Significant Average Abnormal Returns Research Articles

Impact of Smartness on Sustainability: An Empirical Study of North American Agri-food Companies

There are many examples of implementation of Industry 4.0 Tools leading to improved sustainability, operational performance and financial performance, but the evidence is mostly anecdotal. The aim of the study is to examine how implementation of Industry 4.0 tools affect sustainable operations in agri-food supply chains and to make a general statement based on empirical analysis. Using farmer/grower, manufacturer/processors, wholesalers/distributors, and retailer companies listed in the North American market as the study population, Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) equations are estimated to identify the impact of Industry 4.0 adoption level on sustainability performance, operational efficiency and financial profitability and control for the common financial shocks that can affect sustainability performance scores and financial outcomes simultaneously. Estimation results indicate that, the Industry 4.0 adoption level has positive impact on sustainability performance and efficiency, however there is no association between smartness and significant average abnormal return.

Reaksi Pasar Saham di Indonesia terhadap Keterbukaan Informasi Terkait Transaksi Afiliasi

Affiliated transaction or also known as related party transaction (RPT) refers to a transaction involving two or more parties with a special or related relationship. Due to this relationship, the transactions may not be conducted according to the arm's length principle or cause a potential agency problem. Therefore, information disclosure to the public is necessary to provide a material information regarding affiliated transactions and as a key aspect of adhering to principles of good corporate governance. The aim of this study is to analyze whether there is a significant and positive impact on Indonesian stock market, in response to the RPT Announcements by issuers in Indonesia. Despite the prevalence of affiliated transactions among group companies in Indonesia, there is little research focused on the impact of RPT announcements on stock market reactions in Indonesia. Using event study as the method, in this study assess whether stock prices adjust in a timely manner upon the arrival of new public information. The results indicate that there is a significant and positive average abnormal return on the third trading day before RPT Announcement, and a significant and negative average abnormal return on the fourth trading day after RPT Announcement. 
 
 Keywords: Stock market reaction, RPT announcement, affiliated transaction, event study

Can an influential and responsible investor indeed be influential through responsible investments? Evidence from a $1 trillion fund

Via a case study of Norway’s sovereign wealth fund (GPFG), the world’s largest stockowner, we find that such a high-profile fund can immediately influence market prices through its ESG announcements. After assessing that the product or conduct of a portfolio constituent is in serious contravention of its ethical guidelines, the GPFG can divest from that firm or place it on an observation list and make after-the-fact public announcements. For both cases, we empirically investigate market reactions via the pricing and trading volume of the affected firms’ stocks. Our results show a robust and significant average abnormal return of −0.31% for the firms on the announcement date. To disentangle the price effects, we condition on the rationale of each announcement and demonstrate that it indeed plays a role. Specifically, firms announced for their conduct face a larger magnitude of price reaction than those announced for their product. We, however, find no evidence of any effect of the announcements on trading volume. Nevertheless, we find some evidence suggesting that higher trading volume and more recent announcements are associated with more negative abnormal returns.

Do carbon neutrality initiatives affect the shareholder value of firms? Evidence from China

This study tests the impact of carbon neutrality initiatives on shareholder value and explores how equity returns achieved as a result of carbon neutrality vary across operating environments. Based on 226 carbon neutrality announcements made between 2017 and 2021, we conducted an event study to estimate the impact of carbon neutrality initiatives on Chinese firms' shareholder value. Under the opportunity-motivation-ability (OMA) framework, we further analyzed the heterogeneous effects of distinctive firm characteristics (social rating and firm size), in which carbon neutrality announcements represented opportunity, social rating represented motivation, and firm size represented ability. We further demonstrated how the announcement characteristics and industry differences affected stock market responses. The results indicate that carbon neutrality initiatives have a significant average abnormal return of 0.99% on the announcement date and a positive long-term impact on shareholder value. This equity return is more pronounced for smaller firms with higher social ratings, and the stock market reacts less positively to firms that announce carbon neutrality initiatives in social responsibility reports. The stock market does not react strongly to manufacturing firms’ carbon neutrality initiatives. The study provides some important insights toward the CSR-firm performance debate by providing a new measurement of CSR (i.e. carbon neutrality initiative) and examining the relation from an OMA perspective and looking into some contingency factors.

Performance of the African stock market amid COVID-19 global health crisis: empirical analysis using four events

The study employs the market model and event study approach with four events to examine the performance of the African stock market amid COVID-19 global health crisis. We use daily stock market data from 14 African countries (as a proxy for the African market) spanning September 2019 to June 2021 and COVID-19 data to estimate average abnormal returns for Africa. The results show significant positive average abnormal returns in Africa when the WHO announced COVID-19 as a global health epidemic. The events of infections and deaths generated significant negative average abnormal returns while the event of vaccination did not generate any significant average abnormal returns in the market. In as much as pandemics are unpredictable, the African market quickly recovers as depicted by COVID-19; therefore, we recommend to investors, speculators, and portfolio managers not to quickly exit the continent during pandemics.

Stock Price Reaction Analysis Before And After The Announcement Of The First Covid-19 PSBB Implementation On The Lq-45 Index Listed On The Indonesia Stock Exchange

This study was conducted to determine the reaction of stock prices before and after implementing the PSBB for the first time. Stock price reactions were measured by abnormal returns and trading volume activity using the event study method with an adjusted market model approach. The population used in this arrangement is the number of companies listed on the LQ-45 index for the February-July 2020 period, as many as 45 companies. The sample used a saturated sampling technique for as many as 45 companies. This research data uses secondary data consisting of daily stock closing prices and daily stock trading volumes with an observation period of seven days before the event, one day when the PSBB was implemented, and seven days after the PSBB was implemented. The statistical tools used were the normality test and the one-sample t-test. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant average abnormal return. However, there is no difference in abnormal returns before and after implementing the first PSBB. Besides that, the results show a significant average trading volume activity. However, trading volume activity is the same before and after the first PSBB implementation.

Asian perspective of capital market performance amid the COVID 19 pandemic

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to investigate the short-term capital markets' reactions to the public announcement first local detection of novel corona virus (COVID 19) cases in 12 major Asian capital markets.Design/methodology/approachUsing the constant mean return model and the market model, an event study methodology has been implied to determine the cumulative abnormal returns (CARs) of 10 pre and post-event trading days. The statistical significance of the data was assessed using both parametric and nonparametric test statistics.FindingsFirst discovery of local COVID 19 cases had a substantial impact on all 12 Asian markets on the event day, as shown by statistically significant negative average abnormal return (AAR) and cumulative average abnormal return (CAAR). The single factor ANOVA result has also demonstrated that there is no variability among 12 regional markets in terms of short-term market responses. Furthermore, there is little evidence that these major Asian stock market indices differ significantly from the FTSE All-World Index which might suggest possible spillover impact and co-integration among the major Asian capital markets. The study further discovers that market capitalization and liquidity did not have any significant impact on market reaction to announcement.Research limitations/implicationsThe study's contribution might have been compromised by the absence of socio-demographic, technical, financial and other significant policy factors from the analysis.Practical implicationsThese findings will be considerably helpful in tackling this unprecedented epidemic issue for personal and institutional investors, industrial and economic experts, government and policymakers in assessing the market in special circumstances, diversifying risk and developing financial and monetary policy proposals.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to examine the effects of local COVID 19 detection announcement on major Asian capital markets. This study will add to the literature by investigating unusual market returns generated by infectious illness outbreaks and the overall market efficiency and investors' behavioral pattern of major Asian capital markets.

Merton model’s prediction and empirical evidence on bond and equity prices reaction to new bond issues

ABSTRACT I use the Merton model as a theoretical framework to assess 1) the expected impact of a new bond offering on existing bond and stock prices, and 2) how the bond and stock price reactions are conditioned on characteristics of the new and existing bonds and the planned use of the new funds. Consistent with the Merton model prediction, I find negative and significant average abnormal returns of issuers’ existing bonds over a three-day event window surrounding the announcement of new bond issues. In contrast, average abnormal stock returns of the issuing firms are positive but insignificant. Bond market announcement returns estimated using daily corporate bond data from TRACE are more negative for longer-term outstanding bonds and less negative when the new bonds are junior to existing bonds. I also find that the bond price reaction (stock price reaction) is more negative (less positive) when funds are to be used for expansion than when they are to be used to repurchase stock.

When Blockchain Creates Shareholder Value: Empirical Evidence from International Firm Announcements

Blockchain is a prominently discussed technology in operations and supply chain management and firms increasingly engage in blockchain initiatives. Yet, an understanding of the technology's financial value remains elusive. Based on 175 firm announcements between 2015 and 2019, we conduct an international event study to estimate the impact of blockchain initiatives on the market value of the firm. We empirically demonstrate that blockchain announcements are associated with a significant average abnormal return of 0.30% on the announcement day, and that there are indications of positive long‐term effects on shareholder value. We further demonstrate how blockchain use case, project, and firm characteristics affect the stock market reaction. Specifically, we find that the stock market reaction to blockchain announcements is less positive when blockchain is used to trace physical objects or to share sensitive data, providing empirical evidence for the risk associated with current challenges in the design of blockchain use cases. Our results also suggest that the involvement of an external information technology service provider in a blockchain project attenuates the positive stock market reaction. Interestingly, more innovative firms do not experience a stronger stock market reaction to blockchain announcements. Leveraging the international scope of our sample, we further shed light on how the firm's competitive (i.e., industry factors) and macro environment (i.e., country factors) affect the stock market reaction. Our findings indicate that the industry's R&D intensity and the country's data restriction level play a crucial role in driving the value attributed to blockchain initiatives.

Announcements Effect of Corporate Bond Issuance on Stock Returns: Evidence from Chile

This study measures the announcement effect of corporate bond issuance on stock returns for companies listed on the Santiago de Chile Stock Exchange (BCS). The sample is made up of 29 firms and 87 corporate bond issuance announcements during the 2010-2017 period. The announcement effect of corporate bond issuance on stock return is measured by an event study. This methodology allows to calculate abnormal returns for the days of the event period. The results show that the average abnormal return on the day of the announcement is negative (between -0.09% and -0.03%), but it is not statistically significant. However, the average abnormal return on the day after the announcement is positive (between 0.27% and 0.32%) and has statistical significance. The significant and positive average abnormal return on the day after the announcement suggests a late market reaction. The study shows that there is a significant signaling effect of bond issuance announcements on stock returns.

Stock Price Reaction to the Stock Splits Announcement of Listed Companies in the Colombo Stock Exchange

A stock split is a corporate event that directly impacts the number of a company’s shares and indirectly on stock prices. This study tests the effect of the stock splits on the share price of companies listed in the Colombo Stock Exchange during the periods of pre and post stock split announcement in accordance with the Efficient Market Hypothesis. The main objective of this paper is to identify the overall impact of a stock split announcement on stock prices. This study analyses 88 annual stock splits during the ten (10) year period from 2009 to 2019 by taking the listed companies in the Colombo Stock Exchange into consideration. It uses the event study methodology to test the market efficiency of the Colombo Stock Exchange, and the market model is run with the aid of abnormal returns, which are calculated based on daily closing stock prices and the All-Share Price Index. For analysing the results, the graphical analysis and t statistics have been utilized. According to the event day average abnormal return, the majority of stock splits were more negative than positive with a significant t value at 5% by indicating that investors were taking the stock split announcement as bad news just after the split announcement was released. Each day with a significant Average Abnormal Return shows more positives than negatives. Graphical results have shown both Average Abnormal Return, and Cumulative Average Abnormal Return has remained continuously negative up to 18 and 25 days, respectively, by implicating that stock splits have made a deleterious impact on stock return. This study finally concludes that the information regarding the stock splits has not been absorbed efficiently by the market because the market reactions before and after the date of the split announcement were significant at 5%, although the Average Abnormal Return got a quick reaction to the announcement. Furthermore, results had not provided evidence for Semi-Strong Form efficiency of the Colombo Stock Exchange since the significant stock price adjustments before and after the event day was noticed. By this study, the policymakers and investors are convinced that all information has not been incorporated into stock prices in making their decisions.

How Do Investors Value the Publication of Tax Information? Evidence From the European Public Country-By-Country Reporting

We examine the capital market reaction to the announcement of the European Union (EU) to introduce a public tax country-by-country reporting (CbCR) regime. By employing an event study methodology, we find a significant cumulative average abnormal return (CAAR) of -0.699%, which translates into a monetary value drop of approximately EUR 65 billion. We conclude that investors evaluate reputational risks arising from public scrutiny and competitive disadvantages to outweigh potential benefits of an extended information environment or more sustainable corporate tax strategies. In cross-sectional tests, we find that the average investor reaction is more pronounced for firms with low effective book tax rates, indicating that reputational concerns play a significant role in the marginal investor's investment behavior. Furthermore, our cross-sectional results indicate that the market reaction is stronger for firms operating in industries with high growth in market participants, providing an initial indication for the role of the competitive environment as an additional channel. Our inferences are of particular importance in light of the current ongoing debates on similar disclosure rules (particularly in the United States; cf. Disclosure of Tax Havens and Offshoring Act) as well as for sustainability standard setters.

Reactions of Borsa İstanbul Tourism Sector Investors to Terrorist, Political and Military Events

Çalışmada, terör, politik ve askeri olaylara turizm sektörü pay yatırımcılarının tepkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. 2016 yılı sonrasında yaşanan 15 Temmuz darbe girişimi, seçimler, Fırat Kalkanı (2016), Zeytin Dalı (2018) ve Barış Pınarı (2019) sınır ötesi harekâtları incelenen olaylardır. Olay çalışması yöntemiyle on işletmenin günlük verilerinde ortalama getiri modeliyle getiriler hesaplanmıştır. Olay gününde 15 Temmuz’un negatif, Zeytin Dalı’nın pozitif anormal getiriye sebep olduğu bulgulanmıştır. 21 günlük olay penceresinde 15 Temmuz’un negatif, sırasıyla Genel Seçim, İBB ara seçimi ile Barış Pınarı’nın en yüksek pozitif kümülatif ortalama anormal getirilere sebep olduğu saptanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular terör ve güvenlik riskiyle, askeri olaylara turizm sektörü yatırımcı duyarlılığının politik olaylardan yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir.

AVRUPA’DAKİ HAVA YOLU PAY SENETLERİNİN COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNE TEPKİSİ: OLAY ÇALIŞMASI METODOLOJİSİ

The COVID-19 pandemic has struck all life, global economy, and financial markets. It stopped airline transportation in Europe and many regions of the world for a certain period as well as affecting many businesses negatively. In this process, naturally, excessive losses occurred in stock markets. Airline stocks were among the most affected by this situation. From this point of view, this study analyzes 38 airline stocks traded in the stock markets of 14 European countries with “the event study methodology”. The main purpose is to compare the reaction of the airline stocks traded in the stock markets of these countries to the pandemic and to determine whether a statistically significant cumulative average abnormal return is provided from them. Accordingly, event windows are determined as short and long windows within the scope of the event study. The findings show that a statistically significant cumulative average abnormal returns for airline stocks in all countries occurred in the -50 +50 event window. Besides, in short event windows around the pandemic announcement on March 11, which is accepted as the event date in this study, airline stocks in some countries respond to the pandemic significantly, while others do not.

Pengaruh Penerbitan Obligasi Syariah Terhadap Return Saham (Studi Kasus Pada Perusahaan Yang Menerbitkan Obligasi Syariah dan Terdaftar Pada Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI)

This type of research is quantitative, this research is conducted on companies that issue Islamic bonds and are listed at the Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI). The method used is the event study method to show whether there is an effect of the issuance of Islamic bonds on stock returns in the event period of the issuance of Islamic bonds (sukuk), with a length of observation time of 15 days before and 15 days after the issuance event. The population used is companies that issue Islamic bonds that are still circulating as of February 2020. The sample was determined by purposive sampling technique and a sample of 15 incidents of Islamic bond issuance was obtained from 8 companies. Then the data is processed using t-test and paried sample t-test. The results showed that there was a significant Average Abnormal Return around the Islamic bond issuance period, which means that the issuance of Islamic bonds (sukuk) had an effect on stock returns. And there is also a significant difference in stock returns between before and after the issuance of Islamic bonds.

REAKSI PASAR SAHAM TERHADAP PENGUMUMAN STOCK SPLIT PADA INDEKS SAHAM SYARIAH INDONESIA (ISSI) PERIODE 2013-2018

Stock split is a breakdown of the nominal value of stocks into smaller ones carried out by the issuer. This study aims to determine and explain the reaction of the stock market to the announcement of a stock split made by issuers of all sectors in the 2013-2018 Indonesian Sharia Stock Index (ISSI). This study uses a quantitative approach using event studies to analyze market reactions to events. Sampling using purposive sampling and obtained 50 companies and two companies do two stock splits. The sample analysis technique uses the One-Sample Test t-test and Paired Sample t-test with an observation period of 31 days which is 15 days before the announcement of the stock split and 16 days after the announcement of the stock split. The results obtained from this study are that there is no significant abnormal return before the announcement of the stock split, but there is a significant abnormal return after the stock split, although a little. However, there is no significant cumulative average abnormal return as a reaction before or after the stock split. This study also found no significant differences in abnormal returns before and after stock split and changes in cumulative average abnormal returns before and after stock split that was not significant.Keywords: Market Reaction, Stock Split, Average Abnormal Return, Indonesian Sharia Stock Index (ISSI)

REAKSI PASAR MODAL INDONESIA TERHADAP PENGUMUMAN INDONESIA SEBAGAI NEGARA MAJU

The purpose of this tdudy is to analyze the differences in abnormal return before and after the announcement of Indonesia as a developed country on the LQ45 stock index. This study uses a purposive sampling method with a sample of 45 companies. The data used are secondary data taken from the official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange, www.idx.co.id. Tests were carried out using paired sample t test with a 15 day event window period. That is, seven days before the event day and sevend days after the event day. The result of statistical analysys shows that there is no significant average abnormal return and after the announcement of Indonesia as a developed country. This means that the market reaction, is largely insignificant, result in a statistically significant difference in the average abnormal return on Indonesia’s announcement as a development country.

The Impact of Tangible Asset Sales on Stock Returns: A Research on Manufacturing Companies Listed in Borsa Istanbul

Nowadays, due to economic fluctuations, increasing competition and technological development companies need to continuously and rapidly adapt to changing business environment. Furthermore, internal conditions like financial distress or strategy changing make the restructuring inevitable for companies. Within this frame, tangible assets sales might have an effect on firm value both by generating a source of financing and allowing companies to optimize their asset structure. In this study, the impact of tangible assets sales on stock returns of manufacturing companies listed on Borsa Istanbul was examined for the period of January, 2016-December, 2017 using event study method. The empirical results show significant positive average abnormal returns associated with the asset sales on announcement day.

ANALISIS REAKSI PASAR TERHADAP PENGUMUMAN RIGHT ISSUE (STUDI KASUS PADA SAHAM YANG TERDAFTAR DI ISSI)

This research aims to find out and explain market reactioncaused by existing action corporate advertisement which is the right issue done by the issuer who was listed in Indonesia Sharia Stock Index period 2014-2016.There are 20 issuers who become the research sample with the period of observation is 29 days. The approach used in this research is quantitative approach by using event study method which is the approach that is specialized to analyze a particular event that is believed to have an impact or reaction. The focus of the research is to see the reaction shown by the change of Average Abnormal Return and Trading Volume Activity using one sample t-test and paired sample t-test. Data processing used a statistical tool of Stata version 14 by determining level of significance of 5%.The results of the research show that there is a significant average abnormal return before and after the right issue and there is a significant difference in trading volume activity before and after the right issue.Keywords: Sharia Stock, Right Issue, Abnormal Return, Trading Volume Activity

DAMPAK PENGUMUMAN KEBIJAKAN BI 7 DAYS REPO RATE PADA SAHAM YANG TERDAFTAR DALAMJAKARTA ISLAMIC INDEX

This research aims to find out and explain Jakarta Islamic Index market reaction caused by BI 7 Days Repo Rate announcement by Bank Indonesia on April 15th , 2016. The approach used in this research is quantitative approach by using event study method which is the approach that is specialized to analyze a particular event that is believed to have an impact or reaction. Data used is secondary data including announcement data, stock price, trading volume during the period of observation and period of estimation. The object of the research is all the issuer that listed in Jakarta Islamic Index. Period of observation is 31 days started from 15 days before the event date to 15 days after the event date meanwhile the period of estimation is 55 days before period of observation. The focus of the research is to see the reaction shown by the change of Average Abnormal Return and Trading Volume Activity using one sample t-test and paired sample t-test. Data processing used a statistical tool of Stata version 14 by determining level of significance of 5%. The results of the research show that there is a significant average abnormal return around the date of announcement and there is a significant difference in trading volume activity before and after the right issue.Keywords: BI 7 Days Repo Rate, Sharia Stock, Event Study, Average Abnormal Return, Trading Volume Activity