Side Wedge Research Articles

Standardization of propagation techniques in sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg] under north Indian conditions

This experiment was carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Fruit Research Station, Bahadurgarh in district Patiala, Punjab during the years 2013–14 and 2014–15 with the objectives to standardize propagation techniques and time of propagation in sapodilla under north Indian conditions. In this experiment, different propagation techniques used were side grafting, veneer grafting and wedge grafting in the months of February, March, July and August. The highest average graft survival (68.7%) was recorded in side grafting followed by veneer grafting. The success rate during different months of grafting ranged from 51.7 to 62.8%. The maximum graft survival (62.8%) was recorded in the month of July. In all treatments, minimum average survival (51.7%) was recorded in the month of February. The earliest bud stick sprouting was recorded in side grafting. The maximum number of days (15.4) required for sprouting of buds was recorded in veneer grafting followed by wedge grafting i. e. 14.9 days. The average graft girth during different months ranged from 5.6 to 6.2 mm. The graft girth did not differ significantly in February and March, whereas the graft girth differed significantly in March as compared to July and August. The maximum graft height was recorded in side grafting which may be due to early sprouting of the bud stick; however, maximum graft height (56.1 cm) was recorded in the month of March.

Modifying Horseshoes in the Mediolateral Plane: Effects of Side Wedge, Wide Branch, and Unilateral Roller Shoes on the Phalangeal Alignment, Pressure Forces, and the Footing Pattern

The underlying study to this article examined the effects of a broad variety of modified horseshoes on the phalangeal alignment, the pressure force distribution, and footing pattern on different grounds to establish a comparative database for future scientific and practical work. Twenty-five warmblood horses, allocated to five groups (n = 5), underwent radiographic and kinetic examinations for the barefoot hoof, a standard horseshoe, and a corresponding modified horseshoe in each group. A novel modified podoblock was used, and the kinetic examinations were carried out using two sensor foils simultaneously, while walking on four different types of ground. On firm ground, only side wedges caused significant changes in the orientation of the distal phalanx, whereas on penetrable ground, also, the wide branch shoe showed a tendential skewer orientation of the distal phalanx. The effects of a unilateral roller shoe did not differ significantly compared with a standard horseshoe. The orientation of the middle and proximal phalanx as well as the distal interphalangeal joint space symmetry showed no constant data. Moreover, pressure forces increased considerably beneath the supported regions of a wide branch shoe and side wedges. Side wedges showed an inconstant influence on the footing pattern. In conclusion, all examined modified horseshoes showed unwanted side effects which should be taken into account when planning an orthopedical treatment. Furthermore, different ground conditions can influence biomechanical parameters of horseshoes significantly.

Characteristics of an asynchronous motor with side wedging of a rotor bar

Calculation results of the static and dynamic characteristics of asynchronous motors with a squirrel-cage rotor at different radial arrangements and dimensions of the rotor’s slot side wedge are presented, and recommendations for the arrangement and choice of side wedge dimensions are given.

Simulation of forming automotive semi-axes with multi-wedge cross wedge rolling

The surface quality of automotive semi-axes is influenced by side wedging shape directly in forming automotive semi-axes with multi-wedge cross wedge rolling (MCWR). In this paper, through choosing proper shape of side wedge, the three-dimensional finite element model was established which forming automotive semi-axes with MCWR. The automotive semi-axis with smooth transition surface is simulated successfully through choosing suitable technological parameters. The results indicated that the process of MCWR forming automotive semi-axes is feasible; moreover, this study provides the reliable theory foundation for design of MCWR dies rolling automotive axes.

Immediate Effect of Lateral-Wedged Insole on Stance and Ambulation After Stroke

To perform kinematic and kinetic analyses on the static standing and ambulation in subjects after stroke with and without wearing a 5-degree lateral-wedged insole. Ten hemiparetic individuals with unilateral stroke were recruited. Participants performed quiet stance and ambulation with no insole wedge, paretic side wedged, and nonparetic side wedged in a random order. The vertical ground reaction force and temporal-spatial parameters of gait were measured. Symmetry index was also calculated. During quiet stance, the symmetry index of weight bearing improved significantly with nonparetic side-wedged (P < 0.017), but not with paretic side-wedged insoles. During ambulation, the symmetry indices of kinematic and kinetic measurements in the frontal plane were not significantly different among the three conditions. However, the contralateral knee abductor moment was significantly (P < 0.05) less than that of the nonparetic limb during nonparetic side-wedged ambulation. The ipsilateral hip and knee abductor moments were significantly (P < 0.05) less than the nonparetic limb during paretic side-wedged ambulation. Application of nonparetic side wedge insole can improve stance symmetry and tends to reduce the paretic knee abductor load during ambulation. The effects of paretic side-wedged insole are different. The present results provide guidelines for the placement of wedges in the shoes of individuals after stroke.

Tools optimisation in cross wedge rolling

The present paper presents the possibilities of the application of optimisation methods for the designing of the tools to be used in cross wedge rolling (CWR) processes. A detailed description of the selection procedure for the forming angle α and the spreading angle β and the side wedge surface designing method has been presented. Powell’s non-gradient optimisation method and systematic searching approach have been used for the calculations. The rolling process was analysed using a unique method of deformation zone layer modelling. Optimal results have been found by means of wedges with convex side surfaces.

Tools optimisation in cross-wedge rolling

The present paper presents possibilities of the application of optimisation methods for the designing of the tools to be used in cross-wedge rolling (CWR) processes. A detailed description of the selection procedure for the forming angle α and the spreading angle β and the side wedge surface designing method has been presented. Powell’s non-gradient optimisation method and systematic searching approach have been used for calculations. The rolling process was analysed using a unique method of deformation zone layer modelling. Optimal results have been found by means of wedges with convex side surfaces.

A Study on a New Type of Stereogram Using Binocularly Unpaired Wedge-Shaped Surfaces

A new type of free fusing stereogram was devised based on the binocularly unpaired wedge shaped surfaces. By arranging wedge shaped surfaces adjacently in horizontal direction, whole visual field could be covered with binocularly unpaired surfaces. Right eye and left eye image are shown on right and left side wedge surfaces adjacently as stripes; then they are seen only for the corresponding eye. Producing method of stereoimage from a 3-D computer model was developed and the new type of stereogram has been realized and investigated the perceptual features.

MPCVD diamond tool cutting-edge coverage: dependence on the side wedge angle

Microwave plasma CVD usually produces uniform diamond coatings and high-quality diamond films. However, abnormal deposits appear near the sample edges — the so-called ‘edge effect’. Wedge-shaped silicon nitride inserts with 30°-, 60°-, 75°- and 90°-edge angles were vertically and horizontally exposed to MPCVD diamond coating to systematically study this effect. Finite element method (FEM) analysis was used to simulate the temperature distribution on such geometries. Diamond morphology and quality were assessed by SEM and micro-Raman techniques. The edge effect, a consequence of plasma concentration and thermal phenomena in this experimental set-up (activation by electromagnetic gas discharge), is more accentuated on samples that are vertically wedge-oriented towards the plasma. A grain-size gradient is established along the exposed surface, steeply increasing at the hot edge. An extreme effect occurs in the sharpest wedge samples, avoiding diamond growth at the edge.

Bone Deficiency in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Twenty-eight knees in 25 patients with a metal wedge augmentation for tibial bone deficiency were reviewed at 2.3 +/- 0.6 years (range, 2-3.5) after surgery. A medial side wedge was used in 24 knees and a lateral side wedge in four. The preoperative bone defect size was 12 mm +/- 6 mm on the medial side and 8 mm +/- 2 mm on the lateral side. The knee scores improved from a preoperative mean of 53 +/- 12 to 89 +/- 8 at the last evaluation. There were 79% excellent and 21% good results. There were no complications or reoperations. Radiolucent lines beneath the metal wedge were present in 13 knees but none were progressive.