Sight Of Others Research Articles

Effect of Hypodermic Needle Versus Safety Lancet on the Fear and Anxiety of Needle Prick Among Undergraduate Medical Students During Hematology Practical: A Cohort Study From a Resource-Limited Setting.

BackgroundMost of the government-sponsored medical teaching institutions in India do not provide safety lancets, and hence, the students are compelled to use hypodermic needles. These needles are widely unpopular among students due to the potential hazards (pain, fear, anxiety) associated with them. This study aims to compare any difference in fear and anxiety associated with finger pricking with a hypodermic needle and a safety lancet.MethodsThis is a prospective cohort study. The current study included data from first-year undergraduate medical students for academic sessions 2021-22.ResultsA total of 121 students participated in the study. Eighty-two (67.8%) participants were male. 41/82 male participants and 20/39 female participants were allocated to the intervention cohort. 111 (91.7%) pricked their fingers by themselves. The sight of others pricking during the experiment (17 versus 5, p=0.004) and the thought of pain while pricking (36 versus 16, p<0.001) was significantly associated more with the use of a hypodermic needle compared to a safety lancet. There was no significant difference in students perceiving the smell of the hematology laboratory (4 versus 1, p=0.165) and the sight of blood (9 versus 3, p=0.064) as a factor influencing their fear and anxiety in both cohorts. There was no gender difference in the perception of these factors.Symptoms were significantly lower in the intervention cohort compared to the control cohort (8 versus 20, odds ratio 0.302, p=0.008). The most common symptom experienced was excessive sweating (n=22, 18.18%), followed by drying of the mouth (n=12, 9.91%). There was a significant difference in pain scores between the intervention and the control cohorts. There was no significant difference in pain scores among male and female subjects.ConclusionA considerable difference between the two cohorts was found. The use of lancets can be proposed to medical teaching institutions for psychological advantage, pain reduction, and overall better quality of the process.

Decreased Empathy Response to Other's Pain in Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

We aimed to investigate pain empathy ability and self-reported empathy among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Twenty-four parents of children with ASD and 26 parents of typically developing children completed the Empathy Quotient (EQ) self-report scale and responded to painful or neutral images during an empathy-for-pain paradigm test. Parents of children with ASD had lower EQ scores, lower accuracy, and longer reaction time (RT) for pain empathy task response (all p < 0.05) compared with controls. There was a negative relationship between cognitive empathy, social skills, total EQ scores, and RT of response in parents of children with ASD. Our findings indicate that self-reported empathy deficits and decreased empathy response to the sight of others' pain in parents of children with ASD are part of a broader autistic phenotype.

Abstract P132: Impact of Location and Social Context on the Probability of a Dietary Lapse Among Adults in Weight Loss Treatment

Background: Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) assesses individuals’ current experiences, location and social context in which behaviors occur. During a 12-mo behavioral weight loss intervention and using an EMA app, we asked participants to report any instances of temptations or a lapse from their weight management diet. Objective: Estimate the rate of temptations per unit time and the probability that a lapse will follow based on the location (restaurant, home, work) and the social context ( with others who are eating, completely alone ). Methods: Using a smartphone, participants initiated a report when they experienced a temptation and reported if this led to a lapse. Their location and the social context were recorded during the 5,211 self-reported temptations as well as during 106,960 random assessments over 12 mos. Analyses: A frailty model was used to estimate the rate at which temptations occurred per unit of time and a logistic regression model was used to estimate the probability that a temptation led to a lapse both as a function of location and social context. Results: The sample (N = 150) was predominantly female (90.7%) and White (80.7%), 56.4% were married with 16.4 (2.8) years of education and a mean BMI of 34.0 kg/m 2 (4.6). Temptations occurred most often in a restaurant and the person was with others who were eating or in sight of others who were eating (Fig 1). While temptations occurred infrequently in another person’s home, there was nearly a 65% probability that a lapse would occur there. When with others who are eating , the temptation rate and probability of a lapse were high. Conclusions: Temptations to eat in a manner that is inconsistent with a weight loss plan occur more frequently in certain locations, e.g., restaurants; however, the probability a temptation leads to a lapse is high in a variety of locations and social contexts, e.g., with others who are eating . Interventions need to focus on empowering individuals trying to manage their weight to resist temptations in these at risk locations and social contexts.

Relational enmeshment of entangled minds!

Byline: Sravanti. Sanivarapu [INLINE:1] Bonds of enmeshed relationships know no boundaries and it is not an easy task to untangle them. Self-identity is poorly formed and it is the relationship that defines the individual caught up in parental needs. limits are so porous that feelings and thoughts are imbibed almost naturally. It can even get toxic, which is determined by the degree of parental involvement and level of control over individual's life. Insight into its dynamics is poor. Intertwined and engulfed in the emotional ties, the person is lost in an arbitrary world of pseudo-feelings, loses sight of others and eventually loses himself. In the painting, the arcs in different colors represent various emotions and ideas that are shared, the fragile mesh represented in black separates this unique bond from the outside world and the background in peach is individual's space that is hardly visible. It surely makes one ponder if these minds ever try to break free to enjoy autonomy and freedom of thought and expression or are they just living a personal myth? - Art by Dr Sravanti Sanivarapu

‘Crewable’ Jones and the Sociable Pleasures of Riding and Rowing the Oxford and the ‘old Carmarthen’; or, How Circuiteers Invented Tourism

What’s at the centre of lawyers? We have all had to deal with them! Lawyers seek fees, prestige and social status; they value the cut and thrust of intellectual conflict and forensic detail, but they also like the good life and frequently indulge themselves. Approaching the question of centrality with a forensic attention to linguistics, one can make a simply obvious point – at the heart of lawyers lies a three-letter word: Wye. We can also throw some light – and perhaps fresh air – upon the nature of the circuiteer by investigating another key lawyerly word, the four-letter word: eyre. This OED entry is germane to the gentlemen of the bar. It is fascinating to ponder more than 800 years of legal itinerancy and to consider three or four of these justices in eyre immortalised in rock by fellow ‘wanderer[s] through the woods’ of jurisprudence. Let us rock and roll – gently – in our ‘Sociable’, with the current of the winding Wye. It was Henry II – no doubt influenced by Muslim legal procedures in Sicily –who, in his establishment of circuits and trial by jury, did not simply institute the common law, but created all the pre-requisites of satisfactory tourism: brotherly bonhomie, appreciation of topographical variety, and relaxation within sight of others’ labour. We can appreciate that – pace Gilpin – picturesque tourism was no ‘new object of pursuit’, but as old as the Plantagenets. Over the centuries these justices and barristers in eyre rode twice a year through as many as eight counties bringing their week-long assize courts to the county towns and cities. On their tours of duty the circuiteers, as they began to call themselves in the eighteenth century, were professional travellers and avant la lettre tourists. The attractions of the circuits and the vicarious sentimental pleasures of reading about them are neatly caught by Pope, himself no stranger to that loop of Wye which protected the Holme Lacy estate of his patron Frances, Viscountess Scudamore. On 17 September 1715 he wrote to William Fortescue, future Attorney General and collaborator in the amusing Scriblerian law-report satire Stradling versus Stiles:

Women without a Voice: The Paradox of Silence in the Works of Sandra Cisneros, Shashi Deshpande and Azar Nafisi

Women of every culture face a similar problem: loss of voice. Their lives are permeated with silence. Whether their silence results from a patriarchal society that prohibits women from asserting their identity or from a social expectation of gender roles that confine women to an expressive domain-submissive, nurturing, passive, and domestic-rather than an instrumental role where men are dominant, affective and aggressive-women share the common bond of a debilitating silence. Maria Racine, in her analysis of Janie in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, reaffirms the pervasiveness of this bond: “For women, silence has crossed every racial and cultural boundary” (283). Indeed, Elaine Mar, a Chinese-American writer, in her memoir, Paper Daughter, elucidates the implications of silence for women, “Like Mother I was learning to disappear. Frequently, I sought refuge with her in the basement room, in the silence of empty spaces. But I was also learning to vanish in full sight of others, retreating into myself when physical flight wasn't possible. My voice withered. Silent desire parched my throat” (48). Silence and loss of voice debilitate and stifle women, as they are forced to sublimate their identity in order to survive in their worlds.

Collective Motion and Cannibalism in Locust Migratory Bands

Plagues of mass migrating insects such as locusts are estimated to affect the livelihood of one in ten people on the planet [1]. Identification of generalities in the mechanisms underlying these mass movements will enhance our understanding of animal migration and collective behavior while potentially contributing to pest-management efforts. We provide evidence that coordinated mass migration in juvenile desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) is influenced strongly by cannibalistic interactions. Individuals in marching bands tend to bite others but risk being bitten themselves. Reduction of individuals' capacity to detect the approach of others from behind through abdominal denervation (1) decreases their probability to start moving, (2) dramatically reduces the mean proportion of moving individuals in groups, and (3) significantly increases cannibalism. Similarly, occlusion of the rear visual field inhibits individuals' propensity to march. Abdomen denervation did not influence the behavior of isolated locusts. When within groups, abdominal biting and the sight of others approaching from behind triggers movement, creating an autocatalytic feedback that results in directed mass migration. This "forced march" driven by cannibalistic interactions suggests that we need to reassess our view of both the selection pressure and mechanism that can result in the coordinated motion of such large insect groups.

지체 장애인을 위한 개호복 디자인

재해로 인한 후천적인 장애인과 고령화로 인한 노인의 수가 증가하고 있는 현 상황에서, 이들이 가지는 신체적인 제약을 보완할 수 있는 개호복의 개발이 요구되고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구는 지체 장애인의 의상 디자인을 위한 아이디어나 해결책을 제공하여 패션과 기능이 접목된 의상 개발에 도움이 되고자 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 장애로 인한 신체적인 특성 및 의상착용에서의 문제점 등을 조사하고, 이를 보완할 수 있는 개호복 디자인에서 고려해야 할 필수 요소들을 살펴보았다. 장애인이나 노인을 위한 의상을 취급하는 21개의 웹사이트를 선정하여 조사하고, 실용적이고 기능적이며 미적인 의상들을 품목별로 제시하였다. 그 결과, 이러한 의복에서는 오프닝의 구성 및 위치, 단추 지퍼 벨크로 등과 같은 여밈의 종류와 수, 움직임의 편안함과 연결된 디자인 개발이 주의깊게 고려되었음을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같이 신체적 인 제약을 보완할 수 디자인의 연구와 개발은, 장애인 개개인이 자신에 대한 소중함을 깨닫고 의기소침함에서 벗어난 긍정적인 사고를 갖게 하고 숨어있는 능력을 발휘할 수 있게 하는 사회적 재활의 한 측면으로 중요한 의미가 있으므로 꾸준히 지속되어야 한다고 사료된다. Nowadays the numbers of the disabled and elderly have been increasing, and the development of adaptive clothing for these people is in demand. The purpose of this study was to give ideas and solutions for the special needs clothing design. The knowledge of medical situation of the individuals with special needs has been examined and factors affecting adaptive clothing were suggested. Twenty-one web sites were investigated and the most practical, functional, fashionable adaptive clothes were suggested by items. Construction and location of openings, number and type of fastenings, and design of garments for comfort and ease of movement were carefully considered in these clothes. Better appearance through improvement of clothing will help these people to believe that they have worth in the sight of others and in their own view of themselves. Disabled and elderly can obtain the quality of life, maintain the dignity, and make the access to the world a little bit easier by solving the particular clothing problems with all these convenient as well fashionable adaptive clothing.

Adherence in antiretroviral therapy: a review of qualitative studies

Adherence in antiretroviral therapy: a review of qualitative studies

The Sight of Others' Pain Modulates Motor Processing in Human Cingulate Cortex

Neuroimaging evidence has shown that a network including cingulate cortex and bilateral insula responds to both felt and seen pain. Of these, dorsal anterior cingulate and midcingulate areas are involved in preparing context-appropriate motor responses to painful situations, but it is unclear whether the same holds for observed pain. Participants in this functional magnetic resonance imaging study viewed short animations depicting a noxious implement (e.g., a sharp knife) or an innocuous implement (e.g., a butter knife) striking a person's hand. Participants were required to execute or suppress button-press responses depending on whether the implements hit or missed the hand. The combination of the implement's noxiousness and whether it contacted the hand strongly affected reaction times, with the fastest responses to noxious-hit trials. Blood oxygen level-dependent signal changes mirrored this behavioral interaction with increased activation during noxious-hit trials only in midcingulate, dorsal anterior, and dorsal posterior cingulate regions. Crucially, the activation in these cingulate regions also depended on whether the subject made an overt motor response to the event, linking their role in pain observation to their role in motor processing. This study also suggests a functional topography in medial premotor regions implicated in "pain empathy," with adjacent activations relating to pain-selective and motor-selective components, and their interaction.

Behavioural responses of sheep to the sight and smell of blood

The existing legislation in England and Wales (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1995) prohibits slaughter (sticking) of red meat animals within sight of others. Although this prohibition was originally designed to protect the welfare of animals, trying to get stunned animals out of sight of others can often result in signs of recovery being shown prior to, during and following sticking in commercial situations (Anil and McKinstry, 1993). The question of whether slaughter by exsanguination (sticking), or killing within sight, causes stress in other animals is a controversial issue. In regard to witnessing slaughter we have already attempted to address this question. This work produced no evidence to suggest that sheep (Anilet al., 1996) or pigs (Anilet al., 1997) were distressed. The effects of killing by mechanical means or shooting animals on witnessing conspecifics have also been studied in mice, hens and farmed deer by Bracke (1993) who concluded that no evidence of distress was evident. However, it is still widely believed that slaughter animals are sensitive to the presence of blood at abattoirs. This investigation was designed to test whether sheep would show any changes in their behaviour when exposed to the sight and smell of conspecific blood.

The Responses of the Pollen Beetle, Meligethes aeneus, and the Seed Weevil, Ceuthorhynchus assimilis, to Oil-Seed Rape, Brassica napus, and Other Plants

SUMMARY (1) Adult pollen beetles often occurred abundantly on early flowering cruciferous and non-cruciferous plants growing on verges of rape crops, but when the crop flowered they became more numerous on rape plants at the crop edge. When the crop ceased to flower, new generation pollen beetles moved on to flowering verge plants. (2) Adult seed weevils were restricted almost entirely to cruciferous species; the presence of exudate of non-cruciferous plants could deter feeding. They infested verge plants sooner than crop plants. There was no innate preference for plant species, but seed weevils soon became conditioned to the plants on which they were feeding and subsequently preferred them. Seed weevils oviposited less readily than pollen beetles in wild cruciferous plants. (3) Pollen beetles and seed weevils were attracted to traps baited with extracts of cruciferous plants or the mustard oil, allyl isothiocyanate. Opened flowers and yellow buds were favoured more than green buds, and individual pollen beetles and seed weevils responded to the sight of others on a raceme, resulting in aggregations.

The synchronization of behaviour in flocks of estrildine finches

Feeding, flighting and clumping are all synchronized in captive flocks of Amandava subflava and Uraeginthus bengalus. Feeding and flighting A. subflava, and flighting in U. bengalus, are synchronized by both visual releasers and calls, whereas clumping in both species and feeding in U. bengalus are synchronized by birds reacting to the sight of others performing these activities. In captive mixed flocks, birds react to the sight of one another, so that there is interspecific synchronization, but not to calls of the other species. Calls and visual releasers are also important in synchronizing behaviour in the wild. Mixed flocks sometimes occur and one species, the firefinch, Lagonosticta senegala, has a well developed tendency to flock with other species.

Approach-withdrawal behavior of peach-faced lovebirds, Agapornis roseicolis, and its modification by brain lesions.

I. The frequency of mobbing vocalizations (chips, squeaks, chitters) and wing-beating was increased by the presence of a strange object (a small wooden cylinder) in the cage. The relative increase produced by the cylinder was much greater in birds that were partially isolated from the sounds as well as the sight of others than in birds only visually isolated. 2. The number of mobbing displays given by 20-hour food-deprived birds in response to the cylinders was sharply reduced by simultaneous presentation of food (even though the birds did not eat) but remained significantly above that given to food alone. This effect was observed in all lesioned birds as well as in intact controls. 3. A peculiar vocalization is described and termed singing because of some resemblance to subsong of passerines. It included all the vocalizations encountered in mobbing but occurred mostly in birds that appeared drowsy and was inhibited by stimuli that produced mobbing. 4. Brain lesions that destroyed the medial archistriatum bilaterally greatly reduced the frequency of mobbing displays in response to unfamiliar objects, and simultaneously decreased withdrawal and avoidance and increased some approach behavior. 5. Lesions of the hyperstriatum increased mobbing displays and probably increased the inhibitory effect of the cylinders on feeding compared to intact birds.

Effects of need for affiliation, sex, and the sight of others upon initial communications in problem-solving groups1

Effects of need for affiliation, sex, and the sight of others upon initial communications in problem-solving groups1

IV. Observations relative to the near and distant sight of different persons

The fact that near sightedness most commonly commences at an early period of life, and distant sightedness generally at an advanced age, is universally admitted. Exceptions, however, to these rules so frequently occur, that I flatter myself a brief statement of some of the coincident circumstances, attendant on these different imperfections in vision, may not be found wholly undeserving the attention of the Royal Society. Near sightedness usually comes on between the ages of ten and eighteen. The discovery of it most commonly arises from accident; and, at first, the inconvenience it occasions is so little, that it is not improbable the imperfection would remain altogether unnoticed, if a comparison were not instituted with the sight of others, or if the experiment were not made of looking through a concave glass.