Significance Of Frontier Research Articles

FRONTIER AS A CATEGORY OF CRIMINOLOGICAL DISCOURSE

The significance of frontiers has been actualizing in the modern world as border zones, in which there is a diffusion of social and group differences, interaction of cultures, narratives, clash of civilizations. These areas are filled with conflicts of diverse nature, genesis, reproduction of which often contains significant criminogenic potential, manifested frontal crime. They have not as much a physical spatial, geographical, as a socio-temporal dimension, the spaces of existence of which unfold in the sphere of discourse, thinking, and are provided with an extensive, global telecommunication infrastructure.
 The purpose of the article is to establish, describe and explain the content of the category «frontier» as an element of criminological discourse.
 The frontier is defined as a border and borderzone between cultures, epochs in the actual calendar, physical time; it is a place of active interaction, clash of civilizations, cultures; the opposition, determined by the state of struggle, implicitly presupposes expansion and protection, a state of hostility, anxiety, and sacrifice. Frontier crime is a type of crime determined by conflicts in the area of social frontiers. Specific evidence of committing frontal crime: 1) it’s a conflict of identities; 2) has a political and/or religious motivation, however security-dominant and solidarity motivation; 3) aggressive and violent in nature; 4) depends on historical and/or religious-dogmatic (fundamentalist) consciousness, relies on the mechanisms of postmemory, radicalized discourse, actualized memes, symbols. In the global dimension, the implementation of frontal crime is explained by the mechanisms of the development of conflict between cultures. In the national – there have been identified three types of frontier crime: transitive, immanent, and postmodern anomie.
 Operating the frontier as a category of criminological discourse provides opportunities for a deeper study of the determination of political crime in Ukraine, as well as for the development of strategies for general social development (including in the context of combating crime) taking into account the socio-cultural frontier. Perspective areas of criminological research of the frontier is the study of the influence of the border and cross-border on the promotion of extremism, terrorism, taking into account its importance while designing and implementing the concept of transitional justice, as well as the peculiarities of constitution of frontier identity as an anti-criminal basis.

Beyond the Borders: The Significance of Frontiers between Central Balkans’ Roman Provinces in the Context of Roman Art

Roman conquest in the 1st century, upon which tribal communities were organized into administrative units. The fact that the boundaries of pre-Romantribal territories didn’t correspond in total with the areas of the newly formed Roman provinces, led to frequent influences from neighbouring provinces and the blending of Roman art with local traits in the artistic sphere. Although in the 1st century different types of sculpture (cult, monumental and honorary) were present, throughout the whole period of the Roman reign cult sculptures and statues were the most numerous. Tracing the development of the art in the territory of Central Balkans’ Roman provinces, it is clear that the northern parts were more under the Roman influence as the consequence of indigenous population more readily adapting to the process of Romanisation, while the southern parts of the Central Balkans area were more influenced by the Greek culture with which they were in contact from as early as the middle of the 7th century B.C. Sculptures, statues and reliefs were modelled upon Roman art canons, copying classical Greek and Hellenistic art, in bigger centres like Ratiaria, Singidunum, Viminacium, Naissus, Scupi etc. and localities along the Danube limes. At the same time, in the interior of the Central Balkans’ provinces, works of art were manufactured upon Roman canons but with local traits. These were mainly recognized in the simplicity, frontality and linearity of the art works. This is particularly visible in the western and south-western parts of the aforementioned territory, as in some of the localities in eastern parts of the area. During the 2nd and the 3rd centuries, beside skilful artisans from Greece, Asia Minor and the Mediterranean, who came and worked in bigger centres, local workshops also produced different kinds of artworks, copying Roman types in a more or less successful way. During the 3rd century particularly, different cultural and artistic influences met and blended, often transcending the administrative borders of the provinces, thus the forthcoming iconographic syncretism was present in the 4th century as well. From the end of the 3rd and during the 4th century, rich aristocrats,local elite and emperors ordered high quality works for decorating their estates and villas, following aesthetic criteria established in other eastern and western provinces. In the art works from that period, beside certain schematism and linearity in the modelling, a blending of similar iconographic details is emphasizedas the presence of local artistic traits. Therefore, the continuance of manufacturing of the sculpture by copying classical Greek works of art and of the locally produced works of art with traits of indigenous material cultures is present until the end of the Roman reign.

A Home on the Range and the (Near) Extinction of the American Bison

Fredreric Jackson Turner’s seminal essay on the significance of frontier in American culture interestingly posits the development of railways as extension of the buffalo trail. The presentation of his ideas in 1893 not only followed the announcement of the closing of the frontier by the superintendent of the U.S. Census (1890), but was also the time of the near-extinction of bison whose number declined from about 600,000,000 at the end of the 18th century to 300 in 1900. In the paper I will try to tone the Indian traders’ transformation of the buffalo trail into a railway with the replacement of buffalo herds by cow droves as well as the popularity the song “Home on the Range” which in a way mythologized the domestic coexistence of people with the roaming buffalo. Drawing from Thoreau’s hypothesis that cows are buffalos within and capable of reasserting their “native rights,” I will look at some examples of the return of the buffalo in the 20th and 21st centuries as, however simulated, attempts at a return to homes on the range, and at living on the frontier, even if the frontier has been relocated to the vicinity of the Fermilab bosons where a small buffalo herd is maintained.

The Midwest and Early American History

The Midwest and Early American History Donald R. Hickey David Preston, Braddock’s Defeat: The Battle of the Monongahela and the Read to Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. 460pp. $29.95. Colin Calloway, The Victory with No Name: The Native American Defeat of the First American Army. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. 214pp. $24.95. [End Page 147] Patrick Bottiger, The Borderland of Fear: Vincennes, Prophetstown, and the Invasion of the Miami Homeland. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2016. 244pp. $50.00. Mary Elise Antoine, The War of 1812 in Wisconsin: The Battle for Prairie du Chien. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2016. 287pp. $29.95. David Andrew Nichols, Engines of Diplomacy: Indian Trading Factories and the Negotiation of American Expansion. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. 254pp. $32.95. John Reda, From Furs to Farms: The Transformation of the Mississippi Valley, 1762–1825. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2016. 201pp. $38.00. Peter Shrake, The Silver Man: The Life and Times of Indian Agent John Kinzie. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2016. 165pp. $14.95. Gregory Evans Dowd, Groundless: Rumors, Legends, and Hoaxes on the Early American Frontier. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015. 391pp. $34.95. Scholarly interest in the history of the Midwest originated in the late nineteenth century, stimulated in part by the enormous influence of Frederick Jackson’s Turner’s seminal paper, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” which he delivered in 1893 at the annual conference of the American Historical Association in Chicago. “The true point of view in the history of this nation,” he said in that paper, “is not the Atlantic coast, it is the great West.” Turner’s call coincided roughly with the publication of Theodore Roosevelt’s popular 4-volume work, The Winning of the West (1889–96), which was devoted almost entirely to the Trans-Appalachian West and especially the Midwest. Turner’s pronouncement was followed by the proliferation of PhD programs at midwestern universities, where faculty and students, using readily accessible local sources, produced a growing body of monographs exploring the local, state, and sectional history of the region. Most of these works are still serviceable today. Of special note are two broad studies of the Old Northwest that represent a kind of culmination of this phase of the [End Page 148] historiography: Beverly W. Bond Jr., The Civilization of the Old Northwest: A Study of Political, Economic, and Social Development, 1788–1812 (1934), which makes good use of contemporary newspapers; and R. Carlyle Buley, The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period, 1815–1840 (two volumes, 1950), which is full of valuable information. Seeking a greater voice in the profession, historians in the region in 1914 established an association that produced a journal, the Mississippi Valley Historical Journal. Although the field of midwestern history was well-established by World War II, thereafter it went into eclipse. The huge growth of graduate programs in other parts of the nation, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, coupled with the emergence of new fields of study, pushed midwestern history into the background. In truth, the elite schools in the East had never lost their dominant position nor their interest in eastern history. Students of colonial and early national America who practiced the newer forms of history—quantitative history in the 1970s and the history of race, class, ethnicity, and gender more recently—have had no trouble finding congenial topics in the East. Reflecting these changes, the Mississippi Valley Historical Review in 1964 was retitled the Journal of American History. Recently, midwestern history has enjoyed something of a revival. One reason is a growing belief that events in the West shaped broader government decisions. As François Furstenberg has put it, “rather than imperial capitals imposing their will on the populations of distant peripheries, the actors on those peripheries impose their will on policymakers in the center” (Furstenberg, “The Significance of the Trans-Appalachian Frontier in Atlantic History,” American Historical Review 113 [June 2008], 653). Some of the credit for this revival must also go to historian Jon Lauck. An indefatigable advocate of the history of the Midwest, Lauck is the author of several books on the...

Returning the West to the World

(and not a North, a South, or an Easf ) and how it became Ameri can requires that we recover a history in which it was not always ours and is still not exclusively ours. By returning West to world, we recapture a history that was more international than national and far less exceptional than has often been assumed. notion that westward expansion of United States made this nation what it is and its people who they are has broad and deep roots, but it was Frederick Jackson Turner who gave this idea its most powerful and enduring scholarly spin. In his 1893 es say on The Significance of Frontier in American History, Turner boldly as serted that the advance of American settlement westward explained] American development, nurturing growth of de mocracy and nourishing spirit of indi vidualism and enterprise. Movements west held key to effective Americanization?a process that Turner limited to transformation of European into American. In short, Turner's in sisted that what was uniquely American about United States owed to its westward expansion (i). More than a century of criticism has knocked Frederick Jackson Turner's thesis from scholarly pedestal it once occupied. Few histo rians now accept that westward expansion alone explained patterns of American past. Not many argue for an American exceptionalism based exclusively on a frontier or western heritage (2). But if West and process of westward expansion no longer play such large roles in manifesting one nation's destiny, these acquire fresh significance when restored to intersection at which des tinies of many nations, peoples, and empires converged. To that end, historians must first reckon with multiple colonial enterprises that sought to expand their domains across North America. From this multi colonial perspective, history of expansionism in North America is more easily linked to imperial currents that flowed from Europe to Americas and across much of globe from sixteenth through nineteenth centuries. Those connections, in turn, open up possibili ties for comparing colonialisms that evolved in North America and elsewhere during this era. Finally, in twentieth century and into twenty-first, West has retained its international position, both as a crossroads of peoples and as a terrain for global dreams.

Turnerians All: The Dream of a Helpful History in an Intelligible World

WHEN YOU ENTER AN ESSAY by FrederickJackson Turner, you enter an enchanted world. In this world, abstractions are tangible and virtually animate, right on verge of speaking for themselves. Conditions, forces, ideals, institutions, traits, types, elements, and processes inhabit Turnerian world like weightiest and most settled of citizens. If you bump into a social force or a pioneer ideal, it will be you who gets You can, of course, try to refuse impact. a 'social force' nor a 'pioneer ideal,' you can declare, with accuracy on your side, is a real thing. Both are intellectual constructions. Neither should have power to bruise. As they have for nearly a century, Turner's conditions, forces, ideals, institutions, traits, types, elements, and processes remain undissolved by such a challenge. You are free to show, at length and in detail, that these concepts exist without support of much evidence. You will still have to walk around them. After a century of holding their ground, they are not going to disappear in response to latest frail protest against their power. Most enduring of all his hardy mental constructions, Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis entered its second century in remarkably good shape. First presented in 1893 as The Significance of Frontier in American History, longevity of Frontier Thesis has made it a historic relic itself, an important and instructive artifact of American past. When John Mack Faragher referred to Turner's 1893 essay as the expression of 'frontier thesis,' his phrasing called to mind special provisions many states offer to owners of old cars.2 At a certain vintage, aged automobiles receive title of classic and gain an exemption from emissions tests. In a similar manner, Frontier Thesis has become a classic, exempted from usual tests of verification, evidence, and accuracy. While other historical models are stopped and inspected at every

On the Significance of Frontiers in Writing American History in Germany

Pioneers live in isolated places, have to make do with scarce local resources, have to assert and defend their existence against various man-made and natural obstacles, and, in order to secure more than their bare subsistence, depend on a network of exchange whose operators are far away and beyond their control. While local conditions shape their daily lives and provide a living, they know they need to communicate and exchange goods with the more densely populated centers of production and consumption. In that sense, I think of myself as a pioneer writing and teaching American history under frontier conditions.' In addition to mere distance, I am separated from the centers of activity by frontiers in the European meaning of the word: first, by national boundaries, boundaries between me and those with citizenship in and responsibility for a different polity-a polity with its own past and its own present concerns -and, second, by boundaries that are created by the conditioning effects of another culture and another language on thinking and writing. Time and again I have encountered the curious effects of these cultural boundaries in the supposedly cosmopolitan republic of letters. Among historians, the local national story always takes precedence, in complacent Switzerland as well as in guilt-ridden Germany. In this world of nationstates, it is not the awesome size of the object that determines the significance of American history in the curriculum of a European university, but its significance as perceived by the intellectual and political guardians of the region's cultural life who allocate the local resources. In the 1980s, the number of tenured positions

Breaking into the Backcountry: New Approaches to the Early American Frontier, 1750-1800

A FTER bicentennial celebrations of recent years, we are approaching a centennial that deserves notice-the hundredth anniversary, in I993, of Frederick Jackson Turner's pioneering essay on Significance of Frontier in American History.1 Turner's essay marked opening of a new school of historical interpretation, and during first half of twentieth century thesis stood at center of American historiography.2 To Turner, represented a coherent conceptual category that could be isolated and studied as a factor in American history of highest importance. By analyzing recurring rebirth of political and social institutions on frontier, he argued, historians could trace steady movement away from influence of Europe and development of a distinct American culture, with its emphasis on democracy and equality. In short, study of would uncover the really American part of our history.3 Historians now shy away from many of assumptions inherent in Turner's concept of frontier. The very notion of frontier is regarded