sIgA Concentration Research Articles

The role of salivary sIgA as protection for dental caries activity in Indonesian children.

PurposeThe aim of this study is to asses the relationship between the level of sIgA and dental caries experience in healthy children who are 6- to 9-years-old from Indonesia. The case-control study is conducted to determine the protective role of salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels in the stimulated whole saliva of dental caries-active and caries-free children.MethodsThis research was done by stimulating the whole saliva which had been collected from 6- to 9-years-old children with the index def-t≥3 of 30 children as the caries-active children group and 30 children with def-t<3 as the low caries-active children group. Saliva samples were collected in sterile vials between 10 am-12 pm due to the circadian rhythm, which is at least one hour after last meal. 1,5 ml of collected salivary sample was centrifuged, then the supernatants was transferred to other tube and stored immediately to the laboratory at a temperature of –20 °C. The estimation of sIgA concentration was done by using ELISA. The differences in the level of sIgA between the two groups with caries were analyzed using the t-test afterward.ResultsThe total salivary concentration of sIgA was statistically significantly higher in the low caries-active children group than in the caries-active children group.ConclusionThe total salivary concentration of sIgA was statistically and significantly higher in the low caries-active children group than caries-active children Group. There is a negative correlation between sIgA level and dental caries activity of 6 to 9-years-old children.

Difference in vaginal microecology, local immunity and HPV infection among childbearing-age women with different degrees of cervical lesions in Inner Mongolia

BackgroundThis study aims to investigate the difference in vaginal microecology, local immunity and HPV infection among childbearing-age women with different degrees of cervical lesions.MethodsA total of 432 patients were included in this study. Among these patients, 136 patients had LSIL, 263 patients had HSIL and 33 patients had CSCC. These patients were assigned as the research groups. In addition, 100 healthy females were enrolled and assigned as the control group.ResultsThe microbiological indexes of vaginal secretions were evaluated. Furthermore, the concentrations of SIgA, IgG, IL-2 and IL-10 in vaginal lavage fluid, as well as the presence of HPV, mycoplasma and Chlamydia in cervical secretions, were detected. The results is that: (1) Differences in evaluation indexes of vaginal microecology among all research groups and the control group were statistically significant (P < 0.0001). As the degree of cervical lesions increased, the number of Lactobacillus decreased, and there was an increase in prevalence of bacterial imbalance, and the diversity, density and normal proportion of bacteria was reduced. Furthermore, the incidence of HPV, trichomonads, clue cell and Chlamydia infection increased. Moreover, the positive rate of H2O2 decreased, while the positive rates of SNa and GADP increased. (2) Differences in the ratio of IL-2 and IL-10 in the female genital tract among all research groups and the control group were statistically significant (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsAs the degree of cervical lesions increased, IL-2 decreased, IL-10 increased and IL-2/IL-10 decreased, while SIgA and IgG were elevated. The reduction of dominant Lactobacillus in the vagina, impairment of H2O2 function, flora ratio imbalance, pathogen infections, reduction in IL-2/IL-10 ratio, and changes in SIgA and IgG levels could all be potential factors that influenced the pathogenicity of HPV infection and the occurrence and development of cervical lesions.

Association of salivary levels of immunoglobulin-a and amylase with oral-dental manifestations in patients with controlled and non-controlled type 2 diabetes

BackgroundOral health is related to general health and one of the most prevalent chronic diseases is diabetes mellitus. Diabetes can have adverse effects on oral health and vice versa. Saliva analysis can be used as a non-invasive method to obtain information about diseases status like diabetes. The aim of present study was to evaluate the salivary immunoglobulin-A (s-IgA) and salivary amylase levels and their associations with oral-dental manifestations in patients with controlled and non-controlled type 2 diabetes.MethodsThis case-control study was carried out on 90 subjects who referred to the Diabetes Center of Shahid Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Participants were divided into three groups: 1) uncontrolled diabetic patients (n = 30); 2) controlled diabetic patients (n = 30); and 3) healthy individuals (n = 30). Unstimulated salivary levels of I-A and amylase were measured. All participants underwent a dental and periodontal examination to explore the oral and dental manifestations. T-test, chi-square and ANOVA tests were used for data analysis in SPSS 18.ResultsSignificant higher level of s-IgA was found in uncontrolled diabetic patients compared to controlled diabetic (P ≤ 0.0001) and the control group (P = 0.004). Moreover, the mean levels of s-amylase in uncontrolled patients was significantly higher compared to controlled diabetic (P = 0.01) and the control group (P ≤ 0.0001). Uncontrolled diabetic patients with oral candidiasis, erythematous candidiasis, abscesses, or xerostomia had higher s-IgA levels compared to the controlled diabetic participants. Moreover, uncontrolled diabetic patients with oral candidiasis or erythematous candidiasis showed a significant higher levels of s-amylase compared to controlled diabetic patients. Also, significant positive correlations were found between s-IgA and DMFT and s-IgA and PDI (r = 0.444, P = 0.014 and r = 0.386, P = 0.035, respectively).ConclusionIn conclusion, higher s-amylase and s-IgA concentrations may reflect oral-dental manifestations in T2DM. Moreover, the current findings suggest that s-amylase and s-IgA may serve as a complementary and alternative fluid in screening for diabetes mellitus.

Effects of Paramylon Extracted from Euglena gracilis EOD-1 on Parameters Related to Metabolic Syndrome in Diet-Induced Obese Mice.

Paramylon (PM), a type of β-glucan, functions like dietary fiber, which has been suggested to exert a protective effect against obesity. We evaluated the potential beneficial effects of PM powder on obesity in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with either 2.5 or 5% PM powder, extracted from Euglena gracilis, for 74 days. Growth parameters, abdominal fat content, serum biochemical markers, hepatic lipid accumulation and hepatic mRNA expression were measured. Dietary supplementation with PM resulted in decreased food efficiency ratios and abdominal fat accumulation. Dose-dependent decreases were observed in postprandial glucose levels, serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, and serum secretary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentrations. PM supplementation increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) mRNA expression in the liver which is suggested to induce β-oxidation through activation of acyl-coenzyme A oxidase (ACOX), carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) and fatty acid transport protein 2 (FATP2) mRNA expression. Changes in fatty acid metabolism may improve lipid and glucose metabolism. In conclusion, a preventive effect against obesity was observed in mice given a PM-enriched diet. The mechanism is suggested to involve a reduction in both serum LDL-cholesterol levels and the accumulation of abdominal fat, in addition to an improvement in postprandial glucose concentration.

Within-Subject Correlation Between Salivary IgA and Measures of Training Load in Elite Football Players.

Purpose: To quantify the association between salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and training load in elite football players. Methods: Data were obtained on 4 consecutive days during the preparation camp for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Saliva samples of 18 elite male football players were collected prior to breakfast. The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and external training-load metrics from global positioning systems (GPS) were recorded. Within-subject correlation coefficients between training load and sIgA concentration, and magnitude of relationships, were calculated. Results: sIgA presented moderate to large negative correlations with s-RPE (r = -.39), total distance covered (r = -.55), accelerations (r = -.52), and decelerations (r = -.48). Trivial to small associations were detected between sIgA and distance covered per minute (r = .01), high-speed distance (r = -.23), and number of sprints (r = -.18). sIgA displayed a likely moderate decrease from day 1 to day 2 (d = -0.7) but increased on day 3 (d = 0.6). The training-load variables had moderate to very large rises from day 1 to day 2 (d = 0.7 to 3.2) but lowered from day 2 to day 3 (d = -5.0 to -0.4), except for distance per minute (d = 0.8) and sprints (unclear). On day 3, all training-load variables had small to large increments compared with day 1 (d = 0.4 to 1.5), except for accelerations (d = -0.8) and decelerations (unclear). Conclusions: In elite football, sIgA might be more responsive to training volume than to intensity. External load such as GPS-derived variables presented stronger association with sIgA than with s-RPE. sIgA can be used as an additional objective tool in monitoring football players.

Potential use of Colostrum Bovinum supplementation in athletes - A review.

Colostrum Bovinum is the first milk secreted from the mammary glands of mammals after parturition.&nbsp; In calves, it is the only way to provide immunoglobulins, which are responsible for the proper maturation of the immune system. The benefits of calf colostrum have contributed to the investigation of the effects of colostrum in humans. Although the health properties of colostrum are not fully understood, its supplementation in athletes has been particularly interesting for over 20 years. The presence of growth factors, immunoglobulins, cytokines, lactoferrin and hormones suggests that colostrum may improve the functioning of the digestive, immune and neuroendocrine systems, and exercise performance. The administering of colostrum seems to be most effective during periods of high intensity training, probably due to its high concentration of IGF-I, the ability to increase muscle buffering capacity or its high SIgA concentration. Due to the lack of adjustment of specific doses and the period of colostrum supplementation, it is necessary to conduct further studies on the impact of colostrum supply on exercise performance. The aim of this review article is to analyze the available experimental studies and reviews on the use of colostrum in sport and to draw attention to the possibility of using colostrum to improve the health of athletes and the results they can achieve in their chosen sports.

How to assess the effectiveness of nasal influenza vaccines? Role and measurement of sIgA in mucosal secretions.

Secretory IgAs (sIgA) constitute the principal isotype of antibodies present in nasal and mucosal secretions. They are secreted by plasma cells adjacent to the mucosal epithelial cells, the site where infection occurs, and are the main humoral mediator of mucosal immunity. Mucosally delivered vaccines, such as live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), are able to mimic natural infection without causing disease or virus transmission and mainly elicit a local immune response. The measurement of sIgA concentrations in nasal swab/wash and saliva samples is therefore a valuable tool for evaluating their role in the effectiveness of such vaccines. Here, we describe two standardized assays (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and microneutralization) available for the quantification of sIgA and discuss the advantages and limitations of their use.

DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF LABORATORY TESTS OF WOMEN IN THE DYNAMICS OF TREATMENT OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES CONCOMITANT WITH BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS

The lack of clear dental screening strategy for women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) leads to inadequate treatment planning, since atypical triggering factors are not considered, despite the given evidence for the presence of chronic generalized inflammatory and inflammatory-dystrophic periodontal diseases in patients with BV. The analysis of the oral fluid, especially its protective properties, is crucial in the noninvasive diagnostics. In this regard, alpha-amylase and secretory IgA (sIgA) are noteworthy. The aim of the research. The paper was aimed at verification of the diagnostic value of the assessment of the outcomes of the recent treatment of inflammatory and inflammatory-dystrophic periodontal diseases in women of reproductive age with bacterial vaginosis by determining the changes in the kinetic activity of alpha- amylase and sIgA concentration. Material and Methods. 50 women of reproductive age have been examined. The subjects were assigned into groups according to their gynecological status: Group I (control) (n=10) included women with the I and II degree of purity of the vagina Group II (n=10) included carriers of Gardnerella vaginalis without diagnosed bacterial vaginosis ; Group ІІІ-A (n=15) included women with verified diagnosis of BV who received conventional treatment; Group IІІ-B (n=15) included women with BV, who received treatment using our patented treatment regimen that takes into account the presence of specific BV-microflora found in the oral cavity in this group of subjects. In the oral cavity the results of the amino-test of the oral fluid were analyzed and kinetic activity of alpha-amylase and sIgA concentration was determined. The presence of Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae in the oral cavity was determined by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results. The sIgA level of women with BV was by 30-45% lower as compared to the value of patients without BV. Concentration of oral sIgA in both groups of women was restored after treatment, but the results of the III-A and III-B groups after treatment significantly differed (the result of sIgA in subjects of Group III-B was by 1.33 times higher than the value of Group III-A), indicating the higher efficacy of the proposed treatment regimen, which takes into account the presence of etiological agents of BV in the oral cavity. The results of the amino test of oral fluid were positive in patients of Group III-A before treatment in 73.3%, after treatment only in 53.3%, while in the subjects of Group III-B the initial result was 80%; after treatment, a decrease to 20% was registered. Conclusions. The diagnostic value of the applied laboratory methods for examination of local resistance in women is sufficient for mass use as a control of the results in periodontal treatment of patients with inflammatory and inflammatory-dystrophic periodontal diseases concomitant with bacterial vaginosis.

Dynamics of secretory IgA in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis

Generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP) is a widespread disease. It has a serious negative impact on the quality of a patient’s life, posing a challenge to dentists all over the world. At present, standard therapy regimens for GCP adopted in the Russian Federation do not account for the mucosal barrier state, which is determined by a number of various factors, including the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). In our study, we attempted to assess the functional state of the mucosal barrier in patients with GCP and to provide a rationale for using immunotherapy aimed at restoring the effective barrier function of the oral mucosa. SIgA concentrations, which served as an indicator of the mucosal barrier state, were measured with ELISA. We found that patients with GCP had significantly lower sIgA concentrations in the oral fluid in comparison with healthy individuals. Although therapeutic procedures did help to increase sIgA levels, they still were much lower after therapy than in healthy volunteers (54.6 ± 30.5 µg/ml vs 151.2 ± 105.2 µg/ml). Increased permeability of the mucosal barrier caused sIgA to leak into the peripheral blood serum, where its concentration grew from 0.21 ± 0.28 µg/ml to 0.35 ± 0.47 µg/ml during the treatment course, suggesting damage to the mucosal integrity. This fact needs to be accounted for when treating patients with GCP.

Effects of Intranasal Pseudorabies Virus AH02LA Infection on Microbial Community and Immune Status in the Ileum and Colon of Piglets.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants broke out in china since 2011, causing high fever, respiratory distress, systemic neurological symptoms, and diarrhea in piglets. This study investigated the effect of intranasal PRV variant (AH02LA) infection on ileal and colonic bacterial communities and immune status in piglets. Ten piglets (free of PRV) were assigned to PRV variant and control groups (uninfected). At day 5 after inoculation, all piglets were euthanized. No PRV was detected in the ileal and colonic mucosa. In the PRV group, we observed up-regulation of specific cytokines gene expression, down-regulation of intestinal barrier-related gene expression, and reduction of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentration in the ileum and colon. PRV infection increased the diversity of ileal bacterial community composition. PRV infection reduced the abundance of some beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus species in the ileum and colon; butyrate-producing bacteria species in the colon) and increased the abundance of potentially pathogenic Fusobacterium nucleatum in the ileum and Sphingomonas paucimobilis in the colon. Moreover, PRV infection decreased concentrations of the beneficial lactate in the ileum and butyrate in the colon. However, this study does not allow to evaluate whether the observed changes are directly due to the PRV infection or rather to indirect effects (fever, clinical signs and changes in diet), and will be our next research content. In summary, our findings provide evidence that intranasal PRV infection directly or indirectly brings gut health risks and implications, although no PRV was detected in the ileum and colon.

Salivary Stress Biomarkers During the Lake Placid Ironman® Ultraendurance Event

Biomarkers such as salivary IgA (sIgA) have been established as valid, reliable, and non-invasive stress markers. sIgA concentrations have been reported to decrease following periods of high physiological stress, such as that experienced during ultra-endurance events. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), a molecular chaperone, has been assessed primarily as a plasma/serum stress biomarker. The role of HSP70 in saliva, how it responds to extremely stressful exercise events and its correlation to changes in sIgA remain unclear. PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that salivary HSP70 can be used as a salivary stress biomarker correlated to sIgA during an ultraendurance event. METHODS: Thirty-three subjects competing in the Lake Placid Ironman triathlon participated (all data, mean±SD: 38±8 yrs, 178.4±8.9 cm, 76.3±10.4 kg, 10.8±3.8% body fat, finish time 708±90 min). Environmental symptoms questionnaires (ESQ) were administered before (PRE) and 1 hour after the race (POST). Hydration status was assessed via urine specific gravity (USG). Saliva samples were collected PRE, POST, and 1 day post-race (AMPOST) and analyzed for IgA (Salimetrics) and HSP70 (Enzo Life Sciences) by ELISA according to manufacturer instructions. Significant differences among time points were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and LSD post hoc tests. RESULTS: Subjects experienced significant stress with completion of the race (708±90 min finish time, ESQ 1hPOST (20±8) vs. PRE (5±3, p<0.05), POST RPE 18±2). sIgA was decreased POST (41.71 ±20.46 μg·ml-1) vs. PRE (48.88 ±17.20 μg·ml-1, p=0.05) and vs. AMPOST (37.76 ±27.02 μg·ml-1, p=0.006). Salivary HSP70 was increased POST (3.91±3.29 ng·ml-1) vs. PRE (1.68±1.93 ng·ml-1 p=0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Salivary HSP70 was detectable using a commercially available ultrasensitive HSP70 ELISA. Extracellular HSP70 in the oral cavity may be a non-invasive marker of stress during an ultraendurance event and is correlated with more common salivary stress marker sIgA.

The Association Between Breast Milk Group B Streptococcal Capsular Antibody Levels and Late-onset Disease in Young Infants.

Animal-model studies have demonstrated less group B streptococcal (GBS) invasive disease and gastrointestinal colonization after enteral administration of serotype-specific capsular antibodies. There is, however, a paucity of information on the association of breast milk GBS serotype-specific capsular antibodies and risks for invasive disease in infants. The aim of this study was to explore the association between natural secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) capsular antibodies in breast milk and the occurrence of late-onset disease (LOD) in young infants. A matched case-control study was undertaken in infants <3 months of age in Johannesburg, South Africa. Breast milk samples were collected on cases and controls matched for gestational age, maternal age, and human immunodeficiency virus status at time of enrollment. Capsular serotype Ia, Ib, III, and V sIgA antibody concentrations were measured using the fluorescence-based micro-bead immunosorbent assay. Breast milk samples were available for 31 LOD cases (8 serotype Ia and 23 serotype III), 21 recto-vaginally colonized matched controls (10 serotype Ia and 11 serotype III), and 84 serotype Ia and 105 serotype III noncolonized matched controls. Using a Bayesian model to estimate the probability of disease, there were 90% reductions in the risks of developing serotypes Ia and III LOD with sIgA concentrations ≥0.14 µg/mL and ≥2.52 µg/mL, respectively. Breast milk sIgA capsular antibodies were associated with lower risks for LOD in young infants. The ability of GBS polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines currently under development to induce sIgA responses warrant investigation as potential mediators of protection against LOD.

Differences in Maternal Immunoglobulins within Mother's Own Breast Milk and Donor Breast Milk and across Digestion in Preterm Infants.

Maternal antibody transfer to the newborn provides essential support for the infant’s naïve immune system. Preterm infants normally receive maternal antibodies through mother’s own breast milk (MBM) or, when mothers are unable to provide all the milk required, donor breast milk (DBM). DBM is pasteurized and exposed to several freeze–thaw cycles, which could reduce intact antibody concentration and the antibody’s resistance to digestion within the infant. Whether concentrations of antibodies in MBM and DBM differ and whether their survival across digestion in preterm infants differs remains unknown. Feed (MBM or DBM), gastric contents (MBM or DBM at 1-h post-ingestion) and stool samples (collected after a mix of MBM and DBM feeding) were collected from 20 preterm (26–36 weeks gestational age) mother–infant pairs at 8–9 and 21–22 days of postnatal age. Samples were analyzed via ELISA for the concentration of secretory IgA (SIgA), total IgA (SIgA/IgA), total IgM (SIgM/IgM) and IgG. Total IgA, SIgA, total IgM and IgG concentrations were 55.0%, 71.6%, 98.4% and 41.1% higher in MBM than in DBM, and were 49.8%, 32.7%, 73.9% and 39.7% higher in gastric contents when infants were fed with MBM than when infants were fed DBM, respectively. All maternal antibody isotypes present in breast milk were detected in the infant stools, of which IgA (not sIgA) was the most abundant.

Montmorillonite improved the intestinal mucosal barrier functions of laying hens in late production.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with montmorillonite (MMT) on performance, intestinal endotoxin concentration, gut mucosal oxidation status, intestinal morphology and permeability, and immunological barrier function of laying hens during late production. Four hundred and eighty 75-week-old laying hens (Lohmann Brown) were randomly assigned to five treatments with eight replicates per treatment and 12 hens in each replicate. The hens were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, or 1.2g MMT/kg for 70days. Compared with the control, supplemented with 0.9g MMT/kg increased egg mass significantly (p<0.05) during weeks 1-5 of the experiment. Supplemented with 0.6 and 0.9g MMT/kg also increased the endotoxin concentration in the ileal digesta (p<0.05), but decreased the MDA concentration in the ileum significantly (p<0.05). The T-AOC in the jejunum of the group fed 0.3g MMT/kg was significantly increased (p<0.05). Compared with the control, the villus height:crypt depth of ileum from the groups fed 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2g MMT/kg increased significantly (p<0.05). The sIgA concentration of jejunum in the groups fed 0.6 and 0.9g MMT/kg was higher (p<0.05) than the control. The MMT supplementation linearly increased (p<0.05) the mRNA expression of claudin-1 and claudin-5 in the jejunum. Dietary MMT supplementation down-regulated the mRNA expression of NF-κB P65 and TNF-α in the jejunum in a linear and quadratic manner (p<0.05). The IL-1β mRNA expression of jejunum in the group fed 0.6g MMT/kg was lower (p<0.05) than the control. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with MMT may improve the gut barrier functions and suggests that 0.9g/kg of MMT in diets may be the optimal supplemental level for laying hens in late production.

The influence of Farmatan®and Flimabend®on the mucosal immunity of broiler chicken

The aim of the present study was to monitor selected parameters of mucosal immunity in jejunum and ileum (immunoglobulin A [IgA], mucin 2 [MUC-2], and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in commercial broiler farm chicken after treatment with flubendazole (Flimabend®) and natural extract from chestnut wood (Farmatan®). A total of 24 forty-day-old Kalimero-Super Master hybrid chickens were divided into 4 groups (n = 6): the Fli group received Flimabend® per os, 100 mg/g suspension in 1.43 mg of active substance/kg body weight during 7 d of experiment; the Far group received Farmatan®per os at 0.2% concentration for 6 h/d during 5 d (experimental d 3 to 7); the Far + Fli group received a combination of doses administered in the same way as for the first two groups; and the C group represented control with no active substance administration. The concentrations of secretory IgA (sIgA) and MUC-2 and relative expression of selected immune parameters were evaluated. Our results show strong suppressive effect of the Farmatan® and Flimabend® combination on relative expression of IL-1β and IL-18 in selected parts of the intestine. On the other hand, administration of natural extract from selected chestnut wood (Farmatan®) increased expression of total IgA as well as concentration of sIgA in the studied parts of the chicken intestine. Moreover, expression and concentration of MUC-2 was positively affected by addition of Farmatan®. In contrast, 7-d administration of Flimabend® resulted in upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decrease in IgA and MUC-2 gene expression. In conclusion, for maintenance of mucosal immunity via activation of IgA and mucin production, the long-term preventive use of Farmatan® is a suitable choice.

Heat stress reduces Eimeria spp. infection and interferes with C. perfringens infection via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Heat stress has a relevant effect on animal health and productivity. Stress and environmental changes can contribute to disease development, such as avian necrotic enteritis (NE). The goal of this study was to analyze the effects of heat stress applied to broiler chickens in an experimental model of co-infection with Clostridium perfringens and Eimeria spp. Therefore, the current study was designed to analyze the effect of heat stress to broiler chickens in an experimental model of infection or co-infection with Clostridium perfringens and Eimeria spp. C. perfringens was given in the poultry feed and the Eimeria infection was induced by gavage with a live oocysts vaccine dose 30 times higher than the manufacturer recommendation. We observed a reduction in the secretory IgA concentration in the jejunum and ileum in heat-stressed chickens compared to non-stressed chickens. Decreased maximum scores of intestinal necrosis, crypt abscesses and transmural lesions were observed in the heat-stressed chickens co-infected and infected with Eimeria compared to the respective unstressed groups. Heat stress caused an increase the intestinal lesion scores in chickens infected with C. perfringens only. The crypt depth was greater in chickens from the heat-stressed groups compared to the non-stressed groups. We also demonstrated that HS decreased infection and/or Eimeria development in the intestinal epithelium, reducing the harmful potential of C. perfringens.

Purification, characterization and in vitro and in vivo immune enhancement of polysaccharides from mulberry leaves.

Mulberry leaf polysaccharide (MLP) was extracted and purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography to afford two major purified polysaccharides (MLP-1 and MLP-2). The purified polysaccharides were characterized, and their immune-enhancing properties were investigated. MLP-1 had a molecular weight of 9.31×104 Da and was composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose in a molar ratio of 0.71:1.00:2.76:1.13:3.70:2.81. The molecular weight of MLP-2 was 2.22×106 Da, and its monosaccharide constituents were mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, and arabinose in a molar ratio of 1.31:8.45:6.94:1.00:11.96. Infrared spectroscopy showed that each MLP had a typical absorption peak characteristic of sugars, and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy showed that neither MLP contained nucleic acid or protein components. Then, the abilities of these polysaccharides to stimulate spleen lymphocyte proliferation in mice in vitro were compared by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. MLP-2 was more effective than MLP-1; therefore, MLP-2 was chosen for the study of its immune-enhancing effects in vivo. For the in vivo experiments, 14-day-old chickens immunized with Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine were orally administered MLP-2, and Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) was used as the control. Each chicken was orally administered 4 mg or 8 mg of MLP-2 for seven consecutive days starting three days before ND vaccine immunization. MLP-2 significantly improved the ND serum antibody titer and interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentrations in tracheal and jejunal wash fluids, and increasing numbers of immune globulin A-positive (IgA+) cells in cecal tonsils and increased body weight. These results indicated that MLP-2 could significantly enhance immune activity and could therefore be utilized as an immunopotentiator drug candidate.

β-Glucan of Candida albicans Cell Wall Extract Inhibits Salmonella Typhimurium Colonization by Potentiating Cellular Immunity (CD8 + and CD4 + T Cells).

Antimicrobial resistance has been reported in the drugs used for the treatment of typhoid fever. The immunomodulatory substance β-glucan can be used as an alternative therapy as it potentiates host immunity. The aims of this study are to observe the effect of Candida albicans cell wall (CCW) extract towards host immunity (TCD8+ and TCD4+ cells in spleen, intestinal sIgA) and its capacity to kill Salmonella in the intestine and liver of typhoid fever mice models. Typhoid fever mice models were created by infecting mice with S. Typhimurium orally. Mice were divided into four groups: the Non-Infected, Infected, CCW (infected mice treated with 300 µg CCW extract/mouse once a day), and Ciprofloxacin groups (infected mice treated with 15 mg/kg BW ciprofloxacin twice a day). Secretory IgA (sIgA) concentrations of mice in the CCW group remained unchanged. However, their TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells increased substantially compared to those in the Non-Infected group. In the Ciprofloxacin group, sIgA concentrations increased markedly compared to those in the Non-Infected and CCW groups; TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells also increased significantly compared to those in the Infected Group, but not significant compared to those in the CCW group. Colonization of S. Typhimurium in the intestine and liver decreased significantly in the CCW and Ciprofloxacin groups compared to that in the Infected group, with the lowest reduction being found in the Ciprofloxacin group. The inhibition of S. Typhimurium colonization by CCW is associated with the increase in TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells.

Salivary Immunoglobulin A responses to 6-minute walk test in elderly women

Objetive: The aim of the present study was evaluate the effect of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) on the secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) kinetics in whole saliva of healthy elderly women. Methods: Nine healthy, elderly females (age 61 ± 6.7 years) performed the 6 MWT. Saliva samples and heart rate (HR) were measured in basal, immediately (IPE), and 30 minutes after the 6 MWT (30-Post Ex). Blood lactate [La] was measured at the same intervals. The ELISA assay was used to determine the sIgA concentrations [sIgA]. The Biuret assay was employed to determine the total proteins levels in saliva. Results: The exercise intensity reached by the participants was ≈ 84 + 16% of maximum HR. Baseline [La] was 1.8 ± 0.9 mmol/L. [La] at IPE increased 3.4 mmol/L above baseline (p = 0.02). [sIgA] increased by 233.3 + 109.3 % at IPE and remained 211.2 + 100.1 % greater at 30-Post Ex compared with basal (p = 0.02). The 6 MWT did not modify total proteins levels (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The 6 MWT, performed to submaximal intensity, appears to be enough of a stimulus to increases sIgA levels in healthy elderly women independent of total proteins concentration in saliva.

Influence of chewing on expression level of human beta-defensin 2 and secretory immunoglobulin A in the epithelium

PurposeThis study aimed to clarify the influence of chewing on human β-defensin 2 (hBD-2) and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) expression levels. MethodsWe included 15 healthy males with no missing teeth (mean age, 25.5±2.5years). Subjects were instructed to chew a piece of gum for 30min. Saliva and skin-extraction samples were collected before and after chewing for 15 and 30min. hBD-2 and SIgA concentrations in the samples were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). hBD-2 and SIgA expression levels before and after chewing were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test, following the Friedman test. The significance level was 0.05. ResultsThe hBD-2 level in skin-extraction samples was significantly different before (99.4±17.3pg/mL) and after chewing for 30min (142±23.0pg/mL). The SIgA level in skin-extraction samples was also significantly different before (2.39±0.25μg/mL) and after chewing for 30min (3.61±0.33μg/mL). No significant difference was noted in either hBD-2 or SIgA secretion rate in saliva between before and after chewing. ConclusionsChewing gum for 30min increased hBD-2 and SIgA expression levels in skin. Moreover, chewing gum could influence the secretion pattern of these two biomolecules on skin, but not in saliva.