Significant Canonical Variates Research Articles

Combination Relationship between Features of Person-Centered Care and Patient Safety Activities of Nurses Working in Small-Medium-Sized Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Perceived safety culture and nursing work environment are considered important prerequisites for a patient safety activity. Patient safety is also associated with person-centered care; however, few studies apply the person-centered care framework which includes staff attributes and care environment. This study aimed to examine the canonical correlations of person-centered care factors, including professional self-concept, patient safety culture, nursing work environment, and patient safety activities of nurses working in small-medium-sized hospitals. A cross-sectional survey was used. Participants included 171 nurses from seven small-medium-sized hospitals in Busan metropolitan city, in Korea. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson's correlation coefficients, and canonical correlations. Two significant canonical variates were found. First, better professional self-concept, a positive patient safety culture, and better nursing work environment were associated with better patient safety care activities. Second, a negative patient safety culture and healthy nursing work environment were associated with a lack of communication between medical staff. Person-centered framework factors such as staff attributes and care environment were positively associated with patient safety activities. Based on the results, nurses in small-medium-sized hospitals should be highly aware of their professional self-concept. Moreover, nurses should be equipped with psychological safety and a healthy work environment to enhance patient safety activities.

Financial Situation of Local Government Units as a Determinant of the Standards of Living for the Polish Population

In this paper, the author intends to show the interaction between the living standards of the population and the financial situation of Polish local government units at the commune level. The first (theoretical) part of the paper provides a synthetic description of topics related to defining the economic terms and to the local government’s ability to impact the standards of living of the local population. In view of the multifaceted nature of terms covered by this analysis, the second part uses a canonical analysis (which means multiple linear regressions are generalized for two sets of variables) in order to identify the relationships between them. The analysis resulted in identifying a number of indicators, including canonical correlations, total redundancy and variances extracted, as well as six statistically significant canonical variates, which enabled the identification of multidimensional relationships between the categories considered. The greatest and the most statistically significant canonical correlation coefficient was over 0.93; for the last statistically significant canonical variate, it was over 0.57. The analysis provides grounds for concluding that when the values of variables representing the financial capacity of Polish rural communes are known, they can be used to explain over 32% of the variance in the set of variables relating to the population’s standards of living. The statistical data originated from the author’s own surveys carried out with presidents and vice-presidents of commune councils.

Metabolite signatures of heart failure, sleep apnoea, their interaction, and outcomes in the community.

AimsSleep apnoea and congestive heart failure (CHF) commonly co‐exist, but their interaction is unclear. Metabolomics may clarify their interaction and relationships to outcome.Methods and resultsWe assayed 372 circulating metabolites and lipids in 1919 and 1524 participants of the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) (mean age 54 ± 10 years, 53% women) and Women's Health Initiative (WHI) (mean age 67 ± 7 years), respectively. We used linear and Cox regression to relate plasma concentrations of metabolites and lipids to echocardiographic parameters; CHF and its subtypes heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF); and sleep indices. Adenine dinucleotide phosphate (ADP) associated with left ventricular (LV) fractional shortening; phosphocreatine with LV wall thickness; lysosomal storage molecule sphingomyelin 18:2 with LV mass; and nicotine metabolite cotinine with time spent with an oxygen saturation less than 90% (β = 2.3 min, P = 2.3 × 10−5). Pro‐hypertrophic metabolite hydroxyglutarate partly mediated the association between LV wall thickness and HFpEF. Central sleep apnoea was significantly associated with HFpEF (P = 0.03) but not HFrEF (P = 0.5). There were three significant metabolite canonical variates, one of which conferred protection from cardiovascular death [hazard ratio = 0.3 (0.11, 0.81), P = 0.02].ConclusionsEnergetic metabolites were associated with cardiac function; energy‐ and lipid‐storage metabolites with LV wall thickness and mass; plasma levels of nicotine metabolite cotinine were associated with increased time spent with a sleep oxygen saturation less than 90%, a clinically significant marker of outcome, indicating a significant hazard for smokers who have sleep apnoea.

Associations between metabolic syndrome components and markers of inflammation in Welsh school children

We investigated the multivariate dimensionality and strength of the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and inflammation in children. Caucasian school children (N = 229; 12–14 years) from Wales were tested on several health indicators including measures of body composition, inflammation, fasting glucose regulation, blood pressure, and lipids. The multivariate association between MetS and inflammation was investigated via canonical correlation analysis. Data were corrected for non-normality by log transformation, and sex-specific z-scores computed for variables where there was a significant sex difference. Structure r’s were interpreted to determine the dimensions of MetS and inflammation responsible for significant canonical variates. The overall multivariate association between MetS and inflammation was significant (Wilks’ Lambda = 0.54, p < 0.001). The relationship was explained primarily by the waist circumference dimension of MetS (CC = 0.87) and inflammatory markers of fibrinogen (CC = 0.52) and C-reactive protein (CC = 0.50). The pattern of results was similar regardless of whether variables were adjusted for sex differences.Conclusion: Central adiposity is the strongest predictor of the inflammatory aspect of cardiovascular disease risk in Caucasian adolescents. Future research into MetS and cardiometabolic risk should consider multivariate statistical approaches, in order to identify the separate contributions of each dimension in interrelationships and to identify which dimensions are influenced by preventive interventions.What is Known:• Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes. Markers of inflammation are also potential predictors of later development of CVD and type 2 diabetes.• The contribution of individual markers in interrelationships between MetS and inflammation is unknown.What is New:• We uniquely demonstrate that within a multivariate model, waist circumference is the primary link between MetS variables and markers of inflammation in children.• Waist circumference may therefore be a useful population-level screening tool to identify future risk of CVD.

Correspondence between fMRI and SNP data by group sparse canonical correlation analysis.

Both genetic variants and brain region abnormalities are recognized as important factors for complex diseases (e.g., schizophrenia). In this paper, we investigated the correspondence between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and brain activity measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to understand how genetic variation influences the brain activity. A group sparse canonical correlation analysis method (group sparse CCA) was developed to explore the correlation between these two datasets which are high dimensional-the number of SNPs/voxels is far greater than the number of samples. Different from the existing sparse CCA methods (sCCA), our approach can exploit structural information in the correlation analysis by introducing group constraints. A simulation study demonstrates that it outperforms the existing sCCA. We applied this method to the real data analysis and identified two pairs of significant canonical variates with average correlations of 0.4527 and 0.4292 respectively, which were used to identify genes and voxels associated with schizophrenia. The selected genes are mostly from 5 schizophrenia (SZ)-related signalling pathways. The brain mappings of the selected voxles also indicate the abnormal brain regions susceptible to schizophrenia. A gene and brain region of interest (ROI) correlation analysis was further performed to confirm the significant correlations between genes and ROIs.

Interspecific comparison of growth and shape within Diapterus (Gerreidae: Perciformes) using geometric morphometrics

Morphometric analyses can generate useful information to solve taxonomic problems by direct comparison of each species representative’s shape or by analyzing its growth patterns. In this study, growth patterns and shape variation of the four fish species belonging to the genus Diapterus (Gerreidae) were analyzed using geometric morphometrics. We examined 287 specimens, D. auratus (n = 65), D. aureolus (n = 76), D. brevirostris (n = 87) and D. rhombeus (n = 59). For the exploration of growth trajectories of each species, the standard length was used as a size measurement, and the Procrustes distance as a morphological variation measurement. We also compared averages of the morphological change direction within each species through a pairwise comparison between vector angles. These analyses were also used to select those fishes whose increase in size did not lead to a significant change in Procrustes distance. Once this subsample was selected, the body shapes of the four species were compared using Canonical variate Analysis and Multivariate Analysis of Variance. Diapterus aureolus showed the most different morphological trajectory and the most divergent vector within the genus. An average of 93% of correct classification was estimated from Mahalanobis distances. The Canonical Variate Analysis generated three statistically significant canonical variates (p < 0.001) and indicated that D. auratus, D. brevirostris, and D. rhombeus presented a more related shape between them than D. aureolus, as indicated in previous studies. In this context, we considered the shape and growth of D. aureolus with regard to its congeners can be an important element for suggesting a taxonomic rearrangement. However, our interpretation should be supported by phylogenetic analysis. Based in our study, we suggest that trajectories analyses can be directly used in morphometric comparisons to detect those specimens affected by allometry.

Time Perspective and Career Decision-Making Difficulties in Adults

Decision making is not only contingent upon what takes place in the present but also on how one feels about the past and one’s hopes for the future. However, when it comes to time perspective and career decision making, vocational psychology has focused exclusively on future time perspective. The present study examines the relations among past, present, and future time perspectives and career decision-making difficulties in a sample of 195 adults seeking career counseling services. Participants completed the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) and the Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ). Results from canonical correlation analysis produced three significant canonical variates. The results indicate that different patterns in time perspective are associated with different types of career decision-making difficulties. Areas for future research regarding time perspective and career decision making are discussed.

Genecology and Seed Zones for Indian Ricegrass Collected in the Southwestern United States

Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides [Roemer & J.A. Schultes] Barkworth) is a widely distributed, highly desirable native species in desert ecosystems in the western United States. Yet there are no studies linking genetic variation in Indian ricegrass with climate across major areas of its natural distribution. In this study, seeds from 106 collection locations from the southwestern United States were established in common gardens and four phenological traits (Phen; such as blooming date), six production traits (Pro; such as dry weight), and eight morphology traits (Morph; such as leaf dimensions) were measured in 2007 and 2008. Analyses of variance revealed that all basic garden traits differed among source locations (P , 0.01), indicating widespread genetic variation. Within Phen, Pro, and Morph categories, canonical correlation was completed between basic garden traits and source location temperature and precipitation. This resulted in six significant (P , 0.01) canonical variates (Phen 1, Pro 1 and 2, and Morph 1, 2, and 3) representing each category of traits. Linear correlations (r .6 0.25, P , 0.01) consistently linked monthly temperature at collection locations with Phen 1, Pro 1, and Morph 1. For precipitation, however, correlations were more dependent on month, with the strongest correlations during the spring developmental period. Using regression models between traits and climate, a map with 12 seed zones was developed representing much of the southwestern United States. This generally distinguished genetic variation between cooler and warmer regions, usually separating more northern, higher elevation areas from more southern, lower elevation areas. The correspondence between climate and genetic variation suggested climate-driven differences in natural selection, likely leading to adaptation. The seed zone map is recommended to guide and broaden germplasm collection and utilization for Indian ricegrass restoration.

Electronic tongue as a screening tool for rapid analysis of beer

An electronic tongue (ET) comprising 18 potentiometric chemical sensors was applied to the quantitative analysis of beer. Fifty Belgian and Dutch beers of different types were measured using the ET. The same samples were analyzed using conventional analytical techniques with respect to the main physicochemical parameters. Only non-correlated physicochemical parameters were retained for further analysis, which were real extract, real fermentation degree, alcohol content, pH, bitterness, color, polyphenol and CO(2) content. Relationship between the ET and physicochemical datasets was studied using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA). Four significant canonical variates were extracted using CCA. Correlation was observed between 6 physicochemical variables (real extract and fermentation degree, bitterness, pH, alcohol and polyphenols' content) and 14 sensors of the ET. The feasibility of the ET for the quantification of bitterness in beer was evaluated in the aqueous solutions of isomerized hop extract and in the set of 11 beers with bitterness varying between 14 and 38 EBU (European Bitterness Units). Sensors displayed good sensitivity to isomerized hop extract and good prediction of the bitterness in beer was obtained. Calibration models with respect to the physicochemical parameters using ET measurements in 50 Belgian and Dutch beer samples were calculated by Partial Least Square regression. The ET was capable of predicting such parameters as real extract, alcohol and polyphenol content and bitterness, the latter with Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) of 2.5.

Cocaine, crime, family history of deviance—are psychosocial correlates related to these phenomena in male cocaine abusers?

This paper examines relationships among deviant behaviors such as cocaine abuse, crime, and family history of deviance; demographics; and psychological characteristics such as aggression, sensation seeking, confidence to resist taking cocaine and risk taking tendency to use cocaine in different situations; psychiatric symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety, obsessive‐compulsiveness, somatization, attention deficit); and social characteristics such as social adjustment. The sample consisted of men, mean age 35 years, who were veterans of the armed services. Canonical correlation analysis showed three significant canonical variates: The first indicated that verbal aggression, general sensation seeking, and a problem index for situations involving urges to use cocaine were positively related to number of times arrested and negatively related to age. The second revealed that experience seeking and problem indices for situations involving urges to use cocaine and for those involving pleasant times, were positively related to last cocaine use consumption level, total lifetime grams of cocaine used, and alcohol problems of the immediate family. The third showed that verbal aggression and a problem index for risk situations for use involving pleasant times were positively related, and experience seeking was negatively related, to number of times arrested, number of times incarcerated in the previous 30 days, age, and last cocaine use level. The implications of the associations found among these variables are discussed as they pertain to prevention, treatment, and future research.

Geographic pattern of genetic variation in photosynthetic capacity and growth in two hardwood species from British Columbia.

Geographic patterns of intraspecific variations in traits related to photosynthesis and biomass were examined in two separate common garden experiments using seed collected from 26 Sitka alder (Alnus sinuata Rydb.) and 18 paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) populations from climatically diverse locations in British Columbia, Canada. Exchange rates of carbon dioxide and water vapour were measured on 2-year-old seedlings to determine the maximum net instantaneous photosynthetic rate, mesophyll conductance, stomatal conductance, and photosynthetic water use efficiency. Height, stem diameter, root and shoot dry mass and fall frost hardiness data were also obtained. Mean population maximum photosynthetic rate ranged from 10.35 to 14.57 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 in Sitka alder and from 14.76 to 17.55 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 in paper birch. Based on canonical correlation analyses, populations from locations with colder winters and shorter (but not necessarily cooler) summers had higher maximum photosynthetic rates implying the existence of an inverse relationship between leaf longevity and photosynthetic capacity. Significant canonical variates based on climatic variables derived for the seed collection sites explained 58% and 41% of variation in the rate of photosynthesis in Sitka alder and paper birch, respectively. Since growing season length is reflected in date of frost hardiness development, an intrinsic relationship was found between photosynthetic capacity and the level of fall frost hardiness. The correlation was particularly strong for paper birch (r=-0.77) and less strong for Sitka alder (r=-0.60). Mean population biomass accumulation decreased with increased climate coldness. These patterns may be consequential for evaluation of the impact of climate change and extension of the growing season on plant communities.

Exploration of the Underlying Dimensions and Overlap between the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised

The canonical relationship between the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT) and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) was studied. Two significant canonical variates accounted for approximately 53% of the overlap in variance between the two measures. The WMS-R was found to offer unique and valuable information beyond the KAIT when assessing individuals classified as learning disabled (LD). Principal components analysis, using the KAIT Composite IQs and the WMS-R Index scores, yielded a two-factor solution. The addition of a specific measure of memory during the psychoeducational evaluation of adolescents and adults classified as LD was supported. Implications for clinical practice and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Relating Millon′s Basic Personality Styles and Holland′s Occupational Types

This study examined the relation between Millon′s (1983) basic personality styles and Holland′s (1985a) occupational types. Subjects were 75 men and 77 women college students who completed the Personality Adjective Check List (Strack, 1987, 1991b), a measure of Millon′s basic personalities designed for use with normal adults, and the Self-Directed Search (SDS; Holland, 1985c, 1987). Pearson and canonical correlation analyses were conducted separately for men and women. Bivariate correlations were typically modest, ranging from −.34 to .46 across sexes. Two significant canonical variates emerged for both men and women. Meaningful associations were found for essentially all of Millon′s basic personalities and Holland′s types, although the pattern was different for men and women. Millon and Holland appeared most similar along dimensions of social dominance–submissiveness and emotionality (neuroticism)–restraint (conscientiousness).

Relationships among Self-Rated and Psychometrically Determined Vocational Aptitudes and Interests

This study investigated the relationships between self-ratings and test scores of vocational aptitudes and interests. Participants were 564 eighth-grade students in four middle schools who rated 6 aptitudes and 12 interests on the Self Rating Form and later completed the Occupational Aptitude Survey and Interest Schedule. A canonical correlational analysis between self-ratings and test scores revealed 10 statistically significant canonical variates accounting for 97% of the common variance. Univariate correlations between the same-named constructs for self-ratings and test scores ranged from .10 to.56. The results are discussed in terms of the related literature.

Determinants of health-promoting lifestyles in older persons.

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which selected components derived from Pender's Health Promotion Model (1982) explained engaging in health promotion practices in a sample of 477 persons 65 years and older. One directional hypothesis was tested using canonical correlation analysis. Three significant canonical variates were demonstrated, explaining 88.7 percent of variance. Older healthy persons with high self-esteem and internal locus of control reported practicing five of the six health promotion strategies. Men with higher income and self-esteem but poorer health less often exercised or ate well. Older married subjects with higher incomes who were internally controlled were more likely to engage in exercise, health responsibility and stress management but not in interpersonal support. Findings provide direct multivariate support for the additive nature of the relationships posited in the Health Promotion Model.

Changes of Air Passenger Distribution Patterns in Japan

The number of air passengers in the world has increased from 3, 500 persons in 1919, 90 million in 1959, to 1.07 billion in 1988. In recent years in particular, the number of air passengers and air routes have incresed rapidly, and the development of larger and high-performance aircraft has made steady progress.In this current, studies on air transportation should also advance in geography. The purpose of this study is to clarify the spatial changes in air passenger distribution patterns for about a decade and the causes of these changes in Japan In this study, the main data for air passengers were selected from the Air Passenger Movements Survey in 1975 and in 1983 conducted by the Civil Aviation Bureau Ministry of Transport.Results of this study are summarized as follows.1. Focusing on the spatial distribution of air passengers in Japan, more passengers are generated and absorbed in areas where an airport is located and in large cities near airports. In addition, areas where a lot of passengers are generated and absorbed increse and extend outward from airports for the period from 1975 to 1983.2. Hinterlands of Haneda, Yamagata, Komatsu and Kagoshima airports were selected for the analysis, giving consideration to regional differences of air passenger distribution patterns. In four airport hinterlands, the number of air passengers has increased considerably in areas where airports are located and those around airports for the period from 1975 to 1983. And the trend that the volume of incease in air passengers decreases with increasing distance from airports is observed in common. Areas with a large increase in passengers for business and nonresidents are found in a narrow zone around airports, while areas with a large increase in passengers for leisure and residents are widely spread in each hinterland.3. Canonical correlation analysis was applied to five variables which reveal changes (the volume of increse) in air passengers and 11 variables which indicate changes (the volume of increase) in regional attributes related strongly with distribution patterns of air passengers. As a result, significant canonical variates were obtained for four airport hinterlands. Increase in air passengers is deeply related to the growth of commerce, increases in population and in establishments in areas where air passengers are generated and absorbed. Then in the Haneda Airport hinterland, though increse in residents is strongly related to growth of population, increses in passengers for business and in nonresidents do not show a strong correspondence with increase in population. Increasing regional attributes with increase in passengers for leisure are different from those with increase in other passengers, seen in hinterlands except for the Yamagata Airport hinterland.4. Higher rates of air passenger increase were observed in areas far from airports. Canonical correlation analysis was applied to variables which reveal changes (the rate of increase) in air passengers and variables which indicate changes (the rate of increase) in regional attributes. As a result, significant canonical variates were not obtained, except for the Haneda Airport hinterland. Therefore it is difficult to generalize a relation between them.In areas where passengers for business are dominant, rapid increase in population and growth of commerce was found. Considerable increse in air passengers including passengers for business was also observed in these areas. Large increses in passengers for leisure were observed not only in areas around airports, but in areas distant from airports. Then changes in regional attributes related strongly to changes in passengers for leisure are different by each hinterland.In Japan, studies on air passengers have been accumulated in economics. But the above-mentioned findings could not be obtained from these studies without the view of geography.

Psychological determinants of occupational burnout

AbstractA representative sample of 74 nurses working in a comparatively large Australian psychiatric hospital completed a questionnaire which contained scales that reflected the elements of the self‐control model of human stress proposed by Carver and Scheier. Canonical correlation analysis was used to statistically relate proposed elements of the self‐control model to both intensity and frequency subscale scores of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Interpretation of the complicated array of structure coefficients derived for four significant canonical variates provided support for the basic tenets of the self‐control model. Notably, those participants who reported higher intensities of emotional exhaustion–depersonalization also reported higher scores on operational measures of self‐focus and negative affect, a greater range of discrepant aspects of their job, and more pessimism regarding improvement in those same aspects. A framework for elaboration of the model through future research is proposed.

Family Communication Patterns and Adolescent Use of Radio

This study examines the relationship between family communication patterns of adolescents and adolescent use of radio. A canonical correlation analysis revealed two statistically significant canonical variates. The first one related to a psychological use of radio for females from socio-oriented homes. The second canonical variate related to a social use of radio for minority listeners. This study was funded in part by the National Association of Broadcasters' Research Grants Program.

Caregiver Needs and Patterns of Social Support

Levels of caregiver need were used to predict four patterns of continuity and change in social support over a one-year interval among 376 adults caring for a family member with Alzheimer's disease. Canonical correlation analysis was used to identify predictors of each support pattern from selected caregiver characteristics and needs (i.e., demographics, financial resources, physical and mental health, social and recreational activities, and aspects of the caregiving situation). Three significant canonical variates emerged for each type of support, instrumental and perceived adequacy of support, correctly classifying more than half of the caregiver sample. Results suggest that caregiver need does not necessarily elicit support. Needs do, however, predict several patterns of social support, the most common of which is characterized by stability (high or low support). Depending on type of support (instrumental or perceived adequacy), different configurations of predictors emerge.

Concurrent Validity Study of the Oasis Aptitude Survey

The concurrent validity of the Occupational Aptitude Survey and Interest Schedule (OASIS) was investigated by correlating OASIS Aptitude Survey scores with General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) scores for a sample of 59 rehabilitation clients referred for psychological evaluation. Canonical correlation analysis revealed four significant canonical variates and canonical correlations of .90, .76, .61, and .57. Zero-order correlations between the OASIS aptitude subtests and similar GATB subtests ranged from .68-.84. These results suggest that the concurrent validities of the OASIS scores with the GATB are generally acceptably high.