Signal Processing Electronics Research Articles

An electronic energy compensation method for flattening the energy response of SiPM-GGAG:Ce,B based gamma detector

Abstract The energy response of gross gamma dose rate monitors needs to be flat in order to prevent overestimation of dose at low gamma energies. In this paper, a discriminator threshold modulation based electronic energy compensation algorithm has been proposed for SiPM-scintillator based gamma detectors. Theoretical simulation studies were carried out in order to optimize the parameters of the periodic ramp voltage used for modulation of the discriminator threshold of a SiPM-GGAG:Ce,B based gamma dose rate monitor. A customized threshold modulation circuit and signal processing electronics were developed for this gamma detector. For experimentally optimizing the parameters, the energy response studies of the detector, with and without the discriminator threshold modulation, were carried out. With the optimized parameters for a periodic ramp threshold, the count rates for 241Am (60 keV) and 60Co (1173 and 1332 keV) were observed to be within ±30% of the count rate obtained for 137Cs (662 keV). Using the electronic energy compensation techniques presented in this paper, a flat energy response of the SiPM-scintillator gamma detector for the energy range of 60 keV to 1.5 MeV could be achieved.

Mathematical Techniques for Enhancing Signal Processing in Electronics

Flag preparing is an critical portion of advanced innovation since it lets us analyze, alter, and progress information for numerous employments, from therapeutic checks to broadcast communications. With the expansion of progressed numerical strategies to information handling, electronic frameworks have gotten to be much more valuable and precise. This paper looks at a few vital numerical procedures that are utilized to move forward flag handling. It centers on calculations and hypothetical models that make flag examination and modifying way better. It is looked at how procedures like Fourier changes, wavelet changes, and measurable flag preparing can offer assistance move forward sifting, commotion diminishment, and determination. The Fourier change can break down signals into their recurrence components. This lets you are doing precise recurrence space investigation and sifting, which is exceptionally imperative for assignments that require high-frequency exactness. Wavelet changes permit for multi-resolution investigation, which makes it simpler to see at signals at diverse sizes and superior distinguish characteristics that alter or do not remain the same. Versatile sifting, expectation hypothesis, and other measurable strategies are talked approximately in terms of how they offer assistance decrease commotion and progress signals in changing settings. Utilizing these logical strategies together not as it were makes electronic frameworks work way better and be more solid, but it too opens the entryway to modern employments in ranges like machine learning and information analytics. This exposition gives an in-depth see at these numerical strategies, centering on their hypothetical establishments, how they are utilized in genuine life, and how they have changed cutting edge flag preparing. This paper looks at these strategies in awesome detail to appear how vital unused scientific thoughts are for progressing electronic flag preparing advances and making a difference to create electronic frameworks that are more brilliant and work superior.

Three-phase coded triboelectric nanogenerator disk: A novel approach for generating diverse control instructions in human–machine interactions

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been widely utilized in a variety of real-world applications such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and human–machine interactions (HMIs). However, current technologies are difficult to be implemented in the situations that require a large amount of control instructions, due to the limitation on the size and the cost of the TENG-based interface. In this paper, a sliding operation three-phase coded TENG based control disk HMI interface is developed by integrating three coded copper electrodes, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film, and electronic signal processing circuits. The three-phase coded TENG electrodes enable the ability to overcome the challenge of increasing the number of generatable control instructions. The proposed system successfully achieves thirty sensing transitions through the utilization of the three-phase patterned electrodes. To evaluate the performance of this system, four applications, including English letters typing, game control, smart home control, and authentication access control, are implemented in real-time. An embedded microcontroller with a Bluetooth interface is employed to process and transmit the triboelectric control signal. The proposed TENG control disk effectively supports all functionalities required for these applications. Overall, the successful implementation and support of these applications demonstrate the effectiveness and versatility of the proposed TENG control disk in real-world scenarios and potential environments.

Empowering high-dimensional optical fiber communications with integrated photonic processors

Mode-division multiplexing (MDM) in optical fibers enables multichannel capabilities for various applications, including data transmission, quantum networks, imaging, and sensing. However, high-dimensional optical fiber systems, usually necessity bulk-optics approaches for launching different orthogonal fiber modes into the optical fiber, and multiple-input multiple-output digital electronic signal processing at the receiver to undo the arbitrary mode scrambling introduced by coupling and transmission in a multi-mode fiber. Here we show that a high-dimensional optical fiber communication system can be implemented by a reconfigurable integrated photonic processor, featuring kernels of multichannel mode multiplexing transmitter and all-optical descrambling receiver. Effective mode management can be achieved through the configuration of the integrated optical mesh. Inter-chip MDM optical communications involving six spatial- and polarization modes was realized, despite the presence of unknown mode mixing and polarization rotation in the circular-core optical fiber. The proposed photonic integration approach holds promising prospects for future space-division multiplexing applications.

MnO/ZnO:Zn Thin-Film Frequency Adaptive Heterostructure for Future Sustainable Memristive Systems.

In recent years, advances in materials engineering based on adaptive electronics have found a new paradigm to optimize drawbacks in signal processing. A two-layer MnO/ZnO:Zn heterostructure envisioned for frequency adaptive electronic signal processing is synthesized by sputtering, where the use of internal states allows reconfigurability to obtain new operating modes at different frequency input signals. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis is performed on each layer, revealing a cubic structure for MnO and a hexagonal structure for ZnO:Zn with preferential growth in [111] and [002] directions, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs show that the surface of both materials is homogeneous and smooth. The thickness for each layer is determined to be approximately 106.3 nm for MnO, 119.3 nm for ZnO:Zn and 224.1 nm for the MnO/ZnO:Zn structure. An electrical characterisation with an oscilloscope and signal generator was carried out to obtain the time-response signals and current-voltage (I-V) curves, where no degradation is detected when changing frequencies within the range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz. An equivalent circuit is proposed to explain the effects in the interface. Measurements of switching speeds from high resistance state (HRS) to low resistance state (LRS) at approximately 17 ns, highlight the device's rapid adaptability, and an estimated switching ratio of approximately 2 × 104 indicates its efficiency as a memristive component. Finally, the MnO/ZnO:Zn heterojunction delivers states that are stable, repeatable, and reproducible, demonstrating how the interaction of the materials can be utilised in adaptive device applications by applying frequencies and internal states to create new and innovative design schematics, thus reducing the number of components/connections in a system for future sustainable electronics.

Preface: 5th International Conference on Electronic Science and Automation Control (ESAC 2024)

The 2024 5th International Conference on Electronic Science and Automation Control (ESAC 2024) was held during January 27-28, 2024 in Bangkok, Thailand. The objective of this conference was to provide a common platform to engineers, practitioners, scientists and researchers across the globe for exchanging their knowledge and views to deal with global challenges. The theme of this conference was not only the fundamental technology in the fields of electronic science, information technology, signal processing, communication technology, mechanical automation, and control technology, but also can change our society by exploring new horizons and continuous progress. This scientific event brings together more than 60 national and international researchers. The conference model was divided into three sessions, including keynote sessions, presentations and Q&A discussion. All accepted papers were strictly selected based on originality, significance, relevance, and contribution to the area after being peer-reviewed. We would like to acknowledge all of those who supported ESAC 2024. The help and contribution of each individual and institution was instrumental in the success of the conference. The ESAC Scientific Committee Bangkok, Thailand

Research of the vacuum brake booster working process

The creation of a laboratory installation was carried out with an aim to ensure the study of the working processes and characteristics of vacuum boosters as a part of hydraulic brake drives for vehicles with a gross weight of up to 3.5 tons for civilian usage, and armored vehicles with a gross weight of up to 8.5 tons designated for service and combat missions. Theoretical researches in this direction have been previously carried out by a number of scientists of the Department of “Automobiles” named after prof. Gredeskul A.B. in Kharkiv National Automobile and Road University, the results of which have been highlighted in a number of scientific papers. Comparison of the results of theoretical studies with the experimental ones, received on the laboratory setup and suggested in this paper, according to the experimental method described in the article, using the created electronic signal processing complex and sensor unit, made it possible to establish a discrepancy between theoretical and experimental studies within 6%. This complex for experimental research was created for the first time, thus allowing to obtain the results that confirm the theoretical studies of the vacuum boosters of the brake drive of cars, as well as revealed a number of dependencies between the weight and overall parameters of the under research unit, along with the number of functional relationships between the structural components of the vacuum boosters, which enables to significantly optimize its design.

Temporal Spatial and Signal Descriptor Feature Extraction for Electronic Nose Signal Processing

Temporal Spatial and Signal Descriptor Feature Extraction for Electronic Nose Signal Processing

Research on electronic stethoscope system and signal processing algorithm

Stethoscopes have an important role in non-invasive diagnosis of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, and other kinds of diseases. The emergence of high-end diagnostic devices and new diagnostic methods have caused the status of the stethoscope to decline. However, stethoscope has the advantages of simple operation, mature auscultation theory and low cost, and thus is still widely used in medical diagnosis. This paper first introduces the design and application of electronic stethoscope solutions based on contact sensors and air coupling sensors, and then introduces advanced algorithms for digital signal processing for the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases, including heart sound noise reduction algorithm, heart sound segmentation algorithm and heart sound feature extraction and recognition algorithm. Finally, this paper summarizes the application of the electronic stethoscope system in medical testing, and its future development direction. In summary, the electronic stethoscope system is a reliable medical testing tool, which can convert sound signals into digital signals through complex signal processing algorithms for more accurate detection of human physiological parameters. The research of this paper will be of great value to the research and application of electronic stethoscopes.

A silicon photomultiplier based compact gamma spectrometer for environmental gamma radiation monitoring networks.

In this paper, the details of the development and performance characterisation of a compact, low-power gamma spectrometer for environmental gamma radiation monitoring networks are presented. To reduce the power consumption and the size of the spectrometer, a gamma detector comprising a silicon photomultiplier coupled to a Gd3Ga3Al2O12:Ce,B (GGAG:Ce,B) scintillator has been used for gamma spectrometry. Initially, a Monte Carlo simulation study was carried out to verify the suitability of the 5mm×5mm×5mm GGAG:Ce,B crystal for spectrometry of gamma sources in the energy range 60-1332keV. For minimising the power consumption, the signal processing electronics has been custom designed. This electronics was realised using standard off-the-shelf components to reduce the cost. The developed spectrometer is of size 16cm×10cm×6cm, weighs 600g and consumes 600mW power. The spectrometer is developed such that it could be directly interfaced with GSM/Xbee for wireless communication with the radiation monitoring networks. The lower-level discriminator threshold of the system is 40keV and the total electronic noise is <20keV. The experimentally measured sensitivity of the spectrometer for 137Cs (662keV) is 2.4 cps/μGy/h at 3.5V overvoltage. The spectrometer offers excellent linearity over the measured energy range of 60-1332keV and an energy resolution of ~10% for 662keV gamma-ray at room temperature.

High-Density Pixel Imaging Sensor Readout Electronics for Space Applications: A Design Overview

With the specialization of VLSI ASICs for front-end signal processing electronics, the customization of the control back-end electronics (BEE) has become critical to fully deploy the ASIC performance. In the context of space operations, with typical constraints on power and reliability, the design and qualification of such integrated systems present significant challenges. In this paper, we review the design and performance of the BEE systems after two years of operations in low Earth orbit (LEO); these systems read out the custom ASICs inside the gas pixel detectors, which are located at the heart of the imaging X-ray polarimetry explorer (IXPE), a NASA-ASI small explorer mission designed to measure X-ray polarization in the 2–8 keV energy range.

Preface

It is truly my pleasure to welcome all of you to join 2022 3rd International Conference on Electronic Engineering and Signal Processing (EESP 2022). EESP aims to promote the research exchange in the field of Electronic Engineering and Signal Processing. Due to the global situation regarding the Covid 19 pandemic, the EESP 2022, which was planned to be held in Istanbul, Turkey, August 28-30, 2022, we decided to hold a hybrid conference during the same time period. Not only EESP 2022 publicizes many state-of-art papers in the mentioned research areas recommended by renowned international program committee, organized by distinguished scholars around the globe, it also holds several keynote and plenary talks presented by world-renowned researchers. The success of EESP 2022 certainly paves the path for a better event in the future.I was honored to join this important event. First, I would like to take this opportunity to convey my appreciation to the organizing committee for tireless efforts to manage this convention. This conference focuses on the latest research results in electronic engineering and signal processing, and provides an authoritative international exchange platform for researchers in related fields, so as to promote stimulating academic exchanges among scholars. The conference has hosted many keynote speeches, invited speeches and technical sessions. Though some of the authors and speakers couldn’t communicate face to face, the passions for involvement was fascinating.In the proceedings, readers can learn the most recent cutting-edge knowledge about electronic engineering and signal processing presented by scholars from all around the world. Each selected paper was chosen by double-blinded peer review. We are very grateful for the review committee’s hard work and tireless efforts. They have to choose part of many good quality papers which were produced from excellent research works based on their professional achievements and profound knowledge. Without their contributions, the conference would not happen, and we would not able to produce high quality proceedings.It is our goal to host a leading conference in this field in the coming years. Your continued support will be greatly appreciated. We wish you all the best and look forward to seeing your new discovery next year. Conference Organizing Committee of EESP 2022 Conference Chair, Prof. Igor Kuzle, University of Zagreb, Croatia List of Committees are available in this pdf.

International Conference on Applied Sciences ICAS2022

Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, May 25-28, 2022 International Conference on Applied Sciences ICAS2022 took place in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the period May 25–28, 2022, at the University of Banja Luka, with the aims to serve as a platform for exchange of information between various areas of applied sciences, and to promote the communication between the scientists of different nations, countries and continents.The conference has been focused on several fields of application, operation and influence of the applied sciences and technologies on industry. Topics of the conference covers a comprehensive spectrum of issues from: 1. Fundamental Sciences: Numerical approximation and analysis, Numerical simulation, Numerical optimization, General statistical methods, Stochastic analysis methods, Analytical and numerical techniques, Finite element methods, Dynamical systems methods, Chemical composition analysis, Energy analysis, Heat transfer, Interdisciplinary applications of physics, Environmental aspects, Effects of pollution, Fuzzy logic, and others… 2. Computers Engineering: Computer modeling and simulation, Algorithms, Software engineering, Artificial intelligence, Neural networks, Image processing, Data acquisition: hardware and software, Data presentation and visualization, Data analysis: algorithms and implementation, Data management, Big Data, Internet and network applications, and others… 3. Electrical Engineering: Electrical and electronic instruments and components, Circuits and circuit components, Signal processing electronics, Power electronics, Electric motors, Electric vehicles, Biomass energy, Wind energy, Solar energy, Solar cells (photovoltaics), Conventional hydropower, Hydroturbines, and others… 4. Mechanical Engineering: General theory of classical mechanics, Computational methods in classical mechanics, Control of mechanical systems, Dynamics and kinematics of rigid bodies, Mechanical properties of solids, Applied mechanics and design, Deformation and plasticity, Mechanical modes of vibration, Mechatronics, Robotic systems engineering, Automotive engineering, Vehicle technology, Aerospace systems and technology, and others… 5. Materials Engineering: Methods of materials synthesis and materials processing, Methods of materials testing and analysis, Metals and metallic alloys, Metallurgy, Nonmetals, Porous materials, Granular materials, Polymers, Biomaterials, Composite materials, Organic compounds, Nanoscale materials and structures, Structural failure of materials, and others…During the four days of the conference, 4 keynote lectures and 121 oral talks were delivered.Based on the works presented at the conference, 45 papers have been selected to be included in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series.List of Organizers, Event sponsored, Honorary Committee, Organizing Committee, Scientific Committee are available in the pdf.

All-Optical Signal Processing in Ultrafast Optical Communication

Optical communication technology plays a crucial role in today's information age, as a result of the continuous advancement of social informatization. An array of nascent technologies, encompassing edge computing, the Internet of Things, big data, and artificial intelligence, have grown rapidly, leading to an increased demand for information transmission, which in turn has resulted in higher requirements for the development of optical communication technology. The emergence of ultrafast optical communication, which uses all-optical signal processing technology, has made data transmission faster and more reliable. This article introduces three basic methods for implementing all-optical signal processing (optical modulation, regeneration, and interconnection) based on all-optical and electronic signal processing. It examines the issues and difficulties that arise within particular application contexts and explores the progression of several correlated technologies in the times ahead. The field of all-optical signal processing is experiencing rapid growth and has the potential to bring revolutionary changes to various industries. Anticipated outcomes entail the attainment of ultra-long distance and ultra-high-capacity transmission, as facilitated by the ongoing advancements in hardware and all-optical signal processing technology. Meanwhile, the relentless pursuit of high-performance goals drives the continuous progress of ultrafast optical communication.

Effective detection algorithm of electronic information and signal processing based on multi-sensor data fusion

Appropriate vibration diagnostics when cutting a variety of products is critical for cutting quality and scrap and consumables reduction. Collecting and combining data from various sensors allows for real-time data collection during processing for system monitoring. The purpose of this study is to develop a method for effectively diagnosing milling machine vibrations using multi-sensor data fusion. It is proposed that sound and frequency signals be preprocessed to isolate specific vibration features, and then classified and aggregated for a complete vibration diagnostics system. After preliminary wavelet signal conversion, a deep belief network has been developed for each sensor to classify vibration features. When combining classification results, the fuzzy Choquet integral algorithm is used. Thus, a comprehensive judgment is obtained. It has been demonstrated that for neural networks, 100 epochs are sufficient for learning to take place. It has been discovered that the accuracy of classification and inference of the correct solution increases from 75% to 98% as the number of vibration feature combinations increases. When compared to the Dempster-Schafer evidence theory, the fuzzy integral fusion algorithm provides a high level of vibration detection accuracy of up to 98.7%. The resulting diagnostic procedure is simple and effective. It can be used to control the cutting process on machine tools in industrial settings. Improvements to the scheme are suggested, including the use of intelligent technologies to automate the process.

A Photon Imaging Detector Model with High Resolution and High Counting Rate

A cross strip (XS) anode detector is a photon-counting imaging detector with high spatial resolution. However, due to the Poisson distribution characteristics of the photons emitted by the target, photons with a small time interval will cause signal superposition and resolution degradation. This is particularly significant at a high photon count rate. The key link that restricts the counting rate of the XS detector is the electronic system. In this paper, we propose a new electronic signal processing system scheme using a digital trapezoidal shaping filter instead of a traditional Gaussian shaping filter, which enables the detector to maintain a high resolution at high count rates. In order to verify the feasibility of the scheme, the relationship between shaping errors and shaping parameters is studied. Furthermore, the relationship between spatial resolution and photon-counting rate at different noise levels is revealed by numerical simulation. The results show that the detector can achieve a spatial resolution of &lt;50 μm at a photon count rate of &gt;6 MHz for 1000 e RMS noise.

Signal-processing electronics for stable and sensitive weak-field atomic vector magnetometers

We present the electronics developed for a sensitive and stable atomic vector magnetometer used in low-field detections. These electronics are required to be not only highly reliable and sophisticated for signal processing but also compact in size and low cost in resource consumption for the purpose of miniaturization. In addition, this magnetometer works with multiple modulations, where the interferences between harmonics of modulation fields often disturb the long-term measurements of the sensor. We work out a robust method to eliminate this problem by choosing the modulation frequencies with separations to match the minimum response points of the low-pass filters used in the demodulation processes. We validate the performance of the electronics and the frequency-selection scheme of the modulation fields with corresponding experimental results.

Integrated Biochip–Electronic System with Single-Atom Nanozyme forinVivoAnalysis of Nitric Oxide

Nitric oxide (NO) exhibits a crucial role in various versatile and distinct physiological functions. Hence, its real-time sensing is highly important. Herein, we developed an integrated nanoelectronic system comprising a cobalt single-atom nanozyme (Co-SAE) chip array sensor and an electronic signal processing module (INDCo-SAE) for both in vitro and in vivo multichannel qualifying of NO in normal and tumor-bearing mice. The high atomic utilization and catalytic activity of Co-SAE endowed an ultrawide linear range for NO varying from 36 to 4.1 × 105 nM with a low detection limit of 12 nM. Combining in situ attenuated total reflectance surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS) measurements and density function calculation revealed the activating mechanism of Co-SAE toward NO. The NO adsorption on an active Co atom forms *NO, followed by the reaction between *NO and OH-, which could help design relevant nanozymes. Further, we investigated the NO-producing behaviors of various organs of both normal and tumor-bearing mice using the proposed device. We also evaluated the NO yield produced by the wounded mouse using the designed device and found it to be approximately 15 times that of the normal mouse. This study bridges the technical gap between a biosensor and an integrated system for molecular analysis in vitro and in vivo. The as-fabricated integrated wireless nanoelectronic system with multiple test channels significantly improved the detection efficiency, which can be widely used in designing other portable sensing devices with multiplexed analysis capability.

Conditioning Circuits for Nanoscale Perpendicular Spin Transfer Torque Magnetic Tunnel Junctions as Magnetic Sensors

This article demonstrates a new type of magnetic sensor using a perpendicular spin transfer torque magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). The sensing element has a cylindrical shape of 50 nm in diameter and is to our knowledge among the smallest magnetic sensor ever reported. This article describes the principle of operation of the sensing element and the associated signal processing electronics, which delivers a signal proportional to the external magnetic field. Experimental results are detailed and compared to the state-of-the-art commercially available integrated magnetic sensors as well as published magnetoresistive sensors based on MTJs with comparable size. The measured sensitivity of the developed sensor is 1.28 V/T, and its dynamic range reaches 80 mT. The measured noise level is <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$21.8\,\mu \text{T}/\surd $ </tex-math></inline-formula> Hz. Two different operating principles of the proposed sensor are described and compared, one based on a time-to-digital converter and one based on a pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) signal. Both methods require only standard microelectronics components, which are suitable for monolithic integration of the sensing element with its conditioning electronics. Subsequent improvements of the sensing element as well as conditioning electronics are required to further lower the noise level. The sensing element and its conditioning electronics are compatible with fabrication processes already used in magnetic random access memory fabrication. This opens the way to mass production and addresses various markets, such as consumer electronics, automotive, industrial sensing, physics experiments, or medical devices.

High event rate analysis technique for the dual-axis duo-lateral position-sensitive silicon detectors of FAUST

The dual-axis duo-lateral (DADL) position-sensitive silicon detector was developed to obtain precise position and energy information for detected charged particles. The Forward Array Using Silicon Technology (FAUST) is currently equipped with 68 DADL detectors backed by CsI(Tl) scintillators for the study of charged particle correlations in heavy-ion collisions where precise position and energy information is essential. When conventional signal processing electronics were used for the DADL detectors, a position dependence of the measured energy as well as distortions in the calculated particle positions were observed. In previous work, waveforms from the detector after preamplification were studied to better understand the features that give rise to these distortions; therein, a waveform analysis technique was developed to improve the energy resolution and linearity in position reconstruction. However, the reading and writing of waveforms for an entire detector array limits data collection rates and adds significant burden in data storage and analysis speed. In this work, the integrators of a Struck SIS3316 ADC were utilized to process 228Th source data to develop and optimize a new analysis method that captures the benefits of the waveform analysis technique while circumventing the waveform writing requirement. This integrator method – capable of 59keV (FWHM) energy resolution – was used in the collection of 35 MeV/nucleon 28Si + 12C collision data using FAUST to investigate exotic decays of highly excited highly deformed nuclei. In this data, a position resolution of 0.4mm (FWHM) was obtained for 25MeV α-particles; for α-particles near this energy that originate from 8Be ground state decays, a 8Be ground state width of 30keV (FWHM) was obtained. The impact of the energy-dependent DADL position resolution emergent from electronic noise on the quality of excited state measurement was modeled and compared to the experimental data.