Significant Amount Of Rainfall Research Articles

Precipitation patterns in the Gambia from 1981 to 2020

The present study used composite analysis and rainy season definition to investigate rainfall patterns in The Gambia from 1981 to 2020. Rainfall dataset as observed by 10 meteorological stations scattered across The Gambia was used. Results showed that the highest single month rainfall ever recorded in The Gambia during the study period was observed in Sapu, in the eastern sector of the country. The station recorded a total rainfall amount of 767 mm in August, 1999, while the lowest single month rainfall ever recorded was 463 mm in September 2012. It was observed in Jenoi, a station situated in the western sector of the country. Climatological results showed that the study area experienced monomodal rainfall regime during the West African Monsoon, and that the southern part of the western sector region such as Sibanor tend to receive more rainfall compared to other regions of the study area. Part of the central region receives the least annual rainfall. The eastern sector of The Gambia received much of its rain from May to October with July - September as the peak of the rain season. During May - October, Sapu received the heaviest rainfall while Fatoto received the least amount. Results also show that July - September is the period when significant amounts of rainfall are received over the eastern sector of the study area. While May and October are both transitional months, the eastern sector of the study area receives more rains in October than in May. The western sector of the study area, on the other hand, received much of its rain from June to October with July - September as the peak of the rain season. During June - October, Sibanor received the heaviest rainfall while Jenoi received the least amount. The results also show that July - September is the period when significant amounts of rainfall are received over the western sector of the study area. Although June and October are both transitional months, the western sector receives more or less the same rain amounts in June and October. Results further found that, to avert losses associated with excess or deficit in crop water requirement, in the eastern sector, crops with high water requirement should be grown before August as maximum rainfall is observed in August, whereas crops with minimum water requirement should be grown in May or October, that is when minimum rainfall is experienced. In the western sector, on the other hand, crops requiring high water amount should be grown before August or September when maximum rainfall is recorded in the sector, whereas crops with minimum water requirement should be grown in June or October. This study will help create awareness on the erratic rain seasons due to Climate Change, and to provide farmers with information on rainfall distribution in The Gambia to avert losses and impacts associated with water deficit or excess on society, agriculture, and the environment.

Systematic Approach to Transboundary Radioactivity Monitoring for Accidents in External Nuclear Power Plants

AbstractPast nuclear accidents demonstrated that radioactive materials from an accident in a nuclear power station (NPS) can disperse to other countries or even across the globe. This means all countries need to be prepared to respond to a nuclear power emergency even if they have no nuclear power program. This study aims to propose a structured framework to enable transboundary radio activity monitoring of accidental releases in external NPSs in such a country with limited calculation resources. A trial calculation of a hypothetical release from an interfacing system loss of coolant accident (ISLOCA) in Unit 1 of Fangchenggang NPS during different representative meteorological scenarios is carried out to demonstrate the usability of the proposed framework. It was found that a relatively large release can reach the border of Thailand within 24 h when the wind along the dispersion pathway is basically in northeast direction with significant amount of rainfall, though it may not be able to trigger the alarm at the radiation monitoring stations. However, it is highly likely that the release that fulfills the aforementioned conditions be detected by one of the stations within 48 h-timeframe. As the trial calculation could deliver insightful findings with limited calculation resources, the proposed transboundary atmospheric dispersion calculation framework can be used in other nonnuclear power countries to prepare for emergency response to accidents in external NPSs.

Feasibility of rainwater harvesting for sustainable water management in urban areas of Egypt.

Egypt's limited water resources, rapid population growth, and climate change are increasing the gap between water demand and supply. Meanwhile, significant amounts of rain fall in some regions in Egypt during specific storm events, which in some cases, lead to disasters like flash floods and inundations. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) can be considered as a sustainable promising solution to water shortage and inundation problems. In this work, the feasibility of RWH for urban areas was assessed over 22 cities throughout Egypt. Results show that the annual volume of rainwater harvested can reach 142.5 MCM in the considered cities, provided that all rain falling on the urban areas is collected. High potential of rainfall harvesting was found for cities that located on the North Coast, e.g., the potential water saving from the share of RWH in Alexandria can satisfy around 12% of its future supplementary domestic water needs. In contrast, rainfall over the cities located on the middle and the south of the country is insignificant to be harvested. A case study for the 5th settlement region in Cairo was discussed in terms of groundwater recharge and surface runoff estimation for two conditions: No-RWH and RWH systems by implementing recharge wells to store rainwater into the aquifer. Land cover classification maps of urban areas were created by using the ARCGIS software to estimate equivalent infiltration coefficients. The results demonstrate that the implementation of such RWH system has a significant impact on the regional water cycle, where the effective infiltration coefficient increased from 10% (No-RWH) to 75% (RWH) in the case study. Accordingly, the runoff coefficient decreased in the case study from 0.8 (No-RWH) to 0.15 (RWH), and the volume of runoff decreased in the case of RWH by around 82% lower than that of the No-RWH condition. Thus, direct infiltration of RWH into an aquifer can play an important role in sound water management for urban environments, as this may lead to a significant reduction in risks of flooding and expenses of municipal drainage systems installation and operation.

The burden of malaria with historical perspective in Nigerian concept and world view

Malaria is an infection of humans and other animals caused by eukaryotic organisms of the genus, Plasmodium . The protozoan first infects the liver, subsequently acts as a parasite within the system in the red blood cells, causing symptoms that typically include fever and headache, in severe cases progressing to coma and/or death. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions in a broad band around the equator, including much of sub-Sahara Africa, Asia and the United States of America with its attendant burden on drug and drug resistance. Four species of Plasmodium most commonly infect and can be transmitted by humans. Severe disease is largely caused by P. falciparum while the disease caused by P. vivax , P. ovale and P. malariae is generally a milder form that is rarely fatal. Malaria is prevalent in tropical regions because the significant amounts of rainfall, consistently high temperatures and high humidity, along with stagnant waters in which mosquito larvae readily mature, provide with the environment needed for continuous breeding. Disease transmission can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites, distribution and use of mosquito nets and insect repellents, or with mosquito-control measures such as spraying insecticides, prevention of bushy environment and draining stagnant water. The World Health Organization continues to work hard to reduce the burden of malaria in Nigeria and Africa as a whole.

Geo-dynamic Activity of the Fluvial Flows of North East Part of Kosova

The formation and the development of the landscape of this part, beside the afore-mentioned geological factors, a very important role has played the external morphogenetic phenomena such as climatic, hydrographical, pedological and vegetative one.In the context of external morphological phenomena of this section, the geo-dynamic activity of the fluvial flows takes an important place, which distinguishes this area, particularly with the dense network of rivers and streams. This fluvial property associates with significant amount of rainfall, the composition of less permeable rock and on this basis, the large values of density and depth of fragmentation of the landscape of this part, especially in the mountain of Kopaonik.Thus, in the South West of these mountains runs the median flow of the river Ibër, between Mitrovica and the border with Serbia and the lower flow of the river Sitnica, the right branch of the river Ibër, which, by size, come immediately after the Drini i Bardhë river. However, the right branches and the most important ones of the river Sitnica cross the graben pond of Llap and the territory of Gollak especially the Llapi one, which are also distinguished for the high values of fluvial flows density.

中国北西部・乾燥地域における総観規模擾乱と降雨

The synoptic weather situations around rainfall over the acid area in Northwestern China during HEIFE are further investigated as an extension of a previous study (Itano, 1997). The analysis shows a frequent passage of the frontal troughes over this arid area and successive formation of cyclones on them at the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The rainfall in this arid area is fundamentally caused by such westward moving troughes.With the passage of these frontal troughes, a significant amount of rainfall is observed at the higher mountainous area but not necessarily at the lower area. Especially at the lowest desert area, rainfall is observed only when the relative humidity within the whole cloud base exceeds 60 percent. This fact seems to indicate the evaporation of rain drops occurs within the dry boundary layer over the desert, which prevents the rain drops from reaching lower altitude until whole boundary layer is moistened to some extent. This may be one of the principal reasons for scarce rainfall in the lowest desert area despite the frequent passage of synoptic disturbances and large number of rain events.