoxia, but the function of these neurons is not known. To test the hypothesis that PVN-projecting catecholamine neurons participate in responses to respiratory challenges, we injected IgG saporin (control; n = 6) or anti-dopamine β-hydroxylase saporin (DSAP; n = 6) into the PVN to retrogradely lesion catecholamine neurons projecting to the PVN. After 2 wk, respiratory measurements (plethysmography) were made in awake rats during normoxia, increasing intensities of hypoxia (12, 10, and 8% O2) and hypercapnia (5% CO2-95% O2). DSAP decreased the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive terminals in PVN and cells counted in ventrolateral medulla (VLM; -37%) and nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS; -36%). DSAP produced a small but significant decrease in respiratory rate at baseline (during normoxia) and at all intensities of hypoxia. Tidal volume and minute ventilation (VE) index also were impaired at higher hypoxic intensities (10-8% O2; e.g., VE at 8% O2: IgG = 181 ± 22, DSAP = 91 ± 4 arbitrary units). Depressed ventilation in DSAP rats was associated with significantly lower arterial O2 saturation at all hypoxic intensities. PVN DSAP also reduced ventilatory responses to 5% CO2 (VE: IgG = 176 ± 21 and DSAP = 84 ± 5 arbitrary units). Data indicate that catecholamine neurons projecting to the PVN are important for peripheral and central chemoreflex respiratory responses and for maintenance of arterial oxygen levels during hypoxic stimuli.

Evaluation of halothane anaesthesia after xylazine/ketamine administration in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Objective was to evaluate halothane as an inhalation anaesthetic after premedication with xylazine and induction with ketamine in camels. Six healthy, adult female dromedary camels were used as prospective controlled study. Camels were premedicated with xylazine (0.2 mg/kg, IV). Twenty minutes later, anaesthesia was induced with ketamine (2 mg/kg, IV) and was maintained with halothane in 100% oxygen. Onset and duration of anaesthesia were recorded. Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, oxygen haemoglobin saturation, and systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure were measured before and 20 min after administration of xylazine and then every 10 min until recovery. Lead II electrocardiogram was used to constantly monitor camels for presence of arrhythmias. Depth of anaesthesia was determined by recording reflexes. Venous and arterial blood samples were taken for haematological examination and blood gases and pH, respectively, at the same intervals. Results revealed a significant decrease in respiratory rate after xylazine and ketamine administration and significant decrease in rectal temperature and arterial blood pressure during halothane anaesthesia. A noticeable increase in the heart and respiratory rates was observed during halothane anaesthesia if compared to xylazine/ketamine values. However, the percentage of oxygen haemoglobin saturation and arterial pO2 increased significantly with significant decrease in arterial pH during halothane anaesthesia. There were non-significant changes in the CBC values. The quality of anaesthesia was good in the majority of camels and recovery ranged from marginal to excellent. In conclusions, halothane resulted in good maintenance of anaesthesia and marginal to excellent recovery in dromedary camels. Precautions should be taken to avoid ruminal regurgitation. Oxygen administration is recommended during early recovery.

Physiological and biochemical characteristics of laboratory induced mutants of Botrytis cinerea with resistance to fluazinam

Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic and filamentous fungus with a high risk of developing resistance to fungicides. The pyridinamine fungicide fluazinam has been reported to have excellent activity against B. cinerea and better effect on controlling gray mold. In this study, the physiological and biochemical characteristics of laboratory-induced mutants of B. cinerea with resistance to fluazinam has been investigated. Compared to the wild-type strains, the fluazinam-resistant mutants had a significant decrease in respiratory rate, glycerol, oxalate, and ATP contents, and an increase in ATPase activity and sensitivity to osmotic pressure, but did not differ in cell membrane permeability. Sequencing indicated that two parental strains and four resistant mutants were identical in the nucleotide sequence of F-ATPase gene. These results will enrich our understanding of the resistance mechanism of B. cinerea to fluazinam.

Impact of reduce the sleep disruption causes at post-operative ICU among patients after open Heart

Back ground Patients in ICU are experienced poor sleep quality and consistently report poor perceived sleep quality in ICU compared to home. Sleep disruption was the second most stressful condition reported by patients after open-heart surgery in ICU. Causes of sleep disruption at ICU are admission to ICU, separation from patients family, isolation, and fear of death, noise, light, extreme temperature , and diagnostic procedures, the patient being connected with many tubes, connection with machines, alarm of machines and monitors, and health team conversation. Existing evidence supports that ICU sleep promotion via multi-faceted interventions focused on minimization of nighttime sleep disruptions and maintenance of the homeostatic sleep-wake cycle. Therefore, the purpose of this study is reducing the causes of sleep disruption in ICU to improve patients sleep quality, and reduce complications. Patient and Method Quiz Experimental research design was used to conduct this research .This study was carried out at post-operative ICU in Assiut University Hospitals .The sample of this study was consisted of 40 patients, admitted to ICU after open-heart surgery. Tools used in this study are, First Tool: Patient's profile assessment sheet. Second Tool:1- sleep quality assessment questionnaire.2- Sleep disruption scale after open-heart surgery as a non-physiological assessment. Results: patients after open-heart surgery in ICU report poor sleep quality (1.5 ± 0.6) compared to home (9.9 ± 0.3).There is a significance increase (P<0.001) regarding to the overall quality of sleep in ICU stay for both groups. Highly significant decrease in overall degree of daytime sleepiness during ICU stay (p=0.000). Highly significant decrease in pulse rate of the study group (83.3 ± 10.7) versus control group (109.1 ± 14.8) through ICU says. Highly significant decrease in respiratory rate in 2nd day in ICU and poor significant differences in last day. Regarding to Systolic blood pressure there is statistical significant differences (p=0.003) in the2nd day. Regarding to length of ICU stay, there were highly significant decreased in study group versus control group (3.1 ± 0.3& 4.8 ± 1.1) day. Conclusion applying standard interventions to reduce sleep disruption causes in ICU was more effective to reduce complications of sleep disruption after open-heart surgery in study group versus control group who received routine hospital care. Recommendations: Patient preparation and provision of information should start from time of the surgeon's decision that surgery is required.

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Context: Breathing is the most vital function for maintenance of life. Slow and deep breathing is an integral part of Pranayama and it reduces dead space ventilation and renews air throughout the lungs. The reported beneficial effects of deep breathing as a part of either long term or short term practice of pranayama on pulmonary functions are well documented. However our knowledge about the effects of deep breathing on human respiratory parameters is poor. In the present study, we examined the relationship between exposure to deep breathing and performance on Respiratory parameters before and after the deep breathing. Aim: The present study was done to evaluate the effect of deep breathing on respiratory parameters. Settings & Design: The present study was a comparative prospective study consisting of 30 male healthy subjects of 18-20 years age. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of physiology, Adichunchanagiri institute of medical sciences, Mandya after the institutional ethical clearance and written consent from each participant. The participants were asked to perform deep breathing. The duration of the study was twelve weeks. Pre and post deep breathing respiratory functions were assessed by measuring respiratory rate, chest expansion and breath holding time. The parameters were analyzed by Student't' test and p<0.05 was considered the level of significance. Results: There was significant decrease in respiratory rate, and significant increase in chest expansion and breath holding time compared to pre deep breathing practice. Conclusions: This study showed beneficial effects of deep breathing on respiratory functions in normal healthy individuals.