Side Effects Of Diabetes Research Articles

Impact of the Rutin on Diabetic Complications

Abstract: Diabetes is spread all over the world and frequently causes side effects, such as neuropathy, eye disease, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. The patient's life span is shortened by these problems. Numerous fruits and vegetables contain the naturally active flavonoid rutin. It has several medicinal benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Different researches suggest that rutin may be useful in treating these problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the connection between the administration of rutin and the complications of diabetes. According to this study, rutin has both preventive and therapeutic effects on the side effects of diabetes as it lowers oxidative stress, inflammation., and apoptosis in animal models. To completely comprehend the preventive and therapeutic benefits of rutin in diabetic patients, more clinical study is necessary.

Evaluation of Pleurotus Mushroom Effects on Histopathological Changes in Organs of Diabetic Rats.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that can be categorized mainly into type 1 and type 2. Diabetes type 1 is caused due to β-cell destruction, whereas type 2 is caused by the resistance of cell receptors. Many therapies are available for the management of diabetes, but they have some side effects, and as a result of this, people are attracted to natural treatments. Pleurotus mushrooms are well documented for their medicinal attributes and their role in the treatment of diseases like cancer, infectious disease, neurodiseases, and inflammatory disease. The protective mechanism of the Pleurotus fossulatus (P. fossulatus) mushroom and its detailed histological study on kidneys and the liver in diabetic conditions were unexplored. The present study evaluated the effects of P. fossulatus aqueous extract on histological changes in the diabetic rat model. Male Wistar albino rats were used to create the diabetic model by using streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneal (IP) injection. The animals were separated into five different groups, with six animals in each. Only group I, animals that did not receive STZ, was considered a normal control. Group II was a diabetic control and received normal saline, and group III was a drug control and received metformin as a standard drug. Groups IV and V were dosing groups, which received the aqueous extract of P. fossulatus in 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of body weight concentrations, labeled as T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The T1 and T2 groups clearly showed their potential to reverse the histopathological changes in the kidney and liver. However, the T2 group was more effective than the T1 group, as results indicate that functions of the glomerulus and its structural deformity were restored to their near-natural form in the T2 group. In the case of the liver, the histological changes like the dilatation of sinusoids, more numbers of the Kupffer cell formation, and necrosis were restored in the T2 group. All these results proved the potential of P. fossulatus against the side effects of diabetes. It could protect the organs from developing diabetic nephropathy (DN) and liver-related diseases like cirrhosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Nutraceutical Potential of pumpkin (Cucurbita sp.) powder, seed, extracts, and oil on diabetes; Mini Review

Diabetes has become a global pandemic which imparts a financial burden on the patients as well as on healthcare system. Researches all over the world have shown that more than 200 plants, possess antidiabetic properties. Members of cucurbit family are the most important one. Experimental studies in animal and human models have depicted the hypoglycemic effect of cucurbit family. These studies also stated that cucurbit promote regeneration of beta-cells of pancreas. The selected pumpkin (Cucurbitaceous) seeds were also shown to contain globulins with significant anti hyperglycaemic activity. Administering pumpkin seed powder and seed oil can reduce the side effects of diabetes; improve insulin levels and diabetic’s health status. Pumpkin seeds are generally regarded as waste, recently gained significant attention due to their nutritional value and health benefits. Due to the emerging different active components with nutraceutical properties of pumpkin (Cucurbita sp.) powder, seed, extracts, and oil. The aim of this analysis is to recognize the nutraceutical potential of pumpkin (Cucurbita sp.) seed powder, extracts, and oil on diabetic patients. The component of pumpkin seed is easily available, palatable and cost-effective therapy.

Hypoglycemic action and diminishing the side effects of diabetes by Talia plus mange leaves bitter lupines plus olibanum and almond + hazelnuts in diets of albino rats.

Hypoglycemic action and diminishing the side effects of diabetes by Talia plus mange leaves bitter lupines plus olibanum and almond + hazelnuts in diets of albino rats.

ADNCD: a compendious database on anti-diabetic natural compounds focusing on mechanism of action.

Diabetes is a deteriorating metabolic ailment which negatively affects different organs; however, its prime target is insulin secreting pancreatic β-cells. Although, different medications have been affirmed for diabetes management and numerous drugs are undergoing clinical trials, no significant breakthrough has yet been achieved. Available drugs either show some side effects or provide only short-term alleviation. The rationales behind the failure of current anti-diabetic treatment strategy are association of complex patho-physiologies and participation of various organs. Consequently, there is a critical need to search for multi-effect drugs that might impede various patho-physiological mechanisms related to diabetes. Fortunately, one natural compound could act on several diabetes linked targets. Thus, natural compounds might be regarded as a viable alternative choice to improve the progression as well as side effects of diabetes. Despite the fact that immense literatures are available on natural compounds indicating promising outcomes against diabetes, more systematic studies are still needed to establish them as effective anti-diabetic agents. Till date, we are unable to access all the information regarding modes of action, toxicity risks and physicochemical properties of anti-diabetic natural compounds on one platform. Hence, anti-diabetic natural compounds database (ADNCD) has been created to categorize each anti-diabetic natural compound on the basis of their mode of action and to provide compendious information of their physicochemical properties and toxicity risks. In short, ADNCD has imperative information for the researchers working in the field of diabetes drug development.

Development and Regeneration in the Endocrine Pancreas

The pancreas is composed of two compartments that deliver digestive enzymes and endocrine hormones to control the blood sugar level. The endocrine pancreas consists of functional units organized into cell clusters called islets of Langerhans where insulin-producing cells are found in the core and surrounded by glucagon-, somatostatin-, pancreatic polypeptide-, and ghrelin-producing cells. Diabetes is a devastating disease provoked by the depletion or malfunction of insulin-producing beta-cells in the endocrine pancreas. The side effects of diabetes are multiple, including cardiovascular, neuropathological, and kidney diseases. The analyses of transgenic and knockout mice gave major insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling endocrine pancreas genesis. Moreover, the study of animal models of pancreas injury revealed that the pancreas has the propensity to undergo regeneration and opened new avenues to develop novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of diabetes. Thus, beside self-replication of preexisting insulin-producing cells, several potential cell sources in the adult pancreas were suggested to contribute to beta-cell regeneration, including acinar, intraislet, and duct epithelia. However, regeneration in the adult endocrine pancreas is still under controversial debate.

Structure-based discovery of prescription drugs that interact with the norepinephrine transporter, NET

The norepinephrine transporter (NET) transports norepinephrine from the synapse into presynaptic neurons, where norepinephrine regulates signaling pathways associated with cardiovascular effects and behavioral traits via binding to various receptors (e.g., β2-adrenergic receptor). NET is a known target for a variety of prescription drugs, including antidepressants and psychostimulants, and may mediate off-target effects of other prescription drugs. Here, we identify prescription drugs that bind NET, using virtual ligand screening followed by experimental validation of predicted ligands. We began by constructing a comparative structural model of NET based on its alignment to the atomic structure of a prokaryotic NET homolog, the leucine transporter LeuT. The modeled binding site was validated by confirming that known NET ligands can be docked favorably compared to nonbinding molecules. We then computationally screened 6,436 drugs from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG DRUG) against the NET model. Ten of the 18 high-scoring drugs tested experimentally were found to be NET inhibitors; five of these were chemically novel ligands of NET. These results may rationalize the efficacy of several sympathetic (tuaminoheptane) and antidepressant (tranylcypromine) drugs, as well as side effects of diabetes (phenformin) and Alzheimer's (talsaclidine) drugs. The observations highlight the utility of virtual screening against a comparative model, even when the target shares less than 30% sequence identity with its template structure and no known ligands in the primary binding site.

Living Donor Pancreas Transplantation

The pancreas was the first extrarenal organ to be successfully transplanted with use of a living donor. The goal at that time, in the azathioprine and cyclosporine eras, was to improve graft survival rates after solitary pancreas transplants. But today, in the tacrolimus era, most living donor pancreas transplants are with a simultaneous living donor kidney transplant because of the cadaver kidney donor shortage. The evolution of stringent selection criteria for living pancreas donors has significantly reduced the incidence of surgical complications and adverse metabolic changes. In contrast to kidney and liver transplants with use of living donors, the donor mortality rate after more than 140 living donor pancreas transplants has remained 0%. The introduction of laparoscopic donor hemipancreatectomy, with its rapid recovery time, makes living pancreas donation more attractive. Patient and graft survival rates for living donor pancreas recipients are now greater than 85%. Living donor pancreas (with or without a simultaneous living donor kidney) transplants decrease the number of deaths of diabetic patients on dialysis and on the waiting list, help overcome the organ shortage, reduce morbidity, and improve the quality of life for patients formerly on dialysis or with debilitating side effects of diabetes. Meticulous donor workup remains key to a low metabolic and surgical complication rate.

Regulation of aldose reductase expression in rat astrocytes in culture.

Aldose reductase (AR) is known to be responsible for many side effects of diabetes. In the present work, we studied the effects of various extracellular signals on the regulation of the expression of AR in astrocytes in culture, by determining its enzymatic activity or its mRNA level. We found that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and hypertonic NaCl were able to increase the expression of AR in astrocytes. A superinduction was found when bFGF was combined with hypertonicity. We also observed that AR activity was independent of glucose concentration in the culture medium. However, when the concentration of glucose in the culture medium was under 1 g/l, bFGF did not increase the activity of AR. Thus, when glucose is depleted, the regulation of AR expression by bFGF does not operate. In addition, AR does not seem to be involved in control of astrocyte proliferation, in contrast to the effects reported on other cell types. These results indicate that AR is expressed in astrocytes and that its expression is upregulated by hypertonicity but also by FGFs and EGF. This suggests that in these cells, AR elicits some regulatory functions.