Sight Distance Research Articles

A unified LOD model for river network and DEM based on an improved 3D_DP algorithm

The level of detail (LOD) modelling of vector and terrain data is individual, resulting in geometric and topological inconsistencies in simplification processes. The three dimension Douglas Peucker (3D_DP)algorithm can realize gradual discrete point selection through threshold, which is mainly used in DEM synthesis, and its simplified process is very suitable for the dynamic establishment of massive data sets. A new LOD modeling method based on 3D_DP algorithm is proposed to simplify the consistency of river network vector elements and DEM in this paper. The specific steps are as follows: Firstly, the “Bending Adjustment Index (BAI)” is introduced to improve the 3D_DP algorithm, called the improved 3D_DP algorithm; Secondly, the DEM data is extracted into a 3D discrete point dataset, and the river line vector data is also converted into a discrete point dataset, assigned with elevation attributes, and merges with the DEM’s 3D discrete points. The merged point datasets are equenced based on the importance of each point, which are computed by the improved 3D_DP algorithm. The order of deleting points is determined by the sequence and the corresponding model spatial errors are calculated with the deletion of points. Then, the DEM’s 3D discrete points are constructed a Delaunay network with the river line as a mandatory constraint condition. The required triangulation is called in real time with the change of sight distance depending on the simple correspondence between screen projection error and model space error, and the unified LOD model for river line vector and DEM is established. The results show that the river’s overall shape and the terrain’s main features can be reserved under the same simplified factor based on the improved 3D_DP algorithm. The unified LOD model for the river network and DEM is feasible under the importance sequence of merged point datasets by the improved 3D_DP algorithm. Under the proper operation of data blocking, the rendering frame rate can meet practical application requirements.

METHODOLOGY OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING OF URBAN STREETS AND ROADS

Problem statement. New challenges in road construction require the application of modern and globally recognized best practices in the design and management of road infrastructure construction processes, involving the use of the latest Building Information Modeling (BIM) technologies. The implementation of BIM technologies necessitates conducting research to systematize information, forecast and evaluate outcomes, and develop a modeling methodology. The purpose of the article is to develop a methodology for Building Information Modeling of urban streets and roads. Research Results. The proposed methodology for Building Information Modeling is demonstrated using sections of the street and road network in the city of Dnipro. Digital terrain and site models were created in the InfraWorks software based on geospatial data from remote sensing. Conceptual models of urban streets and roads were developed. The conceptual models were exported to Civil 3D, where the terrain model was refined using ground survey data, analyzed, and used to develop route plans, longitudinal and cross profiles of streets and roads. The detailed and coordinated road design solutions in Civil 3D were exported to InfraWorks to build an integrated road infrastructure. An analysis of the spatial smoothness of routes and sight distances on roads was conducted using the building information model. Models of an overpass and bridge developed in Revit were exported to the road infrastructure model. Traffic management measures were modeled. Using the “Traffic Simulation” tools in InfraWorks, vehicle traffic flows on roads and interchanges of the studied street and road network were simulated, taking into account the actual traffic intensity. The building information models were checked for structural deficiencies using Navisworks software. Conclusion. The proposed methodology for designing urban streets and roads using BIM technology involves the step-by-step development of a digital model utilizing software for the automated design of road infrastructure with the required level of detail at each stage of the design process.

Evaluation of the Implementation Status of the Nepal Rural Road Standards (NRRS) Concerning Geometrical Parameters: A Case Study of Morang District of Nepal

Maintaining the effectiveness of the transportation system is essential to economic growth. Poor road upgrading methods in many developing nations, however, are making it impossible for traffic to flow freely. Nepal developed the Nepal Rural Road Standards (NRRS) of 2055, District Transportation Master Plan (DTMP), and Municipality Transportation Master Plan (MTMP) to regulate the construction of rural road infrastructure. These guidelines provide guidelines for rural road planning, design, building, and maintenance, among other aspects. However, each geometric design has certain features, and parameter requirements depending on the region and location to be applied. This study aims to compare the geometrical features of the rural roads that have been built with the Nepal Rural Road Standards (NRRS) 2055, second revision (2071). Using a random sampling approach, six rural roads in the Morang district were selected for the data collection. To gather geometrical data, field observations and measurements were made at random chainages. This study evaluates various geometric parameters using linear and angular field measurements. Mapping conducted via smart road software ensures road geometry compliance, including aspects such as curve radius, shoulder width, gradient, sight distance, carriageway, and additional widening. The findings demonstrate that strict adherence to established standards substantially enhances road safety. Based on the results of the field observation, the geometric elements have been built according to design specifications, except for the additional widening at shoulder width and horizontal.

A tool for estimating ground-based InSAR acquisition characteristics prior to monitoring installation and survey and its differences from satellite InSAR

Abstract. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) acquisition can be performed from satellites or from the ground by means of a so-called GB-InSAR (Ground-Based Interferometry SAR), but the signal emission and the output image geometry slightly differ between the two acquisition modes. Those differences are rarely mentioned in the literature. This paper proposes to compare satellite and GB-InSAR in terms of (1) acquisition characteristics and parameters to consider; (2) SAR image resolution; and (3) geometric distortions that are foreshortening, layover, and shadowing. If in the case of satellite SAR, the range and azimuth resolutions are known and constant along the orbit path, in the case of GB-InSAR their values are terrain-dependent. It is worth estimating the results of a GB-InSAR acquisition that one can expect in terms of range and azimuth resolution, line of sight (LoS) distance, and geometric distortions to select the best installation location when several are possible. We developed a novel tool which estimates those parameters from a digital elevation model (DEM), knowing the GB-InSAR and the slope of interest (SoI) coordinates. This tool, written in MATLAB, was tested on a simple synthetic point cloud representing a cliff with a progressive slope angle to highlight the influence of the SoI geometry on the acquisition characteristics and on two real cases of cliffs located in Switzerland, namely one in the Ticino canton and one in the Vaud canton.

Crash Risk Monitoring Method for Highways in Rain Conditions

The slick road surface during rainy days necessitates an increased braking distance, posing prominent safety hazards for driving. Consequently, this paper researched on the monitoring method of collision risk posture of highway in rainy days. The impact of rain on the driving risk of vehicles is mainly the braking distance. In this paper, the ratio μ, defined as the quotient of stopping sight distance (St) and the spacing (Sr) between the front of a trailing vehicle and the rear of a leading vehicle, was adopted as the collision risk assessment metric. Employing the Expressway A-Rain segment from the Citysim dataset as the subject of investigation, traffic risk probability statistics diagrams and heatmaps had been generated. The results showed that the ratio μ>1 has accounted for nearly 10% of the roadway, the traffic risk of this roadway is high, and the risk is mainly distributed on the middle lane of the freeway and entrance ramp.

Calculation Model for the Exit Decision Sight Distance of Right-Turn Ramps on the Left at Interchange

Given the rapid construction of freeways in developing countries such as China, land use is constantly under strict constraints, leading to challenges in adopting conventional layouts for interchanges. Implementing right-turn ramps on the left (RTRL) at interchanges can minimize land occupancy; however, the traffic safety level in this type of diversion area design requires extra attention. This study examines the decision sight distance for right-turn exit ramps on the left side. Utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) video and the YOLOv3 target detection algorithm, the original trajectory data of vehicles in the diversion area is extracted. Employing Kalman filtering and Frenet coordinate system conversion reveals microscopic vehicle lane-change patterns, velocities, and time headways. Furthermore, the driving simulation experiment assesses driver behaviors in RTRL, with subjective, task performance, and physiological measure indicators. Ultimately, the range of the decision sight distance is defined, and establishing a calculation model involves determining relevant parameters based on measured data and simulation outcomes. The results indicate potential insufficiencies in the decision sight distance when standardized values are applied to RTRL.

Microscale Lateral Perovskite Light Emitting Diode Realized by Self-Doping Phenomenon.

High-definition near-eye display technology has extremely close sight distance, placing a higher demand on the size, performance, and array of light-emitting pixel devices. Based on the excellent photoelectric performance of metal halide perovskite materials, perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have high photoelectric conversion efficiency, adjustable emission spectra, and excellent charge transfer characteristics, demonstrating great prospects as next-generation light sources. Despite their potential, the solubility of perovskite in photoresist presents a hurdle for conventional micro/nano processing techniques, resulting in device sizes typically exceeding 50 μm. This limitation impedes the further downsizing of perovskite-based components. Herein, we propose a plane-structured PeLED device that can achieve microscale light-emitting diodes with a single pixel device size < 2 μm and a luminescence lifetime of approximately 3 s. This is accomplished by fabricating a patterned substrate and regulating ion distribution in the perovskite through self-doping effects to form a PN junction. This breakthrough overcomes the technical challenge of perovskite-photoresist incompatibility, which has hindered the development of perovskite materials in micro/nano optoelectronic devices. The strides made in this study open up promising avenues for the advancement of PeLEDs within the realm of micro/nano optoelectronic devices.

Influence of Driver Eye Height and Obstacle Height on Sight Distance

Abstract Road traffic safety is a series of methods and measures aimed to reducing the risk of injury for road users. Road accidents are events that have an extremely strong socio-economic impact on society as a whole and directly on its members. The road is a basic component of the road safety system and is represented by the road and the area adjacent to it, which influences the flow of road traffic. Basically, the driver “reads” the road and based on that information adopts the behaviour, mainly speed. The road elements of the road and the homogeneity of these characteristics, visibility in curves, the layout of intersections, the uniformity and roughness of the road surface are only some of the essential elements of the traffic safety study at the design stage. But even on a very well-designed road, many accidents occur because of the other possible factors. The road elements characteristic of roads are the totality of the road components in plan view, elevation and cross section. In this case study, a section of road of technical class III was considered. The design speed of the road section studied is 80 km/h and the lane width is 3.50 m, according to the technical standards in force. The study was carried out for design speeds of 80 km/h and 60 km/h respectively, the height of the eyes will be considered as 1.00 m, 1.10 m, 1.20 m and 1.30 m, and for the height of the obstacle will have variable height, more precisely, for the speed of 80 km/h the heights will be 0.20 m, 0.40 m, 0.60 m, 0.80 m, 1.00 m, and for the speed of 60 km/h, they will be 0.00 m, 0.10 m, 0.20 m.

Sight Distance of Automated Vehicles Considering Highway Vertical Alignments and Its Implications for Speed Limits

Sight Distance of Automated Vehicles Considering Highway Vertical Alignments and Its Implications for Speed Limits

An Investigation of Double Collisions of Pickup Trucks with Multiple Fatalities in Narathiwat Province, Thailand, October 2023

On 11 Oct 2023, a pickup truck crashed into a roadside tree in Narathiwat Province, southern Thailand after overtaking another vehicle. We conducted a descriptive study by reviewing medical records and interviewing rescuers, officers, survivors, and witnesses. We surveyed the collision site, reviewed video records, and used Haddon’s matrix to assist with the analysis. A pickup truck carrying 11 passengers (including the driver) overtook another pickup truck on a stretch of road. The driver of the first pickup truck lost control due to tire deflation and crashed into a tree resulting in eight deaths (72.7%) and three hospitalizations (27.3%). All deaths were caused by severe head injuries. Multiple factors during pre-crash (vehicle unfamiliarity leading to improper passing sight distance and speeding), the crash (overloaded truck and a roadside tree), and post-crash such as poor communication, contributed to the severity of this event. The driver of the truck had no driving license and was unfamiliar with the vehicle. Six passengers were sitting in the truck’s cab and three were in the cargo bed. Pre-crash and crash speeds were determined to be 80 and 100 kilometers per hour, respectively. The passing sight distance was grossly insufficient. Poor communication in the rescue process and the crowd of people at the scene resulted in improper emergency management. Strengthening law enforcement, increasing the number of speed limit signs, felling roadside trees, and practicing mass casualty incidents should be implemented.

Evaluasi Kelayakan Geometrik Tikungan Pada Ruas Jalan Jenderal Ahmad Yani Km. 2 Kota Parepare

Jendral Ahmad Yani Km. 2 road is one of the land transportation accesses that connects between regions in improving the economy and standard of living of the community. This study aims to analyze the geometrics of road bends. The research method used is descriptive quantitative method of analysis using the standards of the Directorate of Highways. The results of the research from the geometric bend results that the road section includes a primary collector function class SCS type bend with provincial road status with type 2/2 UD. The existing geometric conditions of the road section are in accordance with the required standards where there is a vertical alignment of 8.1% and a stopping sight distance of 133.36m. Coordination of alignments that coincide does not obstruct visibility.

Direct Illuminance-Contribution-Based Lighting Control for IoT-Based Lighting Systems in Smart Buildings

With the advent of low-voltage light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and advances in Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, smart buildings have recently become more energy efficient. Nevertheless, the lighting-control system is one of the major sources of electrical energy consumption in commercial buildings. This study proposes a direct illuminance-contribution-based lighting-control framework to reduce the energy of LED luminaires and ensure illuminance for user requirements in smart buildings. Specifically, we designed a direct illuminance-contribution-based lighting-control algorithm (DIC-LCA) using luminaires that are ideally axisymmetric with all light emitted below the horizontal plane and developed a WiFi lighting controller for the IoT-based lighting-control systems in smart buildings. The DIC-LCA can adjust the dimming level by calculating the illuminance based on the line of sight (LOS) distance for energy saving and user satisfaction. After simulation analysis, we prove that energy savings can be achieved by controlling the dimming levels of LED luminaires with high light contribution.

Traffic safety comprehensive evaluation of urban tunnel visual guiding system based on extension matter-element model: a case study in tunnel curves

Objective The visual guiding system, as a tunnel traffic safety improvement method by using visual guiding facilities to actively guide driving safely, has been widely used in countries with many tunnels, in recent years. This paper aims to quantitatively study the comprehensive evaluation of traffic safety of the visual guiding system in tunnels, which has certain engineering application value and can provide support for the quantitative evaluation and optimal design of tunnel traffic safety. Methods Based on the analysis of the relevant factors of urban tunnel traffic safety, a multi-factor comprehensive evaluation system with 5 upper-level indicators and 12 basic-level indicators was proposed. Considering the independent and incompatible indicators, a comprehensive evaluation method of traffic safety of the visual guiding system in urban tunnels was constructed by using the extension matter-element model. Taking the scene of 4 types of tunnel curves, such as no facilities, horizontal stripe, chevron alignment sign, and LED arch, as examples, the comprehensive evaluation of various schemes were carried out by using simulation tests. Results The traffic safety comprehensive evaluation system of visual guiding system in urban tunnels can be analyzed from five aspects: perception reaction, guidance ability, driver factor, driving task, and facility appearance. The results demonstrated significant the comprehensive evaluation result of the target level of scene 1 was L4, scene 2 was L3, scene 3 was L2, and scene 4 was L1. That is, the final results of the comprehensive evaluation of the four scenes were poor, medium, good, and very good, respectively. Conclusions In the scheme of visual guiding system for urban tunnel curves, the effectiveness of the three types of designs, from high to low, was the LED arch, chevron alignment sign, and horizontal stripe, and the safety of the scene without facilities was the lowest. Hence, setting the LED arch in the urban tunnel curve has a good effect in the aspects of guidance ability, sight distance, and sight zone, and is conducive to the driver’s perception reaction and driving task.

Strategic Transportation Planning: Co-Site Planning at Coolwood SA Company

This technical report presents a meticulous exploration of the site planning endeavours undertaken by CoolWood SA, a distinguished entity in wood furniture production, as it endeavours to relocate its operations to Hasselt, Belgium. With over 15 years of industry expertise, CoolWood SA seeks to optimize spatial utilization and operational efficiency through strategic site planning. The report delves into the intricacies of site location, area adjustment, department allocation, external flow access to the warehouse, and current road infrastructure analysis. Utilizing a multifaceted approach, CoolWood SA collaborated with Afro International Transport Planning Consultants to employ various software tools and adhere to international standards throughout the planning process. Key findings include detailed area adjustments, department allocations aimed at enhancing operational efficiency, and analyses of internal circulation, parking requirements, and external traffic movement. Notable measures such as prioritizing employee safety, accommodating diverse transportation modes, and promoting cleanliness and hygiene within the facility are meticulously outlined. The report concludes with insights gleaned from sight distance analyses, swept analysis simulations, and overarching recommendations for CoolWood SA to elevate safety standards and facilitate industry growth. By implementing the proposed strategies and measures, CoolWood SA stands poised to navigate its relocation journey with precision and foresight

Potential Impacts of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles on Controlling Criteria for Road Geometric Design: A Review

The development of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) has progressed rapidly with advancements in intelligent transportation systems, automated driving technologies, and regulatory reforms worldwide. As the efficiency and safety of surface transportation heavily rely on highway geometric design, understanding the impact of CAVs on design control elements is essential to fully capitalize the benefits CAVs may offer. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive review of existing literature to synthesize how CAVs can influence the controlling criteria for highway geometric design. Over 30 articles were thoroughly reviewed to gain insights into the impacts of CAVs on highway design and potential explanations for them. As CAVs could potentially reduce the minimum required stopping sight distance, they create opportunities to decrease other geometric dimensions, such as horizontal curve radius, length of vertical curves, horizontal sight offset, extra widening, and so on. However, this optimization is more feasible in an environment with fewer human-driven vehicles. Moreover, further related research needs to be done in mixed traffic streams and complex driving conditions. The critical discussions of this study can offer valuable insights, shedding light on the potential benefits and implications that an automated transportation sector may bring to future road geometry design.

Overtaking maneuvers on two-lane highways under the microscope: Exploration of a multidimensional framework for the analysis of safety, comfort and efficiency using simulator data

An unreasonable overtaking attempt on two-lane highways could cause drivers to suffer in terms of driving safety, comfort, and efficiency. Several external factors related to the traffic environment (e.g., speed and car type of surrounding vehicles), were found to be the significant factors in drivers’ overtaking performance in the previous studies. However, the microscopic decision-making (e.g., the moments of the occupation of the opposite lane) mechanisms during overtaking, by means of which drivers react to changes in the external traffic environment and adjust their overtaking trajectories, are still need to be explored. Hence, this study had three goals: (i) To explore the spatial characteristics of micro-decisions (MDs) (such as the start and end point) in overtaking trajectories; (ii) To measure three types of performance indicators (i.e., safety, comfort, and efficiency) for the execution of overtaking maneuvers; (iii) To quantitatively explain the microscopic decision-making mechanism in overtaking. Data for overtaking trajectories were collected from driving a simulation experiment where 52 Chinese student drivers completed a series of overtaking maneuvers on a typical two-lane highway under different traffic conditions. Two analyses were conducted: firstly, the distributions of the relative distance between the ego and surrounding vehicles at four key points (i.e., the start, entry, back, and end) in the overtaking trajectory were investigated and clustered to uncover the spatial characteristics of the MDs. Secondly, the safety, comfort, and efficiency of the overtaking were measured by the aggregations of multi-targets collision risks, triaxial acceleration variances, and spatial consumptions respectively based on the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which were further applied in a two-stage SEM model to reveal the quantitative interrelationships among the external factors, microscope decisions and performances in overtaking. We confirmed that the MDs could be considered as the mediating variables between the external factors and overtaking performances. In the presence of the more hazardous traffic environment (e.g., faster traffic flow and impeded by a truck), the safety, comfort and efficiency of overtaking would be deteriorated inevitably. But drivers would execute the overtaking under the longer passing sight distance, migrate their trajectories forward, and shorten the spatial duration to significantly improve the overtaking performances. Based on this mechanism, a overtaking trajectory optimization strategy for the advanced or automatic driving system, was confirmed and concluded that 1) the passing gap should be firstly planned according to the sight distance acceptance of different drivers, which directly determine the upper limit of the safety performance in the overtaking; 2) the trajectory forward migration and shortening the whole duration in overtaking could be effective to enhance the overtaking performances of the overtaking on the two-lane highway; 3) the guidance of the stable control of the steering wheel and gas/brake pedals is essential in the overtaking.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Visual Guiding Systems for Enhancing Traffic Safety in Freeway Tunnels: An Improved Matter-Element Method with Case Study

Provision of visual guiding facilities to improve traffic safety is in disarray. This paper proposes a comprehensive system for evaluating the effectiveness of visual guiding facilities in freeway tunnels. Aimed at addressing the current problems, this paper presents an evaluation system based on three key factors: spatial right-of-way, driving human factors, and driving performance. To evaluate the proposed system, data were collected in tunnels under varying conditions during daytime and nighttime, before and after improvement. The evaluation system categorized spatial right-of-way into lateral, longitudinal, and vertical aspects, which mainly depend on the installation of visual guiding facilities. Driving human factors were evaluated based on visual performance, and the installation method of visual facilities focused on sight distance, sight zone, and visual load. Driving performance was also evaluated by considering vehicle operational characteristics, including the maintaining of speed, distance, and lane. The results demonstrated a considerable improvement in the evaluation level of the visual guiding system, achieving Level B compared with traditional improvement schemes during both daytime and nighttime scenarios. This evaluation system could be a valuable guide for managing and designing traffic engineering in tunnels.

RSUIGM: Realistic Synthetic Underwater Image Generation with Image Formation Model

In this paper, we propose to synthesize realistic underwater images with a novel image formation model, considering both downwelling depth and line of sight (LOS) distance as cue and call it as Realistic Synthetic Underwater Image Generation Model, RSUIGM. The light interaction in the ocean is a complex process and demands specific modeling of direct and backscattering phenomenon to capture the degradations. Most of the image formation models rely on complex radiative transfer models and in-situ measurements for synthesizing and restoration of underwater images. Typical image formation models consider only line of sight distance z and ignore downwelling depth d in the estimation of effect of direct light scattering. We derive the dependencies of downwelling irradiance in direct light estimation for generation of synthetic underwater images unlike state-of-the-art image formation models. We propose to incorporate the derived downwelling irradiance in estimation of direct light scattering for modeling the image formation process and generate realistic synthetic underwater images with the proposed RSUIGM, and name it as RSUIGM dataset . We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed RSUIGM by using RSUIGM dataset in training deep learning based restoration methods. We compare the quality of restored images with state-of-the-art methods using benchmark real underwater image datasets and achieve improved results. In addition, we validate the distribution of realistic synthetic underwater images versus real underwater images both qualitatively and quantitatively. The proposed RSUIGM dataset is available here.

A Study on Improvement to Increase Efficiency of U–Turn Opening on Charan Sanit Wong Road at Bang O Fire Station U–Turn

The U–Turn is a risky point where there are frequent road accidents. There are many factors leading to the problem of the U–turn such as the physical characteristics of the U–turn, location of U–turn median opening, insufficient sight distance, risk spot around the U–turn without traffic management and safety and factors caused by the driver. This paper presents the results of a study on improvement to increase efficiency of U–Turn Opening on Charan Sanit Wong Road at Bang O Fire Station U–Turn. By studying the improvement pattern of the U–turn from the past to the present and the pattern of improvement measure. Traffic microsimulation model was developed using VISSIM software and evaluated the traffic efficiency. The results were analyzed to determine the Time–To–Collision (TTC) using the SSAM program to assess traffic safety from the number of conflict points. The results showed the pattern of improvement measure with improved physical characteristics by increasing the length of the storage lane and restricted U–Turn for motorcycle measure could increase traffic efficiency. The average travel time was reduced by 1% and 10% and reduced the average delay by 12% and 31% in the directions to Rama VII and Pinklao, respectively. The safety analysis results showed the pattern of improvement measure which has a Time–To–Collision (TTC) value of 0.88 seconds and has the least number of conflicts point compared to previous improvement pattern.

Online Collaborative Perception of Full Bridge Deck Driving Visual of Far Blind Area on Suspension Bridge during Vortex-Induced Vibration.

During a vertical vortex-induced vibration (VVIV), an undulating bridge deck will affect drivers' sightlines, causing the phenomenon of drifting and changes in the far blind area, thus presenting a potential threat to driving safety. Consequently, to ensure the safety of driving on a suspension bridge deck under VVIV, it is necessary to perceive the far blind spot caused by the occlusion of the driving sightlines under this condition, and to establish an online perception and evaluation mechanism for driving safety. With a long-span suspension bridge experiencing VVIV as the engineering background, this paper utilizes the acceleration integration algorithm and the sine function fitting method to achieve the online perception of real-time dynamic configurations of the main girder. Then, based on the configurations, the maximum height of the driver's far blind area and effective sight distance are calculated accordingly, and the impact of different driving conditions on them is discussed. The proposed technical framework for driving safety perception in far blind spots is feasible, as it can achieve real-time estimation of the maximum height and effective distance of the far blind area, thereby providing technical support for bridge-vehicle-human collaborative perception and traffic control during vortex-induced vibration.