Significant Change In Catalase Activity Research Articles

<i>Hypericum alpestre</i> extract affects the activity of the key antioxidant enzymes in microglial BV-2 cellular models

<abstract> <p>In the presented work, we aimed to investigate the antioxidant and possible neuroprotective capacity of extract of the aerial parts of <italic>Hypericum alpestre</italic>, found in high altitude Armenian landscape. The neuroprotective activity was evaluated using BV-2 wild type (WT) cells and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) deficient (<italic>Acox1<sup>-/-</sup></italic>) microglial cell lines. In the chemical-based tests, <italic>H. alpestre</italic> extract showed high antioxidant activity, which was maintained even after heat treatment at 121 °C for 30 min. MTT test showed that the sub-cytotoxic concentration of investigated extracts for both microglial cell lines was 40 µg/mL. There were no significant changes in catalase activity during all period of treatment in both cell lines, meanwhile, SOD activity increased (up to 30%) in WT cells during the 48 h treatment. Increase of SOD activity (up to 50%) in Acox<sup>-/-</sup> cells was observed under the 24 h treatment. Significant modulation in activity of palmitoyl-CoA oxidase 1 was noticed only during the 48 h treatment of WT microglial cells. These results evidenced the pro-oxidant activity of the investigated extract. This finding can serve as a basis for further evaluation of plant extracts influence on cancer cell lines.</p> </abstract>

Cerium uptake, translocation and toxicity in the salt marsh halophyte Halimione portulacoides (L.), Aellen

Halimione portulacoides plants were exposed to dissolved cerium (Ce) in a hydroponic medium for five days. Ce accumulation in plants followed the metal’s increase in the medium although with a very low translocation factor (TF < 0.01) between roots and shoots. Ce median concentrations in roots were 586, 988 and 1103 μg/g (dry wt.), while in shoots the median values reached 1.9, 3.5 and 10.0 μg/g (dry wt.), for plants exposed to 300, 600 and 1200 μg/L of Ce, respectively. No significant differences occurred in the length of roots and shoots among treatment groups, albeit plants exposed to the highest Ce concentration showed a clear loss of turgor pressure on the fifth day. An increase of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels were observed in the plant shoots at 1200 μg/L of Ce. The highest concentration also triggered an answer by the shoots’ antioxidant enzymes with a decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase and an increase in peroxidase. However, no significant change in catalase activity was observed, compared to the control group, which may indicate that peroxidase played a more crucial role against the oxidative stress than catalase. Combined results indicate that H. portulacoides was actively responding to a toxic effect imposed by this higher Ce concentration. Nevertheless, changes in normal environmental conditions, may increase the bioavailability of Ce, while in areas where acid mine drainage may occur, the highest Ce concentration tested in this study may be largely exceeded, placing the sustainability of halophytes and estuarine marshes at risk.

Effects of paralytic shellfish toxins on the middle intestine of Oncorhynchus mykiss: Glutathione metabolism, oxidative status, lysosomal function and ATP-binding cassette class C (ABCC) proteins activity

We studied the absorption, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress markers of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST) from three extracts from Alexandrium catenella and A. ostenfeldii, in middle Oncorhynchus mykiss intestine in vitro and ex vivo preparations. We measured glutathione (GSH) content, glutathione-S transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activity, and lipid peroxidation in isolated epithelium exposed to 0.13 and 1.3 μM PST. ROS production and lysosomal membrane stability (as neutral red retention time 50%, NRRT50) were analyzed in isolated enterocytes exposed to PST alone or plus 3 μM of the ABCC transport inhibitor MK571. In addition, the concentration-dependent effects of PST on NRRT50 were assayed in a concentration range from 0 to 1.3 μM PST. We studied the effects of three different PST extracts on the transport rate of the ABCC substrate DNP-SG by isolated epithelium. The extract with highest inhibition capacity was selected for studying polarized DNP-SG transport in everted and non-everted intestinal segments. We registered lower GSH content and GST activity, and higher GR activity, with no significant changes in CAT activity, lipid peroxidation or ROS level. PST exposure decreased NRRT50 in a concentration-depend manner (IC50 = 0.0045 μM), but PST effects were not augmented by addition of MK571. All the three PST extracts inhibited ABCC transport activity, but this inhibition was effective only when the toxins were applied to the apical side of the intestine and DNP-SG transport was measured at the basolateral side. Our results indicate that PST are absorbed by the enterocytes from the intestine lumen. Inside the enterocytes, these toxins decrease GSH content and inhibit the basolateral ABCC transporters affecting the normal functions of the cell. Furthermore, PST produce a strong cytotoxic effect to the enterocytes by damaging the lysosomal membrane, even at low, non-neurotoxic concentrations.

Azelaic acid stimulates catalase activation and promotes hair growth through upregulation of Gli1 and Gli2 mRNA and Shh protein.

Although azelaic acid is effective for treatment of acne and rosacea, the biological activity of azelaic acid and the effect of its combination therapy with minoxidil were not elucidated with regard to hair growth. In this study, mouse vibrissae follicles were dissected on day 10 after depilation. Then, the bulb and bulge cells of the hair follicle were treated with minoxidil and azelaic acid for 10 days to evaluate Sonic hedgehog (Shh) protein expression. Moreover, bulge and bulb cells of the hair follicles were cultivated and the expression of Gli1, Gli2, and Axin2 mRNA levels was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR) analysis. We further investigated the protective effects ofazelaic acid againstultraviolet B (UVB)irradiation in cultured bulb and bulge cells by determining catalase activity. An irradiation dose of 20 mJ/cm2UVB for 4 sec was chosen. The results showed that catalase activity significantly (p<0.05) increased in the bulge cells after exposure to 2.5 mM and 25 mM azelaic acid. Meanwhile, treatment of the bulb cells with azelaic acid (2.5 and 25 mM) did not cause significant changes in catalase activity. We also found that azelaic acid (25 mM) alone upregulated Gli1 and Gli2 expression in the bulge cells and 100 µ minoxidil caused Gli1 and Axin2 overexpression in the bulb region of the hair follicle. Moreover, minoxidil (100 µM) alone and in combination with azelaic acid (25 mM) led to Shh protein overexpression in the hair follicles in vitro and in organ culture. Our results indicated a potential role for azelaic acid in the protection of bulge cells from UVB damage and its combination with minoxidil may activate hair growth through overexpression of Shh protein.

Effects of Ascorbic Acid and Copper Treatments on Metallothionein Gene Expression and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Helianthus annuus L. Exposed to Chromium Stress

Heavy metal pollution, which is one of the most important environmental problems, has a significant effect on plant growth and development. Plants influence all living things because of their role in the food chain. Therefore, in this study, antioxidant enzyme activities and metallothionein (MT) gene expression levels were investigated to determine the protective role of copper (Cu) and ascorbic acid (AsA) against chromium (Cr) stress. In order to determine these parameters, sunflower seeds were grown in hydroponic system after germination. Two weeks later, AsA (200 mg/L) treatment was made as foliar spray. After 24 h of the treatment, the hydroponic nutrient medium was used as the treatment solution containing different concentrations of metals (0.25 mM Cu (CuSO4·5H2O); 1 mM Cr (K2Cr2O7). The results have reduced the overall growth of plants with Cr heavy metals. Cr stress increased the amount of malondialdehyde. Furthermore, while superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities were increased, no significant change in catalase activity was observed. Cu and AsA applied with Cr treatment significantly reduced Cr toxicity. Expression levels of MT genes (HanMT2-1 and HanMT4) were determined by qRT-PCR analysis. From the study result, it was determined that the expression levels of MT genes under Cr stress changed according to the plant tissues and were upregulated in the roots. The protective roles of Cu and AsA against Cr stress were observed. From the results of this study, it was confirmed that MT2-1 could be an effective gene resource in Cr remediation-related plant breeding programs.

Protective Effect of Dorema glabrum on Induced Oxidative Stress by Diazinon in Hippocampus of Rat

Introduction: Diazinon (DZN) administration produces lipid peroxidation as an indicator of oxidative stress in the brain. Some medicinal plants such as Dorema glabrum has antioxidant properties, so can be used as an antioxidant that may protect neurons from oxidative stress. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of D. glabrum against DZN-induced oxidative stress in hippocampus.&#x0D; Methods: Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were used in this study. The rats randomly were divided into four groups including a control group, and two groups received different doses of D. glabrum (40 and 80 mg/kg) as pre-treatment for 21 days with DZN (100 mg/Kg) that was injected intraperitoneally (ip) in last day of D. glabrum usage, and one group received only DZN. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), which are the indicators of lipid peroxidation, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) were determined in the ratsʼ hippocampus.&#x0D; Results: Administration of DZN significantly increased TBARS levels and superoxide dismutase activity and decreased glutathione peroxidase activity but there were no significant changes in catalase activity in the hippocampus. Combined D. glabrum and DZN treatment, caused a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase, a significant decrease of TBARS and a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase and again no significant changes in catalase activity in the rats’ hippocampus when compared to the rats treated with DZN.&#x0D; Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that D. glabrum had an amelioratory effect on oxidative stress induced by DZN.

Quercetin Modulates the Effects of Chromium Exposure on Learning, Memory and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in F1 Generation Mice

In the present study, we investigated whether chromium (Cr) administered to the dams (F0) during lactation period could affect memory and oxidative stress in F1 generation mice in their adulthood and whether quercetin could modulate these effects. Morris water maze (MWM) was used to test for spatial memory. Passive avoidance task and elevated plus maze were used to test for acquisition and retention memory. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase activity and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels in the brain tissue. The results of MWM showed that the animals in the Cr-treated group compared to control have better spatial memory that was further enhanced when Cr was administered along with quercetin (50mg/kg). The elevated plus maze test also showed the Cr-treated group to improve acquisition as well as retention memory compared to control. Co-treatment with quercetin (all doses) also exhibited enhanced acquisition and retention memory compared to control. The passive avoidance task demonstrated no significant improvement in memory in the Cr-treated mice but co-treatment with quercetin (100mg/kg) showed improved acquisition memory compared to control which was significantly better than the animals treated with chromium alone. GST activity was significantly increased in the Cr-treated animals, and this was further increased in groups treated with Cr and quercetin (all doses). Chromium when administered alone and in combination with quercetin (all doses) significantly reduced MDA levels. However, Cr treatment did not show significant change in catalase activity. Nevertheless, co-treatment with quercetin (25 and 50mg/kg) resulted in significant decrease in catalase activity. Thus, our study demonstrates that Cr exposure during lactation could be beneficial for pups with respect to augmentation of cognitive function and reduction of oxidative stress. Quercetin could probably enhance this effect to some extent.

Short-term cardiovascular physical programme ameliorates arterial stiffness and decreases oxidative stress in women with metabolic syndrome

To evaluate the impact of a short-term cardiovascular physical programme on the metabolic, anthropometric and oxidative stress parameters of women with metabolic syndrome. Thirty sedentary female patients, age range 30-60 years, were invited to participate in a 6-week cardiovascular physical programme. The training consisted of 60-min sessions of aerobic and strength exercises performed 3 times a week; a total of 18 sessions. Anthropometric data, functional exercise capacity, general biochemical profile, serum lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in erythrocytes were evaluated according to standardized protocols. Peripheral vascular function was assessed using applanation tonometry. All assessments were performed before and after the training programme. The physical programme proved effective in improving the distance covered in the 6-min walk test and in reducing arterial pressure levels, pulse pressure and the Augmentation Index, without modifying heart rate. The plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels, indicators of oxidative stress, were significantly decreased after the programme. Superoxide dismutase activity was increased in erythrocyte lysates, with no significant change in catalase activity. Waist circumference was significantly decreased compared with baseline. The distance covered in the 6-min walk test was significantly greater after the short-term cardiovascular training. These findings indicate that short-term combined aerobic and strength training may represent an important non-pharmacological approach for treating individuals with metabolic syndrome.

Effects of tryptamine on growth, ultrastructure, and oxidative stress of cyanobacteria and microalgae cultures

Tryptamine was screened for selective antialgal activity against different cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae. In a rapid 96-well microplate bioassay cultures were exposed to tryptamine concentrations from 0.625 to 20 μg ml−1 and growth was estimated by daily optical measurements over a 216 h period. Inhibitory concentrations (IC50216h) obtained from the sigmoidal inhibition curves showed that tryptamine prevents the growth of most cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae at similar concentrations. However, most of the eukaryotic algae recovered growth after being transferred to new tryptamine-free culture media, while most cyanobacteria showed no growth recovery. Microscopical examination of exposed cells showed no major effects of tryptamine on eukaryotic ultrastructure but showed major-induced alterations on cyanobacteria (disorganization of thylakoid membranes, intratylakoidal vacuolization, increased cytoplasmatic granules, and cell lysis). Biochemical analyses performed on Aphanizomenon gracile (cyanobacteria) and Ankistrodesmus falcatus (chlorophyceae) showed that tryptamine induces an increase in H2O2 production in both cultures. Although no significant changes in catalase activity were detected, both cultures showed an increase in ascorbate peroxidase activity following tryptamine exposure treatments. Interestingly, lipid peroxidation was found to increase only in A. gracile, suggesting that the cellular defence mechanisms triggered by this cyanobacterium were less efficient than the ones triggered by A. falcatus for the removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Strong lipid peroxidation in cyanobacteria might lead to irreversible membrane damages which probably prevent these organisms to recover growth after tryptamine exposure. On the contrary, the eukaryotic alga seems to respond quite effectively to tryptamine induced oxidative stress and this would explain the capacity for this organism to recover growth after being exposed to tryptamine.

Effects of alendronate and risedronate therapy on hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation in ovariectomized rats

To evaluate the effects of alendronate (ALN) and risedronate (RIS), which are agents for preventing and treating postmenopausal osteoporosis, on hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation in ovariectomized rats. Materials and methods: Thirty-two female rats were randomly assigned to 4 separate groups. All of the groups, except the control group, were ovariectomized. Included in the 4 groups were a control group (C), an ovariectomized group (OVX), an ovariectomized group treated with alendronate (OVX-ALN), and an ovariectomized group treated with risedronate (OVX-RIS). Ten weeks after an ovariectomy, the OVX-ALN rats were administered 1.75 mg/kg of their body weight with alendronate sodium; and the OVX-RIS rats were administered 0.5 mg/kg of their body weight with risedronate sodium. Both doses were administered by gavage twice per week for 12 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, the liver enzyme activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. Results: There were significantly elevated levels of MDA observed in the OVX and OVX-ALN groups, whereas the MDA concentration significantly decreased in the OVX-RIS group when compared to the control animals. The SOD activity was significantly higher in the OVX and OVX-ALN groups, but there was no statistically significant difference in the SOD activity in the OVX-RIS group when compared with that of the control group. Moreover, CAT activity declined significantly in the OVX group and was elevated in the OVX-ALN group, according to the control group. No significant change in CAT activity was observed in the OVX-RIS group. Conclusion: Alendronate increases the effect of ovariectomy on lipid peroxidation, and induces oxidative stress; however, risedronate prevents oxidative stress caused by an ovariectomy.

Effect of Cadmium on Arabidopsis Thaliana Mutants Tolerant to Oxidative Stress

ABSTRACTIn this paper we investigate the changes in fresh weight, chlorophyll content, catalase and guiacol peroxidase activities of nine oxidative stress-tolerant atr (AAL-toxin resistant) Arabidopsis thaliana mutants subjected to cadmium stress. We show that atr2, atr7 and atr9 are more tolerant to CdCl2. There was no significant change in catalase activity under cadmium treatment in all atr lines including the parental line loh2 compared with untreated seedlings. All lines but atr9 showed reduction in guaiacol peroxidase activity. This suggests that the sensitivity to the cadmium-induced oxidative stress at least in some lines is linked to impaired reactive oxygen species.

Enzymatic responses to metal exposures in a freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus

Freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus were exposed to 5, 10 and 20 μM concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb for 14 days and responses of several enzymes were determined subsequently. Liver catalase (CAT) activity was influenced by Cd and Pb exposures, while it was inhibited by Zn exposure. Copper, on the other hand, did not cause significant changes in CAT activity. Liver alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity was first stimulated at lowest (5 μM) exposure concentration, while there were significant inhibitions at higher (10 μM) exposure concentration. At the highest (20 μM) exposure concentration, AP activity was compensated coming to the control level, except Pb exposure. Intestine and serum AP activities were stimulated by all Zn exposures and 10 μM Cu exposure, while other exposures did not cause significant changes on AP activity. Na,K-ATPase activity in the gill and intestine was inhibited by all the metal exposures, except 20 μM Pb exposure that resulted in an increase in the activity in the gill. Similarly, muscle Ca-ATPase activity was inhibited by all the metal exposures, except Cu exposures. This study indicated that enzymatic systems may be used as a sensitive bioindicator of metal contamination in aquatic systems. Nevertheless, the results also stress the importance of addressing the sensitivity of these enzymes when they are used as a bioindicator for metal contamination, because the responses of the enzymes varied considerably according to metal types and concentrations.

Effects of L-Carnitine on Oxidant/Antioxidant Status in Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis

Recently, the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis has been investigated. This study was designed to evaluate the possible beneficial effects of L-carnitine on tissue injury and oxidative stress in acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Acetic acid administration induced severe damage macroscopically and histopathologically in colon and significantly increased the levels of malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase in colonic tissue. Supplementation of L-carnitine to acetic acid-treated rats did not prove to induce any improvements in macroscopic scores, while L-carnitine administration improved histopathologic scores and significantly decreased malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase levels in treatment groups. Acetic acid administration significantly decreased reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels in colonic homogenate. Supplementation of L-carnitine prevented the depletion of reduced glutathione levels but significantly increased superoxide dismutase levels. On the other hand, no significant change in catalase activity was observed. In conclusion, these results may reflect that L-carnitine could be beneficial as a complementary agent in treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Effect of stress-induced lipid peroxidation on functions of rat peritoneal macrophages.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of stress-induced lipid peroxidation on macrophages' functions. Animals were subjected to 4 h immobilization at 4 degrees C in restraining devices. The peritoneal macrophages obtained from rats exposed to cold and restraint stress exhibited an increase in lipid peroxidation and a decline of chemotaxis and phagocytosis compared with control rats. After supplementation with vitamin E, the increment in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content as the oxidative stress marker and the decline of chemotaxis and phagocytosis in peritoneal macrophages observed during cold-restraint stress was significantly removed. No significant change in catalase activity of peritoneal macrophages was observed in groups exposed to cold-restraint stress and treated with vitamin E. These findings indicate that phagocytic and chemotactic capacities of peritoneal macrophages are decreased by cold-restraint stress and this effect of stress may be related to lipid peroxidation.

Hypoxia-induced metabolic and antioxidant enzymatic activities in the estuarine fish Leiostomus xanthurus

The Tar-Pamlico River basin in North Carolina is regularly the site of summertime fish kills. One possible cause of fish kills is hypoxia-induced metabolic stress. To examine hypoxia-induced stress at both the organismal and enzymatic levels, we exposed the common estuarine fish Leiostomus xanthurus Lacépède (spot) to various oxygen tensions (10% saturation, 0.8 mg/l; 25%, 2.0 mg/l; 50%, 4.0 mg/l; 100%, 8.0 mg/l). After 12 h of exposure, samples of gill, liver, and muscle tissue were extracted and subsequently analyzed for metabolic (citrate synthase [CS] and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH]) and antioxidant (catalase [CAT] and superoxide dismutase [SOD]) enzyme activity as well as protein content. There was a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity, an indicator of anaerobic metabolism, in the 10% treatment in gill tissue, while there was no significant change in citrate synthase activity, an indicator of aerobic metabolism. Antioxidant enzymes were shown to operate independently of one another, with significant increases in superoxide dismutase activity in gill and muscle tissue under 10% saturation but no significant change in catalase activity across oxygen treatments. In several cases, we also noted that interindividual variation of enzyme activities within oxygen treatments was in excess of the variation in means between treatments. Hypoxia appears to trigger superoxide dismustase activity in spot, but each individual's response seems to be highly variable, perhaps due to prior exposure to hypoxia.

Effect of polyphenols on the growth and enzymes of some animal cells.

The effect was investigated of some polyphenol compounds on the growth and intracellular enzyme activity of human-derived cells and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Quercetin, a mutagen, inhibited the growth of serum-free cultured human-human hybridomas (SI102 and HB4C5) and a human histiocytic lymphoma cell line (U-937), but did not affect the growth of CHO cells. Glycosides of quercetin such as quercetin-4'-glucoside (Q-4'-G), quercetin-3, 4'-glucoside (Q-3, 4'-G) and rutin, and other polyphenol compounds (catechin and epicatechin) had no significant inhibiting effect on the growth of human-derived cells or CHO cells. These compounds slightly promoted the growth of human-derived cells. Most of the polyphenols used increased the activity of a drug-metabolizing enzyme, NADPH-cytochrome C reductase, in the U-937 cells and CHO cells, this effect being more marked in the CHO cells than in the U-937 cells. Quercetin markedly reduced the activity of catalase in the human-derived cell lines, while it slightly activated catalase in the CHO cells. Rutin, Q-4'-G, Q-3, 4'-G, catechin and epicatechin produced no significant change in catalase activity. Quercetin also reduced the activity of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in the U-937 cells.

EFFECTS OF CHRONIC INTAKE OF ETHANOL ON RATE OF ETHANOL METABOLISM

In two separate studies of 6 and 12 weeks duration, adult male rats of the Wistar strain received ethanol in a total daily dose of about 9 g/kg. Growth rate was the same as that of glucose-treated controls. In comparison with controls of comparable weight, ethanol-treated rats showed significant increases in liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LAD) activity at all times after the first 2 weeks, but no significant change in catalase activity. The rate of disappearance of ethanol from the blood after a test dose was also significantly increased in the chronically treated rats, and the increase was initially comparable to that found in LAD activity. Later, the rate of ethanol disappearance rose more than could be explained by increased LAD activity. Normal male rats showed higher liver catalase activity than did normal females, but did not differ in LAD activity, which was higher at 9–10 weeks of age than in older or younger animals. It is suggested that failure of some investigators to find an alcohol-induced increase in LAD activity may be due to different responses by males and females.