Side Of Face Research Articles

Using a bonded solid film lubricant to prevent fretting wear in the axle journal bearings of rail vehicles

Fretting degrades the inboard inner ring and the backing ring contact surfaces of axle journal roller bearings used in railway applications. This study attempts to prevent fretting wear between them as well as fretting wear particles from entering the axle bearing interior without introducing new bearing components. It has been reported that coating metallic surfaces with bonded solid film lubricants improves lubricity and wear resistance while reducing fretting wear. To evaluate the impact on fretting wear prevention, a full-size railway axle bearing that was coated a backing ring side face with a bonded solid film lubricant was rotated. The findings demonstrate that applying the bonded solid film lubricant to the backing ring side face does not prevent the axle bearings from fretting. The surface temperature probably exceeds the heat-resistant temperature of the solid film lubricant because of the fretting friction.

Reduced Injection Site Pain with Altered pH in 24-h Reconstituted Botulinum Toxin: Findings from a Randomized Controlled Study on Cosmetic Applications.

Botulinum toxin (BTX) injections are widely recognized for many cosmetic applications, but still commonly encounter a challenge: injection site pain (ISP). This discomfort can impact the overall patient experience and satisfaction, highlighting a need for innovative solutions to this problem. This randomized controlled study aimed to determine whether adjusting the pH levels in a 24-h reconstituted botulinum toxin can serve as a strategy to mitigate ISP. A controlled trial involving 24 volunteers was executed. Participants received incobotulinum toxin A. One side of each participant's face was treated with fresh toxin, while the other received a 24-h reconstituted version. Pain perceptions post-injection were assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS). pH values of the fresh toxin were more acidic (6.17) than the 24-h reconstituted toxin (7.17). Out of 24 patients, 13 reported reduced ISP with the 24-h reconstituted toxin. The mean VAS score for the fresh toxin was 5.92, in contrast to 4.17 for the reconstituted toxin, indicating a significant difference (p<0.01). Limitations include the use of a VAS and a relatively small sample size. Altering the pH of BTX demonstrates potential in ISP reduction. However, broader, large-scale investigations are important for comprehensive validation. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Aerodynamic characteristics of tall building with wind turbines at corners

This study experimentally investigates the impact of a pair of vertical-axis wind turbines at the leading corners of a tall building on its aerodynamic characteristics. These wind turbines have the potential to serve dual purposes: harnessing wind energy under normal wind conditions and mitigating wind loading of the building under strong wind conditions. The wind tunnel testing results in this study indicate when the tip speed ratio of the turbines is 0.34, with the wind turbines rotating toward downstream, the standard deviation of lift coefficient of the building decreases by 30.9%. Meanwhile, the mean pressure coefficient and the standard deviation of pressure coefficient on both the side face and leeward face of the building also exhibit a certain degree of reduction. The peak value of the power spectral density of lift coefficient of the building is also significantly decreased. This study clearly demonstrates that the wind turbines at the leading corners of tall buildings have the potential to effectively reduce wind loading of the buildings.

Influences of blockage ratio and Reynolds number on the spatiotemporal dynamics around a rectangular prism

Particle image velocimetry is used to experimentally investigate the influence of blockage ratio (BR) and Reynolds number (Re) on the turbulent flow around a rectangular prism with depth-to thickness ratio of 3. The prism was selected because it falls within the intermediate regime where the turbulent dynamics is sensitive to the incoming boundary condition. The tested blockage ratios were 2.5%, 5%, and 10% at Reynold numbers of 3000 and 7500. The results are analyzed in terms of the mean flow, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), frequency spectra, reverse flow area, as well as spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD). The results indicate that as blockage ratio and/or Reynolds number increase, the tendency of reattachment of the separated shear layer onto the surface of the prism increases while the location of maximum TKE over the prism shifts toward the leading edge, indicating earlier transition of the separated shear layer from laminar to turbulence. For the cases without mean reattachment over the side faces of the prisms, the separated bubble over and downstream of the prism exhibits strong tendency of synchronization in terms of the instantaneous areas of the flow reversal, suggesting a global instability mechanism encompassing the entire prism. In cases with mean flow reattachment, conversely, the low-frequency flapping motion manifests over the prism. SPOD analysis further shows that the relevant shedding dynamics are captured in the first mode and the von Kármán shedding structures have the highest energy.

Effects of two-dimensional reed oscillation on airflow and sound generation in a single-reed instrument

While two-dimensional (2D) reed oscillation modes of single-reed woodwind instruments have been reported in previous studies, little is known about their effects on airflow and sound generation. In this study, we conducted aeroacoustic simulations of a clarinet mouthpiece and resonator coupled with one-dimensional (1D) and 2D reed deformation models and investigated the changes in flow and sound generation due to the 2D reed vibration. The 1D and 2D reeds were modeled using 1D beam and thin plate theories, respectively, whereas the three-dimensional airflow was simulated by solving the compressible Navier–Stokes equations. The self-sustained oscillations of the 2D reed model mainly exhibited a flexural mode at the fundamental frequency, which is consistent with previous observations. Complex torsional modes were observed only at higher harmonic frequencies. A comparison between the 1D and 2D reed models demonstrated that the 2D reed opened later at the side face of the mouthpiece than the 1D reed owing to the torsional mode, which changed the time variation of the flow rate into the mouthpiece and the far-field sound in the high-frequency range. These results suggest the importance of the torsional deformation characteristics of reeds on the timbre of single-reed instruments.

Carcinoma buccal mucosa with cutaneous metastasis: An unusual presentation

Head-and-neck cancer is a common cancer in India. Oral cavity cancer accounts for 50% of all head and neck sites. The most common sites of distant metastasis are the lung, liver, and bone. The incidence of cutaneous metastasis is a very rare site. We report a case of early-stage carcinoma buccal mucosa post-surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy developed skin metastasis shortly after completion of treatment. A 37-year-old female non-smoker, non-alcoholic diagnosed with early-stage carcinoma right buccal mucosa cT1N0M0. She underwent surgery of wide local excision with marginal mandibulectomy and extended supra-omohyoid neck dissection. In post-surgery, the histopathological report was moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, pT2N1Mx. She completed her adjuvant radiotherapy 59.4Gy/33 fractions with six cycles of concurrent chemotherapy cisplatin 40 mg/m2. She developed difficulty in swallowing, increased oral secretions, and thickening over right-sided scar marks shortly after 10 weeks of completion of treatment. Rapidly, she developed multiple cutaneous nodules over both sides of the entire face and neck. Dermal biopsy reveals metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Skin metastasis from head-and-neck malignancy is an uncommon entity and in the early stage, it is very rare. Initially, it is difficult to diagnose as it looks like some disseminated bacterial or fungal infection but we should always keep in mind this entity as cancer can metastasize and present in any atypical forms.

Prospective Analysis of the Effectiveness of Targeted Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection Using an Ultrasound-Guided Single-Point Injection Technique for Lower Face Contouring.

Background: Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injection is widely used for masseter hypertrophy. Traditional BoNT-A injection methods often incorporate landmark-guided blind injections, which approximate the shape of the masseter muscle inject across various points. Conversely, ultrasound (US)-guided injection techniques offer real-time visualization and dynamic monitoring, enhancing accuracy. Patients and Methods: 50 patients who underwent BoNT-A injections were included in this trial. One on the face side received a landmark-guided injection, and the other side was treated with a US-guided injection. Initial and post-procedure measurements of muscle thickness at the upper, middle, and lower regions were collected using ultrasound. Results: Both methods led to a significant reduction in muscle thickness one month after injection. In the upper area, the absolute difference in muscle thickness between the two methods was observed as a mean ± standard deviation (SD) value of 0.37 ± 0.0314 (p < 0.0001), indicating a superior effect with US-guided injection. Similarly, in the middle area, the mean ± SD difference was 0.41 ± 0.0608 (p < 0.0001) and in the lower area, the mean ± SD difference was 0.24 ± 0.0134 (p = 0.0004). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the US-guided single-point injection technique is a more effective and accurate method for BoNT-A injection compared to the conventional method.

Efficacyof fractional radiofrequency in the treatment of erythematous capillary rosacea: A split-face study.

To assess the effectiveness and safety of treating erythematotelangiectatic rosacea using fractional radiofrequency (FRF). Twenty patients with a confirmed diagnosis of erythema capillaris rosacea were selected, and one side of each patient's face was randomly assigned to receive FRF treatments for three to six times, with an interval of 2 weeks between each treatment. VISIA, dermoscopy, and the Clinician's Erythema Evaluation Scale (CEA) were applied to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment before and after the treatment, to record the VAS scores and adverse reactions, and to conduct a patient satisfaction survey. The characteristic counts and scores of red zone and porphyrin as assessed by VISIA test were significantly decreased, and the difference between the treated side and the pretreatment side was statistically significant (p < 0.05), and the efficacy of the treatment was statistically insignificant compared with the control side, except for the red zone and porphyrin which were statistically significant before and after the treatment (p > 0.05). By CEA score, the difference between the treated side after treatment and the control side was statistically significant (p < 0.05), and the difference between the treated side before and after treatment was statistically significant (p < 0.05); the difference between the control side before and after treatment was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Dermatoscopic observation showed reduction in pore size, reduction of yellowish-white and black horn plugs within the pores, lightening of the red background and thinning and blurring of the capillary structure on the treated side of the skin compared to the control side, and the skin on the treated side showed the above mentioned changes before and after the treatment as well. The mean pain score of the subjects was obtained by VAS score 3.67 ± 0.90. Adverse effects included mild edema, erythema, and microscopic crusting; no long-term adverse effects were seen in all patients. The efficacy of FRF treatment was evaluated 1 month after the final treatment, and 85% of the subjects rated it as satisfactory, very satisfactory, and very satisfactory. FRF for the treatment of erythematous capillary dilatation rosacea is effective, safe, and suitable for clinical promotion.

Selenium-Doped Seeded Growth of Truncated Octahedral Gold Nanocrystals with Surface Concavities for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.

Concave nanocrystals stand out as a testament to the importance of the nanoscale morphology in dictating the functional properties of materials. In this report, we introduce a facile synthesis method for producing gold (Au) nanocrystals with a truncated octahedral morphology that features surface concavities (Au CNTOs). The incorporation of selenium (Se) doping into the truncated octahedral Au seeds was essential for their enlargement and the formation of concave structures. By simply adjusting the quantity of seeds, we could control the size of the nanocrystals while maintaining their distinctive morphology and surface concavity. The formation mechanism suggests that Se doping likely passivates the side faces, thereby slowing growth and promoting atomic deposition at the edges and corners. The resulting Se-doped Au CNTOs exhibited strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorptions in the visible spectrum and the SERS performance of their assemblies was demonstrated through crystal violet detection, reaching enhancement factors around 105. This study presents an innovative approach to synthesizing concave Au nanocrystals through the incorporation of selenium during a seeded growth process, offering insights into the strategic design of plasmonic nanostructures.

Multi-U-Style micro-channel in liquid cooling plate for thermal management of power batteries

In order to cope with the problem of the shortening of automotive power battery life and the reduction of occupant safety due to the large amount of heat generated by automotive power batteries of high-energy–density at high discharge rates, this paper proposes a Multi-U-Style micro-channel in the liquid-cooled plate (Multi-U), based on the heat generation characteristics and temperature distribution of automotive power batteries. The impact of different Multi-U arrangements on the cooling performance of the batteries is explored, and the results indicate that the cooling performance is better with the side face arrangement. Compared to main face 1, the maximum temperature (Tmax) and maximum temperature difference (ΔTmax) of the batteries decrease by 2.40 K and 2.50 K, respectively. In addition, through a comparative analysis with typical serpentine micro-channel chilled plate (SMCP) and parallel micro-channel chilled plate (PMCP), Multi-U exhibits superior overall performance. Furthermore, the influence of equally incremental and decreasing channel width of Multi-U from the center to the periphery on cooling performance of the batteries is explored. It turns out that when the channel width is equally decreasing 1 mm Multi-U (D 1 mm), the heat dissipation is most effective. Finally, the critical parameters of the Multi-U are optimized to improve the power density of batteries. The impact of critical parameters of the Multi-U on the cooling performance of the batteries is studied through orthogonal experiments. The optimal parameter combination is found to be a channel width (W) = 12 mm, channel thickness (H) = 6 mm, inlet mass flow rate (F) = 0.02 kg∙s−1, and inlet coolant temperature (T) = 292.15 K. Compared to the original Multi-U, the Tmax and ΔTmax of batteries decrease by 5.83 K and 0.06 K, respectively, while the pressure drops decrease by 89 %.

Surface-energy ratchet motor with geometrical symmetry driven by biased random walk

A geometrically symmetric gear with asymmetric surface wettability exhibits one-way spin on a vibrating water bed. On the side face of the gear, a parafilm was coated to create asymmetry in the surface energy. The gear shows fluctuations in both directions within a shorter timescale; however, for a longer timescale, the gear exhibits a one-way spin. This unique motion is generated by a stochastic process with a biased driving force produced by the interaction between the vibrating water surface and the side face of the gear. This new model resembles an active Brownian ratchet. Until now, most ratchet motors, which obtain regular motion from nonthermal fluctuations, utilize a geometrical ratchet structure. However, in this study, the surface energy forms a ratchet that rectifies the noisy motion.

Rare Histologic Imitator Central Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Arising from Glandular Odontogenic Cyst of the Mandible: Case Report with Updated Review of Literature.

Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a relatively rare salivary gland tumour of the jawbone. Glandular odontogenic cyst is another unique odontogenic developmental cyst characterised by glandular differentiation. Both entities share several histological characteristics, and a pre-existing Glandular odontogenic cyst can evolve into Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Case 1: A 56-year-old male presented with chief complaint of swelling in lower left facial region since 1 year. Histopathology revealed multicystic compartments resembling mucoepidermoid carcinoma, but strong positive expression of Cytokeratin 13 upon immunohistochemistry helped us in rendering the final diagnosis as Glandular odontogenic cyst Case 2: A 34-year-old female presented with a lesion on right side of face. Histologically, the biopsy specimen revealed both typical findings of a Glandular odontogenic cyst component and a recognizable component of Mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The results from cytokeratin profiling demonstrated that, while both Mucoepidermoid carcinoma and Glandular odontogenic cyst expressed Cyokeratins 7, 18, and 19. Cytokeratin 13 was interestingly exclusively expressed in Glandular odontogenic cyst. Present case findings showed that central mucoepidermoid carcinoma and Glandular odontogenic cyst may be part of the same disease spectrum. However, because the expression profile of Cytokeratin13 in mucoepidermoid carcinoma and Glandular odontogenic cyst was so diverse, it can be used to differentiate both.

Effects of turbulence integral scale on the fluctuating pressures on side face of the standard tall building model

Effects of turbulence integral scale on the fluctuating pressures on side face of the standard tall building model

Monitoring of the preload in bolted connections with piezoelectric wafer active sensors

Piezoelectric wafer active sensors are very sensitive to changes of loads in structures, which makes them useful for the load monitoring. Unfortunately, these transducers are also sensitive to environmental effects such as a change of the ambient temperature. These effects can mask the information about the load in the recorded measurement data of the piezoelectric wafer active sensors. Therefore, the effect of the load needs to be distinguished from these masking effects of the environmental influences in order to avoid misleading information about the occurring loads of the monitoring system. In this work, two monitoring procedures, which are applicable with piezoelectric wafer active sensors, shall be applied in order to have two different sources of information and be able to distinguish between the load information and the temperature influence. One approach is based on electro-mechanical impedance measurements and the other one is based on acousto-ultrasonics. The strategy of combining these two information shall be used to monitor the preload in bolted joints. In an experimental setup, piezoelectric wafer active sensors have been attached to the bolt’s head and the face side of its shaft. Then, different preload stages were set. At every load stage, acousto-ultrasonics measurements and also electro-mechanical impedance measurements were carried out. First experiments show very promising results.

Comparison of the fractionated Nd: YAG 1064-nm picosecond laser with holographic optics and the fractional CO2 laser in atrophic acne scar treatment: a prospective, randomized, split-face study.

The 1064-nm picosecond laser with holographic optics demonstrated significant efficacy in treating atrophic acne scars. Picosecond lasers with fractionated optics have enabled the development ofa breakthrough skin rejuvenation method. The authors compared the fractionated, non-ablative neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet 1064-nm picosecond laser with holographic optics and the fractional CO2 laser in treating atrophic acne scars. One side of each patient's face was randomly allocated and treated with three sessions of the 1064-nm picosecond laser with holographic optics at 2-month intervals. In contrast, the other side was treated with the fractional CO2 laser. Participants were followed up 3 months after the final session. The primary outcome included the physicians' evaluation using the ECCA grading scale and a four-point scale to assess improvement. The patients' assessment of progress, their overall satisfaction and preferences, and the side effects were also evaluated. No significant difference was observed between the two lasers in terms of the mean ECCA scores after treatments (P = 0.209). The physicians' improvement assessment was more significant for the fractional CO2 laser (P = 0.001). The patients' evaluation of improvement and subjective satisfaction were consistent with physicians' four-point scale results. The picosecond laser side had fewer adverse effects (P < 0.001). The fractionated, non-ablative Nd: YAG 1064-nm picosecond laser with holographic optics and the fractional CO2 laser were effective and safe in treating atrophic acne scars. Significantly better clinical outcomes were observed with the fractional CO2 laser, whereas fewer adverse effects were noted with the 1064-nm picosecond laser with holographic optics.

Efficacy and safety of a topical skincare regimen containing CE Ferulic serum and resveratrol BE serum following ablative fractional CO2 laser treatment: A prospective, randomized, split-face, controlled trial.

Ablative fractional CO2 laser is widely used to address various skin problems, but the treatment often leads to adverse effects such as erythema, dyspigmentation, and extended recovery periods, negatively impacting patients' quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a topical skincare regimen containing both CE Ferulic serum and Resveratrol BE night serum following fractional CO2 laser treatment in Chinese population. In this randomized, investigator-blinded, split-face, controlled trial, individuals aged 18-65 undergoing ablative CO2 laser treatment were randomly assigned to apply CE Ferulic plus resveratrol BE serum (CEF-RBE) to either side of face and normal saline (NS) to the other, for 14 consecutive days. The primary endpoint was erythema index (EI) on day 14, with key secondary endpoints including scabbing detachment time, percentage changes in EI and melanin index (MI), skin hydration, transepidermal water loss, skin sebum content, oedema, and overall subject satisfaction. The study included 51 patients, of whom 29 (56.9%) were female, with a mean (SD) age of 29.8 (5.39) years. On day 14, the CEF-RBE side exhibited significantly lower EI than the NS side (308.9 vs. 325.3, p = 0.034). The median (IQR) time (days) for complete scabbing detachment at the CEF-RBE side was 6.0 (5.0-8.0) compared to 6.5 (5.0-9.0) at NS side (p = 0.018). Additionally, the CEF-RBE side showed a 7.4% decrease in MI from baseline to day 14, while the NS side experienced a 0.2% increase (Δ = -7.6%, p = 0.044). Throughout the 14-day follow-up, the CEF-RBE side consistently displayed higher skin hydration than the NS side. The study highlighted the benefits of incorporating CEF-RBE following laser treatment in reducing erythema and hyperpigmentation, promoting wound healing, and maintaining skin hydration, although limitations such as contamination and adherence issues should be considered.

Low-defect and stress-free AlN(0001) nanoprisms and microrods selectively grown on micro-patterned c-sapphire substrate by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

This paper describes different growth modes of AlN layers on micro-cone patterned c-sapphire substrates (μ-PSSs) using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Ordered arrays of AlN nanoprisms and microrods were selectively grown on the tips of μ-PSS's microcones according to a bottom-up formation mechanism using sequential migration enhanced and metal-modulated epitaxy (MME) under metal-rich growth conditions at 820 °C. Transmission electron microscopy revealed structurally perfect AlN regions above the tips of the μ-PSSs, which initiate as inverted nanopyramids with {1011¯} side faces, evolving into hexagonal nanoprisms with orientations of {11¯00} and (0001) for side and top surfaces, respectively. The diameter and height of these ordered hexagonal nanoprisms, which have a 60% probability of nucleating, were about 1 μm. Long-term MME growth of these nanoprisms in both vertical and lateral directions led to the formation of AlN(0001) microrods with a maximum possible diameter of two micrometers and a height of up to 6 μm. Atomic force microscopy revealed a mixed step-flow and 2D nucleation growth mechanism for the flat tops of these AlN nanoprisms and microrods with an average surface roughness of 1–2 monolayers. Micro-Raman spectroscopy demonstrated narrow E2 (high) linewidths of 3.8 and 4.2 cm−1 for essentially stress-free AlN nanoprisms and microrods, respectively.

Prenatal diagnosis of a skeletal disorder characterized by rhizomelic shortening of limbs caused by compound heterozygous variants in the PKDCC gene: Case report and literature review.

The protein kinase domain containing cytoplasmic (PKDCC) gene (OMIM#618821) is associated with bone development. Biallelic variants in the PKDCC gene can cause rhizomelic limb shortening with dysmorphic features. A fetus was found to be rhizomelic limb shortening at 16 weeks of gestation and amniocentesis was performed at 19 weeks of gestation. Genomic DNA extracted from the amniotic fluid was subjected to chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), and Trio-total whole-exome sequencing (Trio-WES). Sanger sequencing was used to verify the candidate pathogenic variants. CMA was normal, while Trio-WES identified two compound heterozygous variants in the PKDCC gene, namely c.417_c.423delCGGCGCG insTCATGGGCTCAGTACAC(p.G140fs*35) and c.345G>A (p.W115*,379). Then the fetus was aborted and the development of its bone cells were compared with that of a normal fetus of similar gestational age by histopathological examination. Clinical findings of the fetus were shortening humerus and femur, synophrys, much hair on the side face, simian line on the right palm, etc. Histopathological examination showed that the affected fetus had increased proliferative chondrocytes, widened proliferative bands, and delayed bone mineralization. We reported a prenatal case of rhizomelic shortening of limbs caused by compound heterozygous variants in the PKDCC gene, which emphasized the important role of Trio-WES for diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia in fetuses.

Reference blocks for penetrant testing

Reference blocks for penetrant testing have been developed, allowing measurements using an optical microscope of both the opening width of surface defects and their depth. In this case, the condition that defect cavities do not extend onto the side faces of the blocks is met. Experimental data on the dependence of the defect’s indications area after development on their width (0.5—8.5 µm) and depth (40—860 mm) are presented. Using correlation analysis, the statistical significance of the above parameters is shown.

Preparation of α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate with high mechanical strength from natural fibrous gypsum in KCl-mediated glycerol-water solution

Natural fibrous gypsum is a kind of high-quality gypsum resources, whose high-value added utilization pathway is to be transformed to α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α-HH), a cementitious material that can react with water to form pastes with mechanical strength. In this work, α-HH was prepared from natural fibrous gypsum in KCl mediated glycerol-water solution under mild condition. KCl played a simultaneous function on regulating the phase-transition kinetics, morphology and comprehensive strength of α-HH. Addition of low concentration of KCl prominently retarded the nucleation and growth rate of α-HH and decreased its aspect ratio due to the formation of syngenite on the side faces. While further increase of KCl concentration accelerated the nucleation and growth rate and decreased the crystal sizes. In the presence of 0.04 M KCl, the prepared α-HH presented a hexagonal prism shape with a length / width of 257.69–579.71 μm / 13.13–36.61 μm, and its dry comprehensive strength had reached 38.1 MPa that was comparable to those prepared in commercial, chloride and nitrate system. Altogether, the foreign ion-free glycerol-water solution contributed to transforming natural fibrous gypsum to α-HH with high purity and high mechanical strength.