Significant Compensatory Effect Research Articles

Influence of temperature on non-exchange sorption of aromatic amino acids by anion exchanger AV-17-8

The equilibrium in thearomatic amino acid (tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine and histidine) – anion exchanger AV-17-8 (Cl-) systems at different temperatures was investigated In order to identify the influence of both increased and decreased temperatures on the sorption equilibrium the temperature range was 277-343 K was studied. Sorption isotherms were obtained at 277, 293, and 343 K. The thermodynamic description of sorption systems was carried out using an approach based on the idea that the sorption process is stoichiometric. The integral and differential energy characteristics and the compensation effect between the enthalpy and entropy components for the studied sorption systems were calculated. A change in temperature led to a change in the physicochemical properties of the studied sorbates and sorbent. In the temperature range 277-243 K, the solvent content in the sorbent phase remained unchanged. A low solvent content at a temperature of 333 K and an increase in its amount at 343 K were experimentally established. It should be considered that at different temperatures the ionization constants of functional groups and the regions of existence of ionic forms of amino acids change, but the sorption mechanism does not change, since the recharging of amino acids did not occur. It was established that the process is exothermic for tryptophan and phenylalanine. With increasing temperature, the amount of sorbed substance decreased. The absorption energy was low due to the significant compensatory effect of enthalpy and entropy factors, the differential Gibbs energy was practically independent of temperature due to the stabilizing effect of hydrophobic forces in the sorbent phase. For the poorly soluble amino acid tyrosine, when the temperature increased from 277 to 293 K, a slight increase in sorption was observed, and with a further increase, a decrease to trace amounts was revealed. In the temperature range of 277-293 K, the sorption process was characterized by the formation of a supersaturated solution in the sorbent phase and was endothermic. The sorption of hydrophilic histidine increased with increasing temperature, which correlates with the solvent content in the sorbent phase, including low content at 333 K. The process of histidine sorption is endothermic, characterized by a strong dependence of the differential Gibbs energy on temperature and the absence of a compensation effect between the enthalpic and entropic components.

ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR STUDENTS WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS

Visual impairment is a disability resulting in partial or complete loss of vision. It results in hindrance to performing daily chores, thereby decreasing the quality of life. This study aims to augment the user’s experience with digital interfaces (e.g., the display system of personal computers and smartphones) through the design of an efficient system enabling easier and more effective user navigation. Assistive technology for the visually impaired and blind people is a research field that is gaining increasing prominence owing to an explosion of new interest in it from disparate disciplines. The field has a very relevant social impact on our ever-increasing aging and blind populations. While many excellent state-of-the-art accounts have been written to date, all of them are subjective in nature. We performed an objective statistical survey across the various sub-disciplines in the field and applied information analysis and network-theory techniques to answer several key questions relevant to the field. To analyze the field, we compiled an extensive database of scientific research publications over the last two decades. We inferred interesting patterns and statistics concerning the main research areas and underlying themes, identified leading journals and conferences, captured growth patterns of the research field; identified active research communities, and present our interpretation of trends in the field for the near future. The study of the educational process of students with visual impairments shows that they can generally receive a successful education on an equal basis with others. On the other hand, the educational process of students with visual impairments is accompanied by several difficulties associated with the fact that they cannot see. One of the ways to effectively solve this problem is computer assistive technologies based on programs for the blind and visually impaired, information sources (through sound reproduction, an auxiliary point, or listening to a large text). Computer assistive technologies are easy to understand and allow you to work independently with a regular personal computer, and general-purpose programs (MS Word, Internet Explorer, etc.) to obtain a normal user experience. For students with visual impairments, these functions have a significant compensatory effect, allowing assistance to the visually impaired ( scanning, reading plain text, preparing printed documents, etc.).

Seedling-Stage Deficit Irrigation with Nitrogen Application in Three-Year Field Study Provides Guidance for Improving Maize Yield, Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiencies.

Deficit irrigation (DI) was acknowledged as an effective technique to improve water use efficiency (WUE) without significant yield reduction. In this study, a 3-year field experiment was conducted in Northeast China during 2017-2019 to investigate the combined effects of 3-week DI from 3-leaf stage and N fertilization on maize seedling growth and determine the resulting impacts on silking growth and yield formation, N use efficiency (NUE) and WUE. Results showed that seedling-stage DI decreased leaf area and photosynthesis, thus significantly limited shoot and root dry biomass for maize seedling, compared to well-watered (WW) plants. In 2017 and 2019, seedling-stage DI positively improved seedling growth with higher root: shoot ratio and enhanced drought tolerance, under higher initial soil water contents (SWC) with sufficient precipitation before DI. The DI-primed plants showed similar or better performances on reproductive growth, grain yield, WUE and NUE compared to WW plants, even experiencing heavy rainfall or drought stresses around the silking stage. However, the contrasting results were observed in 2018 with negative DI effects on seedling and silking growth and final yield, probably due to less rainfall and lower SWC before DI. In all 3 years, N fertilization had significant compensatory effects on limited seedling growth under DI, and its effect was much less in 2018 than other years due to adverse early climate. The principal component and correlation analysis revealed maize silking growth, grain yield, NUE and WUE were strongly related to the seedling growth as affected by water and N managements under various climatic conditions. In conclusion, a short-term and moderate DI regime-adopted at the seedling stage under higher initial SWC and coupled with an appropriate N fertilization-is beneficial to control redundant vegetative growth while optimizing root development, therefore effectively improving drought tolerance for maize plants and achieving higher grain yield, WUE and NUE.

EFFECT OF QUALITATIVE FEED RESTRICTION ON PULLET DEVELOPMENT AND SUBSEQUENT EGG PRODUCTION.

The effect of feeding different protein levels during the rearing and development of egg-type pullets as well as on eventual egg production was investigated in two experiments. In experiment I, the dietary crude protein (CP) regimens (and old to point of lay notations) in isocaloric diets for the periods 0-8 weeks and 9-20 weeks respectively for treatment 1: 20% and 16% (20:16), treatment 2: 16% and 16% (16:16), treatment 3: 12% and 12% (12:12), treatment 4: 16% and 12% (16:12), treatment 5:20% and 12% (20:12) and for treatment 6 theregimens comprised 20% for 0-8 weeks, 16% for9-16 weeks and 12% for 17-20 weeks (20:16:12) In experiment 2, treatments 1 to 5 for experiments 1 were repeated while three step-up dietary treatments 6, 7 and 8 were evaluated in addition. For the periods 0-8 weeks and 9-20 weeks respectively, the CP regimens for treatment 6 were 12% and 16% (12:20) and for traetment 7, 12% and 20% (12:20) and for treatment 8, 16% and 20% (16:20). From 20 weeks in each experiment, a common layer diet containing 16% CP and 2,449 Kcals metabolizable energy per kg was fed ad libitum to all treatments and all the subsequent egg production was monitored for a further 16 weeks . Both studies indicated that production was reported egg-type chickens fed diets with a drastic protein restriction (12%) in the starting period (0-8 weeks) had significantly reduced body weights at 20 weeks and delayed sexual maturity. However, when such birds were subsequently (9-20 weeks) offered diets with higher protein content significant compensatory effects on weight gain and feed conversion were indicated. The step-up CP règimens in experiment 2 performed.

Testing the ‘thresholds’ of preschool education quality on child outcomes in China

Preschool education has expanded rapidly in recent years China, with much more attention to access than quality of care. This raises raises concerns about whether increased preschool enrollment alone will achieve the goal of improving children’s early learning and development. This paper reports on the quality of preschool education and its associations with child outcomes based on a national-wide representative sample of 2110 children (age 3–6 years) attending 428 classrooms of 193 preschools in eight provinces of China. Analyses tested associations between a Chinese preschool quality measure, Chinese Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale (CECERS) and a Chinese measure of early development, Child Developmental Scale of China (CDSC) language, early math, and social skills scores. Results identified quality thresholds such that the CECERS Teaching and Interactions was a stronger predictor of all outcomes in higher than lower quality classrooms. Subgroup analyses indicated that high quality preschool education had significant compensatory effects on rural children’s developmentFindings are used to argue for the need for clearly defined and rigorously implemented national baseline quality standards for preschool education in China, and that high quality preschool education serving rural children should be prioritized to narrow the achievement gap between rural and urban children.

Agronomic and Economic Benefits of Pea/Maize Intercropping Systems in Relation to N Fertilizer and Maize Density

Intercropping has been shown to increase crop yields and improve land utilization in many cases but it is unknown how the interspecies relationship is enhanced with improved crop management schemes. In this study, we investigated the effect of different maize densities and N rates on the growth, crop yields and economic benefits of pea (Pisum sativum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping. The results indicated that total yields of pea/maize intercropping were higher than the yield of maize alone, and that pea/maize intercropping improved land use efficiency significantly compared to sole crops, the partial land equivalent ratio (LER) of maize and pea with high planting density increased from 0.98% to 9.36% compared to low planting densities during 2012 and 2013. The pea strips provided significant compensatory effects on the growing maize after the earlier-sown, shorter-seasoned pea was harvested. The crop growth rate (CGR) of the intercropped maize was 18.5% to 216.9% greater than that of sole maize after pea harvest, the leaf area index (LAI) of pea/maize intercropping was 6.9% and 45.4% greater compared with the weighted average of sole maize and sole pea in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Net returns and benefit to cost ratios of pea/maize intercropping were increased with an increase of maize planting density. A low rate of N fertilizer was coupled with increased maize plant density, allowing interspecific facilitation to be fully expressed, thus improving the land utilization rate and increasing economic benefits. Overall, our findings show that a higher density of maize and lower N application can be used to increase grain production with no adverse effects on the growth components of either pea or maize crops. It could be considered an advanced farming system for agricultural sustainable development in the oasis region of northwest China.

Response of sap flux and evapotranspiration to deficit irrigation of greenhouse pear-jujube trees in semi-arid northwest China

The objective of this study was to investigate the response of sap flux (SF) and evapotranspiration (ET) to deficit irrigation (DI) at different growth stages of greenhouse pear-jujube trees (Zizyphus jujube Mill.). Taking full irrigation (FI) as the control treatment (CK), moderate water deficit (50% of FI) at bud burst to leafing stage (stage I) (T2), flowering to fruit set stage (stage II) (T3), fruit growth stage (stage III) (T4), and fruit maturation stage (stage IV) (T5) were treated on greenhouse 8-year old pear-jujube trees in two growing seasons. Water deficit at different growth stages reduced SF, after the re-watering, SF had significant compensatory effects. Therefore, compared with CK, water deficit treatments (T2–T5) didn’t decrease SF significantly for the whole growing seasons, with maximum decrease of 10.5%. Simultaneously, SF under T2–T5 showed typical diurnal patterns on sunny and cloudy days, and nighttime SF accounted for 23.7%–52.3% of total SF for all the weather conditions. There was significantly positive relationship between SF and reference evapotranspiration, with R2 of 0.349–0.594. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that 97% of SF of pear-jujube can be characterized by relative humidity (RH), solar radiation (Rs), air temperature (Ta), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and VPD was the main variable affecting SF for all the treatments (P<0.001). Averaging the two years, ET of pear-jujube were 258–288mm for all the treatments, compared with CK, T2–T5 could decrease ET by 2.3%–10.3%.

Effects of partial root-zone irrigation on hydraulic conductivity in the soil-root system of maize plants.

Effects of partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) on the hydraulic conductivity in the soil–root system (Lsr) in different root zones were investigated using a pot experiment. Maize plants were raised in split-root containers and irrigated on both halves of the container (conventional irrigation, CI), on one side only (fixed PRI, FPRI), or alternately on one of two sides (alternate PRI, APRI). Results show that crop water consumption was significantly correlated with Lsr in both the whole and irrigated root zones for all three irrigation methods but not with Lsr in the non-irrigated root zone of FPRI. The total Lsr in the irrigated root zone of two PRIs was increased by 49.0–92.0% compared with that in a half root zone of CI, suggesting that PRI has a significant compensatory effect of root water uptake. For CI, the contribution of Lsr in a half root zone to Lsr in the whole root zone was ∼50%. For FPRI, the Lsr in the irrigated root zone was close to that of the whole root zone. As for APRI, the Lsr in the irrigated root zone was greater than that of the non-irrigated root zone. In comparison, the Lsr in the non-irrigated root zone of APRI was much higher than that in the dried zone of FPRI. The Lsr in both the whole and irrigated root zones was linearly correlated with soil moisture in the irrigated root zone for all three irrigation methods. For the two PRI treatments, total water uptake by plants was largely determined by the soil water in the irrigated root zone. Nevertheless, the non-irrigated root zone under APRI also contributed to part of the total crop water uptake, but the continuously non-irrigated root zone under FPRI gradually ceased to contribute to crop water uptake, suggesting that it is the APRI that can make use of all the root system for water uptake, resulting in higher water use efficiency.

Plant responses following grazing removal at different stocking rates in an Inner Mongolia grassland ecosystem

Grazing removal is widely used in grassland management. Plant responses following grazing removal at different organizational levels, however, are not well understood. We examined plant responses at different stocking rates in an Inner Mongolia grassland ecosystem dominated by Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis. Our results indicated that plant response patterns differed significantly among stocking rates, at different levels of organization, and between wet and dry years. Community aboveground net primary production (ANPP) recovered more quickly at low and moderate stocking rates than those at high stocking rates. Response of aboveground net primary production (RANPP) was significantly positively correlated with both individual biomass and density responses of L. chinensis. Overcompensation of L. chinensis after grazing removal contributed greatly to positive RANPP at the community level. Significant compensatory effects were found between the two dominant species and between dominant species and the remaining non-dominant species. Variation in precipitation significantly affected community ANPP, relationships between community and species responses, and compensatory effects between species. Our study suggests that periodic grazing removal is likely to be a useful method for grassland management and that a combination of species with compensatory effects can be advantageous for reseeding practices in grassland restoration.

Energy reserves and metabolic status affect the acclimation of gilthead sea bream ( Sparus aurata) to cold

During winter, low temperatures induce a direct metabolic depression in gilthead sea bream, without any significant compensatory effect below 13 °C. The present study therefore focused on how to improve response to cold in these fish, looking specifically at the two factors of diet (high energy, HiE, and low energy, LoE) and activity (normal, − SW, and sustained activity, + SW) prior to exposure to cold. Following a preparatory period of 75 days water was adjusted to 10 °C and kept for 40 days. Enzymatic activities and store deposition revealed that the HiE−SW group had acquired an energy surplus whilst the LoE+SW group exhibited an energy deficit. Liver enzyme activities evidenced diet dependence: LoE groups showed greater glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and HiE groups showed greater lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities. Moreover, the HiE−SW group's lower citrate synthase/cytochrome- c-oxidase ratio reflected the energy surplus available. Perivisceral fat mobilisation caused by cold stress affected liver integrity, resulting in a pre-steatotic condition for the HE−SW group. The differences in liver enzyme activities produced by pre-cold conditions disappeared at low temperatures and enzymatic activities did not compensate. Therefore any improvement that would enable gilthead sea bream to face up to winter must be achieved prior to the appearance of low temperatures.

Response of vegetative growth and fruit development to regulated deficit irrigation at different growth stages of pear-jujube tree

In order to investigate the response of vegetative growth, fruit development and water use efficiency to regulated deficit irrigation at different growth stages of pear-jujube tree ( Zizyphus jujube Mill.), different water deficit at single-stage were treated on field grown 7-year old pear-jujube trees in 2005 and 2006. Treatments included severe (SD), moderate (MD) and low (LD) water deficit treatments at bud-burst to leafing (I), flowering to fruit set (II), fruit growth (III) and fruit maturation (IV) stages. Compared to the full irrigation (control), different water deficit treatments at different growth stages reduced photosynthesis rate ( P n) slightly and transpiration rate ( T r) significantly, thus it improved leaf water use efficiency (WUE L, defined as the ratio of P n to T r) by 2.7–26.1%. After the re-watering, P n had significant compensatory effect, but T r was not enhanced significantly, thus WUE L was improved by 31.4–42.2%. I-SD, I-MD, II-SD and II-MD decreased new shoot length, new shoot diameter and panicle length by 8–28%, 13–23% and 10–31%, respectively. Simultaneously, they reduced leaf area index (LAI) and pruning amount significantly. Flowering of pear-jujube tree advanced by 3–8 days in the water deficit treatments at stage I, Furthermore, SD and MD at stage I increased flowers per panicle and final fruit set by 18.9–40.5% and 15.5–36.6%, respectively. After a period of re-watering, different water deficit treatments at different growth stages improved the fruit growth rate by 15–30% without reduction of the final fruit volume. Compared to the control, I-MD, I-SD, I-LD, I-MD and I-SD treatments increased fruit yield by 13.2–31.9%, but reduced water consumption by 9.7–17.5%, therefore, they enhanced water use efficiency at yield level (WUE Y, defined as ratio of fruit yield to total water use) by 17.3–41.4%. Therefore, suitable period and degree of water deficit can reduce irrigation water and restrain growth redundancy significantly, and it optimize the relationship between vegetative growth and reproductive growth of pear-jujube trees, which maintained or slightly increased the fruit yield, thus water use efficiency was significantly increased.

Effects of partial root-zone irrigation on the nitrogen absorption and utilization of maize

To investigate the dynamic change of plant nitrogen (N) absorption and accumulation from different root zones under the partial root-zone irrigation (PRI), maize plants were raised in split-root containers and irrigated on both halves of the container (conventional irrigation, CI), on one side only (fixed partial root-zone irrigation, FPRI), or alternatively on one of two sides (alternate partial root-zone irrigation, APRI). And the isotope-labeled 15N-(NH 4) 2SO 4 was applied to one half of the container with ( 14NH 4) 2SO 4 to the other half so that N inflow rates can be tracked. Results showed that APRI treatment increased root N absorption in the irrigated zone significantly when compared to that of CI treatment. The re-irrigated half resumed high N inflow rate within 5 days after irrigation in APRI, suggesting that APRI had significant compensatory effect on N uptake. The amount of N absorption from two root zones of APRI was equal after two rounds of alternative irrigation (20 days). The recovery rate, residual and loss percentages of fertilizer-N applied to two zones were similar. As for FPRI treatment, the N accumulation in plant was mainly from the irrigated root zone. The recovery rate and loss percentage of fertilizer-N applied to the irrigated zone was higher and the residual percentage of fertilizer-N in soil was lower if compared to those of the non-irrigated zone. The recovery rate of fertilizer-N in APRI treatment was higher than that of the non-irrigated zone but lower than that of the irrigated zone in FPRI treatment. In total, both FPRI and APRI treatments increased N and water use efficiencies but only consumed about 70% of the irrigated water when compared to CI treatment.

Interactions between non-volatile water-soluble molecules and aroma compounds in Camembert cheese

Abstract Interactions between selected aroma compounds and non-volatile water-soluble molecules were studied using dynamic headspace-gas chromatography. A model water-soluble extract (MWSE), previously constructed in gustatory and physico-chemical accordance with the crude Camembert cheese WSE, allowed the contribution of non-volatiles to the headspace composition of volatile compounds to be assessed. The presence of the MWSE increased the headspace concentration of 2-heptanone, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-methylbutanol, showing that these three volatile compounds were released by MWSE. Omission tests performed on MWSE allowed for the impact of each MWSE component on aroma compounds release to be determined. The releasing influence of minerals appeared as the main effect observed for the three volatiles, despite some retention phenomena due to other MWSE components also occurring. In the case of 2-undecanone, 2-nonanol, 2,4-dithiapentane and ethylhexanoate, which were not affected by the presence of MWSE, some significant compensatory effects were observed. Whereas amino acids had no significant effect, minerals might cause their release and the presence of peptides can either decrease or increase headspace concentration of aroma compounds. Possible antagonistic effects between MWSE components are discussed.

Efficacy of Nonwoven Fabric Bioreactor Immobilized with Porcine Hepatocytes for Ex Vivo Xenogeneic Perfusion Treatment of Liver Failure in Dogs

We have developed a new bioartificial liver bioreactor filled with porcine hepatocytes immobilized on polyester nonwoven fabric (NWF). In this study, we investigated the efficacy of our hybrid bioartificial liver system incorporating the NWF bioreactors and an immunoglobulin adsorbent column for perfusion treatment in a canine liver failure model. Xenogeneic perfusion treatment for operative canine liver failure models were performed for 3 h, and survival time, intracranial pressure, and blood and cerebrospinal fluid data were documented. Treatment was carried out without obstruction by immunological rejection when immunoglobulin adsorbent columns were used with the NWF bioreactors in combination. Dogs treated with this system exhibited a restricted increase of intracranial pressure and significant compensatory effects on blood and cerebrospinal amino acid imbalances as shown by a significant improvement of Fischer's ratio. On the other hand, relatively low capacity for ammonia elimination was shown as compared with homologous direct hemoperfusion.

Patterns of Island Occupancy Explained by Colonization and Extinction Rates in Shrews

This is the first study reporting patterns of island occupancy in a guild of mammals with detailed information on the processes affecting these patterns: dispersal, colonization, and extinction. We surveyed the presence of three species of shrews, Sorex araneus, S. caecutiens, and S. minutus, on 108 islands in three lakes in Finland. A significant compensatory effect between island area and isolation was detected in one species, but most islands were so little isolated (&lt; 1 km) that isolation played no great role in this study. The position and the slope of the incidence function varied greatly among the species. Fitting the model J = 1/(1 / y/Ax) to the observed incidence functions, and assuming that the annual extinction probability is 1 on islands of A = 0.5 ha, yielded quantitative predictions of the rates of colonization and extinction in the three species. Observed rates agreed remarkably well with the predicted ones (median difference 20%). Overwater dispersal rate and/or ability was lowest in the smallest species (S. minutus), probably because of its short starvation time and slow swimming rate. Unexpectedly, this species had the highest colonization ability (rate of successful colonization conditional on arriving at an island). There were no significant differences between the species in colonization rate, but interspecific differences in extinction rate were highly significant and negatively correlated with body size. We suggest that these differences are due to increasing importance of environmental stochasticity with decreasing body size in shrews. This hypothesis is supported by larger coefficients of variation of abundance in small than in large species on the mainland.

Succession from Heather Moorland to Birch Woodland. I. Experimental Alteration of Specific Environmental Conditions in the Field

(1) The effects of experimental alteration of light intensity, nutrient availability and simulated grazing on plant communities beneath different ages of birch are examined. Plant responses are discussed in relation to their role in the succession from heather moorland to mature birch woodland. (2) A generalized sequence of changes in species dominance as the birch (Betula pendula and B. pubescens) ages is identified. Calluna vulgaris gradually declines and is replaced by Vaccinium myrtillus as the birch canopy closes. This is subsequently replaced by Deschampsia flexuosa and then Agrostis capillaris as the woodland matures and the canopy opens out. (3) The growth of Calluna was greatly reduced in shaded plots and nutrient addition had no significant compensatory effect. Empetrum nigrum showed similar growth responses. Vaccinium myrtillus and Deschampsia flexuosa also grew less well in reduced light but D. flexuosa responded positively to nutrient addition. (4) Clipping reduced the growth of Calluna, Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium myrtillus and Deschampsia flexuosa in most plots. Only Galium saxatile showed increased growth after clipping at one site. (5) Competitive interactions between the main species were apparent and are further examined by the second paper in this series.

Compensatory Effects of Cognitive Characteristics of the Source, the Message, and the Receiver Upon Attitude Change

Abstract This study explored the interactive effects of four cognitive variables (perceived expertise of the source, recipients' initial attitudes, number of arguments, and message sidedness) on attitude change. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design was used (N = 236 Canadian students): Results showed a positive and significant main effect of initial attitude on attitude change and three significant compensatory effects of independent variables on attitude change: (a) two-sided messages were more persuasive with fewer arguments; conversely for one-sided messages; (b) high expertise compensated for low number of arguments and conversely; and (c) higher expertise was more persuasive in the case of unfavorable recipients and conversely. Results also showed that when the message was one-sided and the number of arguments was large, low expertise was more persuasive than high expertise on initially opposed recipients, which confirms the cognitive response.

Compensatory Growth and Yield of Rice Plants Adjacent to Hills Without Plants in Relation to Planting of Young Seedlings

To analyze the compensatory growth and yield observed in rice plants adjacent to empty hills and to evaluate the limit of the distance between planted and empty hills allowing safe and effective replanting of young seedlings, field experiments were conducted in Central Japan in 1966. Within a plot, the distance between rows was 33 cm and that between hills was 12 cm. As shown in Fig. 1, four treatments consisting of rows where planting was omitted in 2, 3, 4, 5 consecutive hills were set up (treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4). In treatment 5, 2 sets of 2 consecutive hills without plants were separated by a hill where rice had been plantd. Effect of standard fertilizer application was compared in each treatment with that in which fertilizers were not appplied. Results of the experiment can be summarized as follows : 1. Effect of compensation on number of panicles and on yield were nearly the same with or without the application of fertilizers. 2. The rate of increase of panicle number in rice plants adjacent to hills without plants was higher than that of the weight of a head, as compared with controls in plots with or without the application of fertilizers. However the rate of increase of the weight of a head, as compared with controls was slightly higher in plots where fertilizers had been applied. Accordingly the yield component which showed the most significant compensatory effect was represented by the number of panicles. 3. The compensatory effect and yield in plants adjacent to empty hills was particularly evident in plants located in the same row, as compared with those in adjacent rows. Within the same row, plants adjacent to empty hills showed a significant compensatory effect on yield which increased with the distance separating both groups of hills. 4. Yield compensatory effect represented by panicle weight per hill was calculated jointly in fertilized and non-fertilized plots, as the difference in compensation rate between both groups of plots was not evident. Compensatory rates in yield were 99%, 96%, 93∼92% and 98%, respectively in treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 and 5. 5. Limits of compensation for yield allowing safe replanting of young seedlings were within a distance ranging between 24 to 36 cm (i.e. in treatments 1 and 2).