Significant Amounts Of Carbon Dioxide Research Articles

Two-stage stochastic programming for multi-objective optimization of sustainable utility systems integrating with combined heat and power units

Utility systems provide thermal energy and power for industrial processes while emitting significant amounts of carbon dioxide. This study investigates the integration of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) units and renewable energy sources into utility systems in the context of diverse energy demands and low-carbon operations. A two-stage stochastic programming model (TSSP) is proposed for sustainable utility systems. The main objective of the model is to minimize the annual total cost and the other two objectives are to maximize renewable energy penetration rate and minimize grid net interaction level. The model tackles renewable energy sources’ uncertainty and evaluates environmental metrics by computing carbon emission costs. In TSSP, the first stage involves new equipment capacity planning. The second stage involves considering uncertainties related to wind speed and solar radiation. Monte Carlo simulations and probability density functions were used to generate a variety of scenarios for the optimization of operational scheduling decisions. Finally, a case study was conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. Compared to traditional deterministic optimization in utility systems, the two-stage stochastic programming of sustainable utility systems can reduce carbon emissions by 5.6 percent annually and overall costs by 8,907,733 CNY. It provides decision-makers with a range of reference options by balancing multiple objectives, including economic factors, renewable energy penetration rate, and grid interaction level.

Cultivation Of Spirulina Platensis for carbon dioxide bio sequestration in hybrid photobioreactor with real-time monitoring system

Innovative methods for effectively sequestering significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) are required to address the ongoing problem of greenhouse gas emissions, which have increased in tandem with industrial development. Optimisation of the performance of the photobioreactor remains a challenge, despite the potential of using photobioreactors and cyanobacteria for bio sequestration. A potential solution lies in the development of a hybrid photobioreactor design. Thus, this study aims to develop a hybrid design of the photobioreactor equipped with tailor-made real-time monitoring system known as FCB2022 for cultivating Spirulina platensis. The performance is evaluated by monitoring real-time data such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and temperature, alongside assessing the growth kinetic of cyanobacterium, CO2 sequestration, oxygen release rate and mass carbon balance. These assessments are conducted under varying photon flux densities (PFD) of 100µmol/ (m2.s), 200µmol/ (m2.s), and 300µmol/ (m2.s). The result demonstrates that FCB2022 exhibited high hydrodynamic performance with parameters like mixing time, circulation time, Reynold number, and empty bed residence time showing favourable values. The optimal ranges for temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen are determined to be between 23.56 and 29.11 ⁰C, 9.03–9.58, and 6.57–6.89 mgO2/L, respectively. Under the conditions of 15% CO2 and PFD of 300µmol/ (m2.s), the specific growth rates reach 0.36±0.004 /day and maximum biomass concentration attains 1.52±0.03 kg/m3. Notably, the PFD of 300µmol/ (m2.s) yields the highest conversion of carbon into biomass, ranging from 1.09×10−02 kg to 1.26×10−02 kg, representing the yield of 31–83% in each CO2 injection treatment.

Potential for Carbon Credits from Conservation Management: Price and Potential for Multi-Habitat Nature-Based Carbon Sequestration in Dorset, UK

Carbon offsetting is currently a major tool in managing carbon emissions and informing sustainability plans of organisations in the drive to net-zero. This study aims to identify the offsetting potential of existing conservation schemes, and whether carbon offsetting credits could provide finance these conservation activities. The results from Dorset, in the UK, indicate that many existing conservation schemes in woodlands, heathlands, and grasslands cannot only enhance biodiversity but also capture significant amounts of carbon, and while habitats differ by region and country, the general results should be applicable elsewhere. We show that the cost per additional tonne of carbon sequestered as a result of conservation activities varies considerably between different conservation projects. On average, across the conservation projects we studied, the cost of this offsetting is GBP 80 per tonne CO2e sequestered and ranging between GBP 120 and GBP 0, depending on the project and whether existing biodiversity grants would be available. However, this figure was based on adapting and refining the existing conservation projects and did not involve expensive factors, such as purchase of land, which make the prices potentially unrealistic, especially in a Global North context. While the costs identified are higher than many offsetting schemes at present, it could present a useful option for those wishing to localise their offsetting. The concept is highly scalable and could remove significant amounts of carbon dioxide. Combining the approach with biodiversity credits or other credit schemes could make the higher costs more attractive to potential buyers.

SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS BY RECYCLING MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Multifaceted human activities are accompanied by the release of large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which is one of the reasons that can lead to disruption of natural processes occurring in the atmosphere. About 80% of greenhouse gas emissions come from industrial processes. Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, as well as lack of recycling or improper disposal of waste, can upset the balance of the ecosystem. In addition to industrial waste, municipal solid waste (MSW) is a source of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. When solid waste is used as a renewable energy source, significant amounts of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere. In this regard, the disposal of solid waste waste and subsequent processing can play a certain role in solving a serious environmental problem that concerns all of humanity. The article is devoted to the issue of environmental problems caused by the accumulation of MSW, which can become potentially dangerous for environment and human health. The objective of the study was to study the possibility of using fractions separated by a large MSW processing center operating in the country as secondary raw materials, as well as developing an environmentally friendly method for processing MSW for their disposal. The possibility of transforming the organic component, separated by sorting during solid waste disposal, into organic-mineral fertilizers has been studied. To neutralize the raw organic component of MSW from helminths, mineral waters of Azerbaijan were used, coming to the surface at a temperature of 25-75°C, containing 5-18% H2S As a mineral component of the fertilizer, phonolite is used, which is part of the rock of volcanic origin in the Lerik region of Azerbaijan, containing potassium, necessary for the development of plants. To eliminate the acidity of the resulting pulp before granulation, local shell rock was used. The neutralized organomineral component of MSW was mixed with pre-crushed phonolite until the nutrients were completely transferred into the pulp, followed by drying in an oven for 1.5-2 hours at a temperature of 100-110°C. The resulting mass was cooled for 30 minutes to ripen, then shell rock was added. During the processing process, organic compounds present in MSW undergo hydrolytic destruction. A technological process has been developed for producing potassium-containing organomineral fertilizer by processing the organic component of solid waste using local natural resources, which is protected by an AR patent. Keywords: ecology, waste management, municipal solid waste, recycling, organomineral fertilizers.

Fresh and Mechanical Characteristics of Alkali Activated Fly Ash Slag Concrete Activated with Neutral Grade Liquid Glass

Abstract: The development and use of geopolymer concrete continues to evolve as researchers and engineers refine mix designs, develop standardized guidelines, and explore new applications. One of the key benefits of geopolymer concrete is its lower carbon footprint compared to traditional Portland cement concrete. This reduction in carbon emissions is due to the elimination of clinker production, which is energy intensive and emits significant amounts of carbon dioxide. This sustainable alternative to Portland cement concrete plays an important role in reducing the environmental impact of the construction industry. Many prior studies on fly ash-slag based geopolymers have primarily focused on the characteristics of concrete that has undergone heat curing. This approach is seen as a constraint when it comes to in-situ casting applications in ambient conditions. Ambient curing of geopolymer concrete is a more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly option compared to heat curing, as it doesn't require the use of specialized curing chambers or high temperatures. However, it may require longer curing times to achieve the desired strength and making it important to plan the construction schedule accordingly. An experimental study was carried out using neutral grade liquid glass with a silica modulus (SiO2/Na2O) of 2.92 coupled with combinations of fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) in proportions of 30:70, 50:50. The primary aim is to explore how altering the ratios of fly ash and GGBS impacts the mechanical characteristics of the resultant concrete for different solution/ binder ratios (0.6, 0.65 and 0.7) with a fixed binder quantity of 400 and 500 Kg/m3 under ambient curing conditions. The experimental program employed the fractional factorial method of experimentation to minimize the number of mix variations. In general, the findings indicated that higher levels of neutral-grade sodium silicate led to improvements in all mechanical properties. Conversely, an increase in the alkaline solution-to- binder ratio and curing temperature had a detrimental impact on the alkaliactivated slag concrete. Optimal results for hardening of concrete for demolding were obtained after two days of casting. The implications of this research could lead to the development of more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives in the field of construction materials.

Human and Earth Evolution through CO2: Perspective for Climate Crisis

Although human civilization has developed through genomic evolution, including its fingernail-functional cooperation , the daily lives of humans have resulted in a significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) being released into the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution, which started almost 200 years ago.

Performance Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Cement Composites with a Granulation Technique.

The cement industry emits a significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, the cement industry should recycle the emitted CO2. However, sequestration by carbonation in cement composites absorbs a very small amount of CO2. Therefore, a direct way of achieving this is to improve the absorption performance of CO2 in cement composites. In this study, to improve absorption, unlike in existing studies, a granulation technique was applied, and the material used was calcium hydroxide (CH). In addition, granulated CH was coated to prevent a reaction during the curing of cement paste. The coated CH granule (CCHG) was applied to 5% of the cement weight as an additive material, and the specimens were cured for 91 days to wait for the coating of CCHG to fully phase-change. The experiment of CO2 absorption showed an unexpected result, where the use of blast furnace slag (BFS) and fly ash (FA) had a negative effect on CO2 sequestration. This was because BFS and FA had a filler effect in the cement matrix, and the filler effect caused the blocking of the path of CO2. In addition, BFS and FA are well-known pozzolanic materials; the pozzolan reaction caused a reduction in the amount of CH because the pozzolan reaction consumed the CH to produce a calcium silicate hydrate. Therefore, the pozzolan reaction also had a negative effect on the CO2 sequestration performance combined with the filler effect. The CO2 sequestration efficiency was decreased between ordinary cement paste and BFS-applied specimens by 45.45%. In addition, compared to cases of ordinary cement paste and FA-applied specimens, the CO2 sequestration performance was decreased by 63.64%. Comprehensively, CO2 sequestration performance depends on the porosity and amount of CH.

Research ReportDiurnal global ocean surface pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux reconstructed from spaceborne LiDAR data.

The ocean absorbs a significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, helping regulate Earth's climate. However, our knowledge of ocean CO2 sink levels remains limited. This research focused on assessing daily changes in ocean CO2 sink levels and air-sea CO2 exchange, using a new technique. We used LiDAR technology, which provides continuous measurements during day and night, to estimate global ocean CO2 absorption over 23 years. Our model successfully reproduced sea surface partial pressure of CO2 data. The results suggest the total amount of CO2 absorbed by oceans is higher at night than during the day. This difference arises from a combination of factors like temperatures, winds, photosynthesis, and respiration. Understanding these daily fluctuations can improve predictions of ocean CO2 uptake. It may also help explain why current carbon budget calculations are not fully balanced-an issue scientists have grappled with. Overall, this pioneering study highlights the value of LiDAR's unique day-night ocean data coverage. The findings advance knowledge of ocean carbon cycles and their role in climate regulation. They underscore the need to incorporate day-night variability when assessing the ocean's carbon sink capacity.

An Integrative Review for the Role of Forests in Combating Climate Change and Promoting Sustainable Development

Forests play a critical role in combating climate change and promoting sustainable development. They are often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth" because they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, making them vital for regulating the planet's climate and supporting life. Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing and storing significant amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Trees, through the process of photosynthesis, convert carbon dioxide into organic matter, which is stored in their biomass and in the soil. This process helps reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases, mitigating climate change. Forests are home to a vast array of plant and animal species. Biodiversity is essential for the stability and resilience of ecosystems. Maintaining healthy and diverse forests helps ensure that ecosystems can adapt to changing environmental conditions and continue to provide ecosystem services that support sustainable development. Forests contribute to climate regulation by influencing temperature, precipitation, and weather patterns. They release water vapor into the atmosphere through a process known as transpiration, which can lead to increased cloud cover and precipitation, thus affecting local and regional climates. Forests play a crucial role in protecting watersheds and maintaining the quality and availability of freshwater resources. Tree roots stabilize soil, reducing erosion and maintaining water quality. Forested areas often act as natural filters, removing pollutants and sediments from runoff. Forests provide livelihoods for millions of people worldwide, especially in rural areas. Sustainable forest management practices can ensure a steady supply of timber, non-timber forest products, and ecosystem services, contributing to the economic well-being of local communities. Forests offer various ecosystem services, including regulating services (climate regulation, water purification, erosion control), provisioning services (timber, fuelwood, non-timber forest products), cultural services (recreation, spiritual value), and supporting services (nutrient cycling, pollination). Adopting sustainable forest management practices is crucial to maintaining the benefits provided by forests. Sustainable logging, afforestation, and reforestation efforts can help maintain and even enhance the carbon sequestration capacity of forests. Recognizing and respecting the rights of indigenous peoples in forest management is essential. Indigenous communities often have valuable traditional knowledge of sustainable forest practices and can play a key role in conservation and sustainable development efforts. Efforts to restore degraded forests and establish new forested areas (reforestation and afforestation) can contribute to climate change mitigation and the protection of biodiversity. Global agreements such as the Paris Agreement and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) acknowledge the importance of forests in climate action and sustainable development, providing a framework for global cooperation. In conclusion, forests are integral to addressing climate change and promoting sustainable development. Efforts to conserve and sustainably manage forests are essential to achieving environmental, social, and economic goals at both local and global levels. Recognizing the multifaceted benefits of forests and integrating them into climate and development strategies is crucial for a more sustainable and resilient future.

The effect of temperature on corn straw ash production as supplementary cementitious material

The civil construction sector is growing, which is of great socioeconomic importance. However, this increase has consequences that are already the focus of studies for many researchers. One of the main materials used in civil construction, cement, is responsible for a significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Cement production alone has been responsible for approximately 8% of global CO2 emissions, primarily due to its high level of embodied carbon in cement factories (Blois; Lay-Ekuakille, 2021; Cadavid-Giraldo; Velez-Gallego; Restrepo-Boland, 2020 e Un Environment and International Energy Agency, 2017). Most of the CO2 emissions come from burning the clinker used to produce this filler, along with the significant energy consumption required for this process. Cement factories, in addition to this, are responsible for the rapid consumption and depletion of limited resources.

Application of Plant Microbial Fuel Cell (Pmfc) to Agricultural Industry in Contribution to Green Energy

Most of the innovation used by humans depends on electricity, thus becoming a crucial necessity. It enables people to live harmoniously and comfortably with the help of electricity which gives life to human inventions. Without electricity, most human inventions would be useless or nonexistent. Microbial Fuel Cell was conducted to test the efficiency of the generated current of microbes living inside the wet lands. By the use of the existing MFC series circuits, the researchers found out that there is an enough current that the MFC generated through electrodes (Zinc and Copper). The present study experimentally investigated the efficiency of generated current in MFC enough to power up low electronic materials such as: LED Light bulbs and Ditrio LED Lights. The farm lands will serve as the main source of electricity where the sludges will be taken and gathered to create a series circuit composed of two different prototypes.The global need for energy is always rising. In this case, carbon-based fuels have in one way or another provided for a significant share of the total energy requirement. As a result, fossil fuel resources have been severely depleted, which is now contributing to an ecological imbalance. Additionally, the burning of fossil fuels produces a significant amount of carbon dioxide, a significant greenhouse gas that has severe effects on the climate. MFC Systems or Microbial Fuel Cells Systems is a set of technology that uses microorganism as catalysts to oxidize organic and inorganic matter and generate current. Basically, wastewater such as sludge could carry these bacteria so it would be suspended to the system to generate current. It works as a battery where stacking multiple MFCs would create a higher voltage enough to power a household (Chaturvedi, Bioresources & Bioprocessing, 2016). This allows bacteria to facilitate in electron transfer processes as the propose application of Plant Microbial Fuel Cell to Agricultural industry especially in farmlands is to assess the feasibility as potential source of electricity. The MFC system in farmlands may serve as an additional source of renewable green energy in contribution to fight against climate change.

Carbon footprint generated by individual port websites. The missing idea in the concept of green ports

One of the objectives of European Union policy, as well as the assumptions of cooperation as part of United Nations, is to ensure sustainable development. The gradual decarbonisation of the economy is a significant element in this case. This is particularly important in transport, including maritime transport. That is why the concept of Green Ports is so important. It contains various infrastructure solutions that maximize the benefits of maritime transport while minimizing environmental damage. However, the term Green Ports is defined in the literature it is difficult to have a clear definition, a formula that defines the term and there is still a place for scientific research in this area. The purpose of the research is to analyze the assumptions of the Green Ports concept in economic terms, but also in legal terms. The authors want to focus on Internet infrastructure as a link in reducing the carbon footprint in maritime transport. For this purpose, they studied the carbon footprint generated by the websites of selected seaports (seaports considered by the Transport and Environment report (https://www.transportenvironment.org/discover/port-carbon-emissions-ranking/) the most polluting European ports and ports considered by the Leading Maritime Cities 2022 report to be the most technologically advanced (DNV, Menon Economics, 2022 https://www.dnv.com/maritime/publications/leading-maritime-cities-of-the-world-2022.html). Both at the United Nations and at the level of organizations of a regional nature (such as the European Union), the use of new technologies is closely linked to economic development or social progress. For example, access to the Internet has been recognized by the United Nations General Assembly as a human right. This is because it has been recognized that the Internet provides an opportunity to realize other rights, such as freedom of expression, the right to information, and education. However, there are also risks associated with the use of new technologies, if only in terms of the right to privacy, intellectual property, security or a clean environment. According to the authors, far less attention is paid to the risks than to the benefits. That’s why it’s worth building awareness to prevent harm rather than repair it. An important aspect of the research is to show that websites consume large amounts of energy. In addition, they have a negative impact on the environment, influencing the production of a significant amount of carbon dioxide. The main finding from the empirical part is that there is a certain relationship between the generation of CO2 by the ports and the “cleanliness” of their websites.

Indicators of Engine Performance Powered by a Biofuel Blend Produced from Microalgal Biomass: A Step towards the Decarbonization of Transport

According to the EU Directive, the so-called RED II, there is increasing significance for biofuels produced from biomass with low indirect land use change (ILUC) risk. Such an alternative and sustainable feedstock could be microalgae, among others, used for biodiesel production. This is due to the high lipid content of their cells and their potential ability to accumulate significant amounts of carbon dioxide in their biomass, which has a positive effect on the carbon footprint of the product. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding algal biodiesel to conventional diesel fuel on selected performance parameters of a diesel engine, taking into account the composition of the emitted exhaust gas. Energy-related engine performance parameters such as power, hourly and specific fuel consumption, engine thermal efficiency, and indicated efficiency were determined. No significant differences were found in the energy parameters of engine operation with the fuels tested. In terms of carbon monoxide and NOx emissions, at the highest engine torque, more favorable parameters were obtained for fuel with biodiesel produced from rapeseed oil (B/RME). Under the same conditions, carbon dioxide emissions for the fuel with the addition of biodiesel from microalgae (B/Algae) were 8.1% lower.

Effect of Partially Replace of Cement with Alccofine Metakolin and Coarse Aggregate with Bamboo in Concrete

Abstract: The production of cement for concrete releases a significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, which is a major cause of global warming and the greenhouse effect. As a result, the construction industry must come up with a different material for cement. A ton of Strengthening Cementitious Materials (SCM) like silica exhaust, fly debris, Alccofine, powder of slag and so on. have previously been identified and successfully utilized as a partial substitute for cement in the production of concrete. Certain materials of mineral origin are also added to concrete to enhance their strength and durability properties of concrete materials such as Metakaolin and other by Alccofine. The partial replacement of aggregates is need for the future generation of concrete structures for the environment supportable. The depletion of the natural resources gets exhausted. We have think over the alternate replacement of the materials. In present work the partial replacement of the Metakaolin, Alccofine with the Cement and the Coarse aggregates is partially replaced by the Bamboo. Optimum value of strength in compression, split tensile and flexure came at MK and AF 14% replacement of the Metakaolin, Alccofine with the Cement and the Coarse aggregates is partially replaced by the 18% Bamboo. The workability of mixture increases and after that there is decrease in the workability of the concrete when we increase the percentage of Metakaolin, Alccofine with the Cement and the Coarse aggregates is partially replaced by the Bamboo. A series of experiment were carried out to measure the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of the concrete. The results showed that the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength increases with the adding of the Metakaolin, Alccofine with the Cement and the Coarse aggregates is partially replaced by the Bamboo in concrete.

FOREST FIRE HAZARD MAPPING IN BHUTAN

The study intends to assimilate data for assessing fire hazards for the forest areas in Bhutan. Over the past few decades, there has been an increase in fire events and forest fires have made it urgent to research this issue. Bhutan documented 1,403 occurrences of forest fires in less than ten years (Kuensel, 11th Jan. 2020). Many fossil fuels are burned during forest fires, and a significant amount of carbon dioxide is produced, which adds to the most prevalent greenhouse gas and changes for the regional climate. Moreover, studies have indicated that one of the influential elements contributing to forest fires is climate change. The goal of this research is to consolidate all datasets from multiple sources onto a single GIS platform for the creation of maps that take climatic conditions into account while calculating forest fire hazard. To lessen the risk of forest fires, recommendations and adaptation methods are offered in this paper. In particular, the Department of Forest and Park Services in Bhutan can benefit from the findings of this research for the development, planning, and implementation works.

Review of geopolymer concrete in high grade infrastructure construction

The construction industry must ensure a new occupant experience that is connected, safe, and comfortable. Due to its versatility, concrete is the most frequently used building material worldwide. Cement is an essential ingredient of concrete, but it is not considered environmentally friendly. The production of Portland cement consumes a considerable amount of energy and emits a significant amount of carbon dioxide. By creating and utilizing alternative materials, like geopolymers, construction may become much more sustainable. Cement production has a significant environmental impact, which must be reduced by developing new binder types. With the use of various industrial byproducts, the workability, impacts of temperature change, usage of admixtures, use of fibers, and effects of the water-binder ratio of geopolymer concrete are all investigated. It indicates that the regulated geopolymer concrete mix's compressive strength is inferior to that of geopolymer concrete with additional hooked-end steel fibers. As a recent innovation in concrete, Geopolymer is a substance in which fly ash, which is activated by an alkaline solution to act as a binder, completely replaces cement. Geopolymer concrete was analyzed with different ratios of activators for strength analysis. To select the correct ingredients for geopolymer concrete to achieve the desired strength at the desired workability, the grading of geopolymer concrete following the Indian Standard Code has been the subject of experimental effort. Assessing the amount and fineness of fly ash, the amount of water, or the amount of alkaline liquid is a step in the mix design process, along with the W/C ratio, fine aggregate quality, fine aggregate proportion to total aggregate, and superplasticizer content. Premixed geopolymer concrete's compressive strength, shear strength, flexural strength, and bonding strength will be evaluated after the materials' internal reactivity has been verified.

A high concentration CO2 pool over the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool

Anthropogenic emissions have produced significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere since the beginning of the industrial revolution. High levels of atmospheric CO2 increases global temperature as CO2 absorbs outgoing longwave radiation and re-emits. Though a well-mixed greenhouse gas, CO2 concentration is not uniform in the atmosphere across different altitudes and latitudes. Here, we uncover a region of high CO2 concentration (i.e. CO2 pool) in the middle troposphere (500–300 hPa) over the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP, 40° E–140° W, 25° S–25° N), in which the CO2 concentration is higher than that of other regions in the same latitude band (20° N–20° S), by using CO2 satellite measurements for the period 2002–2017. This CO2 pool extends from the western Pacific to the eastern Indian Ocean. Much of the CO2 pool is over the western Pacific Ocean (74.87%), and the remaining lies over the eastern Indian Ocean (25.13%). The rising branch of Walker circulation acts as a “CO2 Chimney” that constantly transports CO2 released from the natural, human-induced and ocean outgassing processes to the middle and upper troposphere. The CO2 pool evolves throughout the year with an average annual trend of about 2.17 ppm yr−1, as estimated for the period 2003–2016. Our analysis further reveals that La Niña (El Niño) events strengthen (weaken) the CO2 pool in the mid-troposphere. The radiative forcing for the CO2 pool suggests more warming in the region and is a grave concern for global warming and climate change.

How biotechnology could revolutionize the construction industry and green building project

The construction industry has been a vital contributor to the economy for many years. However, it is also known for being one of the biggest polluters, emitting a significant amount of carbon dioxide and consuming a vast amount of resources. Biotechnology is emerging as a promising solution to address the environmental impact of the construction industry. This abstract explores how biotechnology could revolutionize the construction industry and green building projects. It highlights the potential of biotechnology to reduce the environmental impact of construction through the use of sustainable materials and techniques. The study reviews the various biotechnology-based approaches that could improve the construction process, such as the use of genetically modified bacteria to produce bio-based materials and the use of biocatalysts to enhance the durability and strength of building materials. The study also examines the potential impact of biotechnology on the green building industry, with a focus on the development of energy-efficient and sustainable buildings. The study concludes that biotechnology has the potential to transform the construction industry by enabling the production of sustainable materials, enhancing the durability and strength of building materials, and improving the energy efficiency of buildings, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly built environment.

Comparing Smoked Fish Quality of Traditional and Improved Modern Ovens Using Dendro-Energy from Mangrove and Tropical Forest Woods and Implications for Conservation in Central African Atlantic Coast, Cameroon

Smoked fish qualitative organoleptic parameters (color, smell, texture and taste) and quantitative proximate parameters (protein and ash content and salt mineral: Ca, Iron, Mg, Zn content in ash) of two species (Ethmalosa fimbriata and Pseudotolithus elongatus) smoked in traditional and modern ovens with wood from mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa) and two tropical forest (Sacoglottis gabonensis and Albizia glaberrina) species in Douala-Edea Atlantic coast, Cameroon are presented. Women processors significantly spend more time, consume more wood and consequently release significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the environment with traditional smoking system. Organoleptic characteristics were significantly different with ovens types but not with different wood species except color (black and marron from inland forest wood species and preferred brownish and golden brown colored smoked fish from mangrove wood). Fish food constituents yielded for improved smoked oven: Protein content (65.52%; 69.45%), ash content (6.21%; 5.57%) and traditional oven: Protein content (70.65%; 75.00%), ash content (5.73%; 6.33%) for Ethmalosa fimbriata and Pseudotolithus elongatus respectively. Results also confirmed good dietary quality of fish samples (source of calcium, iron and magnesium). Some energy efficient management techniques and conservation implications were proposed regarding qualitative and quantitative improvement of smoked fish.

Technologies Based on Phototrophic Microorganisms As a Promising Way to Achieve Carbon Neutrality in Urban Agglomerations

Today, a significant part of the world’s population lives in urban agglomerations. A high building density, a large number of vehicles, and industrial enterprises negatively affect both the air quality in the city itself and the climate in general, releasing a significant amount of carbon dioxide. In this regard, there is a need not only to revise the structure of urban developments and strategies for their greening, but also to propose new technologies that radically change the ecological situation. In this paper, solutions using phototrophic microorganisms are considered as such a technology. It is shown that photobioreactors for their cultivation can be successfully integrated into urban systems, while in addition to air purification, the problem of surface wastewater treatment for their further use can also be solved. A wide range of products obtained from the biomass of phototrophic microorganisms significantly increases the economic attractiveness of this approach. Modern technologies in the field of the Internet of Things make it possible to successfully integrate photobioreactors into the urban digital environment.