Significance Of Incentives Research Articles

Review of PEDELECS as an alternative to conventional means of urban transportation

Sustainable transportation solutions are more crucial than ever because of the pressing need to increase resource efficiency while lowering greenhouse gas emissions. The most recent advancements in the e-cycle sector have made a significant contribution to this goal and have attracted the interest of numerous businesses that offer mobility services. This paper discusses the main topics surrounding pedal electric cycles (PEDELECS) with an accent on a niche application, namely e-cargo cycles. The paper highlights not just the defining characteristics of these categories, but also other relevant aspects such as barriers to market penetration, general legislation, benefits for specific applications, as well as the significance of incentives, local infrastructure, and urban policies. Based on the available literature, it can be concluded that PEDELECS have a considerable potential to contribute to sustainability goals in urban areas due to their numerous benefits (functionality without emissions, less space occupied on roads, ability to access destinations with increased precision, ability to travel in car-restricted areas, lower costs compared to conventional vehicles, added health benefits to the users, versatility etc.). However, there are also significant challenges and barriers that must be overcome before they can see widespread adoption.

ПОНЯТТЯ, СУТНІСТЬ І ЗНАЧЕННЯ ЗАОХОЧЕНЬ, ЩО ЗАСТОСОВУЮТЬСЯ ДО ОСІБ, ЗАСУДЖЕНИХ ДО ПОЗБАВЛЕННЯ ВОЛІ

The article is devoted to the study of various approaches to understanding the concept, content, essence, purpose and significance of incentives in legal science. Therefore, in studying this legal category, which is interdisciplinary and complex, the author was based on the scientific positions of both Soviet and modern Ukrainian researchers, established in the general theory of law and such legal sciences as labor, administrative, criminal and criminal executive law. Consequently, the article highlights that the various scholars view incentives as an act of approval and recognition of merit; as a peculiar form of positive assessment and reward of useful (honest, lawful) behavior associated with excessive performance of one's duties; as a means of stimulating law-abiding behavior of convicts, which serves the purpose of their further correction and resocialization. The latter interpretation is quite broad and unanimously substantiated in the science of criminal executive law. Thus, in general, the stimulating value of incentives is emphasized, in particular, by such scholars as the representatives of the theory of law V. M. Baranov, O. V. Malko and O. O. Barabash, Soviet theorists of labor law O. I. Zaretska and S. S. Karinskyyi as well as Soviet and Ukrainian researcher of labor law O. T. Barabash, representatives of Soviet science of correctional labor law F. R. Sundurov, I. A. Tarkhanov, Y. M. Tkachevskyyi as well as Ukrainian theorist of criminal executive law O. M. Dzhuzha. Moreover, on the influence by the application the measures of incentives on the stimulation of law-abiding behavior of convicts and, consequently, their further correction and resocialization emphasize their attention such scholars in the field of criminal executive law, as Soviet researchers M. A. Yefimov, V. P. Artamonov, as well as Ukrainian scholars O. G. Kolb, P. V. Khryapinskyyi, N. B. Khlystova, N. V. Kolomiyets, Z. V. Yaremko. The author also adheres to this scientific position in understanding the nature, purpose and significance of the measures of incentives and believes that they are primarily intended to stimulate further law-abiding behavior of persons sentenced to imprisonment, including juveniles, with the purpose to correct and resocialize them, as well as prevention of further commission of new offenses both by the convicts themselves, to whom the measure of incentives was applied, and by other persons.

Parental Motivations in Sending Children to School in a Paradoxical Indian Learning System of Declining Learning Curve and Increasing Enrolment: A Case Study of West Bengal

Current studies explain the growth in enrolment in Indian primary schools to be a result of ‘cost-effective’ incentivized education by the Indian Government. However, this does not explain why parents living below the poverty line (BPL) are forgoing higher opportunity costs and sending their children to school, especially in the context of a declining learning curve. This study investigates the motivating factors among BPL parents and the relative significance of incentives in shaping their decisions regarding their children’s enrolment. This study also reveals qualitative and quantitative data based results showing Right to Education (RTE) Act’s (2009) ‘free and compulsory primary education for all’ motivating millions of ‘very poor’ first generation learners to enroll. However, in these households, incentivized education is not sufficiently cost-effective to substitute child labor. Furthermore, The Right to Education Act’s No Fail Policy is shown to have negatively impacted learning in government schools. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2016.v5n3s1p441