Side Corridor Research Articles

Stress Responses in Horses Housed in Different Stable Designs during Summer in a Tropical Savanna Climate.

Single-confinement housing can pose welfare risks to domestic horses. This study investigated horses' stress responses when confined to single stalls in different stable designs in a tropical savanna region to address a gap in the literature. In total, 23 horses were assigned to a stable with a central corridor and solid external walls (A) (N = 8), a stable with one side corridor and solid external walls (B) (N = 6), or a stable with a central corridor and no solid external walls (C) (N = 9). Air velocity, relative humidity, air temperature, and noxious gases were measured inside the stables, and the heart rate and HRV of the horses were also determined. The relative humidity was lower in stable C than in stable A (p < 0.05), while the air temperature was higher in stable C than in stable B (p < 0.05) during the day. The airflow and ammonia levels were higher in stable C than in stables B and A (p < 0.01-0.0001). Overall, horses' HRV in stable A was lower than in those in stables B and C (p < 0.05-0.01). Horses in stable A tended to experience more stress than those in other stables.

Buoyancy-driven natural ventilation characteristics of thermal corridors in industrial buildings

The continuous setup of heating plants such as kilns and boilers may form thermal corridors in industrial buildings resulting in high air temperature, which could be harmful to workers. To solve these problems, this study presents an investigation of the buoyancy-driven natural ventilation of a high-temperature corridor via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. First, a field measurement was conducted in a typical thermal corridor of a ceramic factory to define the boundary conditions for the simulation. Then, a CFD model was established and validated using reduced-scaled model experimental data. Next, the flow and temperature fields of the thermal corridor under buoyancy-driven natural ventilation were examined using the verified model. It was shown that the natural ventilation in the side corridor is generated by an asymmetric heat channel, and the flow in the main corridor belongs to the natural convection of a semi-closed square heating cavity. Finally, the single-story industrial building aspect ratio was fixed at 3.3, and five different parameters of building and heating plant setups on the natural ventilation in corridors were analysed. For example, the heat source and air opening aspect ratios varied from 12.5 to 50 and from 25 to 100, respectively. The results indicated that the height of the heat source bottom has a more significant effect on the indoor thermal environment than other situations. The maximum ventilation flow rate was observed at the heat source position zs/H = 0.04 and opening position H0/H = 0.05. When the overhead height zs/H reached 0.08, the flow in the main corridor turned to a symmetric heat channel, and the temperature in this region decreased sharply. This research can provide a reference for the natural ventilation design of high-temperature corridors in factories.

On the Paradigmatic Influence of the Bauhaus in the Nordic Countries

Presented here is a brief review of the route for and delayed time factor of Bauhaus influences, in particular via architectural journals, into the Nordic countries, as well as some examples of contemporary influence of the Bauhaus Dessau building’s plan form from 1926 in the public building type, the city hall. A question being raised is what types of assimilation can be noted, and not least, where and why they occur. By the 1950s, is it a consolidation of impulses and/or a changed paradigm for compositional analysis that we see?&#x0D; It turns out that there are clear examples of such influence notably in Finland both in competition projects from the 1930s and in the odd completed building, such as the town hall in the municipality of Valkeakoski, 1950-56. Here one also sees examples of architectonic solutions originating in the Deutscher Werkbund, founded in 1907, and subsequently in the Neue Sachlichkeit/New Objectivity ideology developed in 1923-33. The Deutscher Werkbund in its turn was influenced by innovative designer Peter Behrens and his AEG Turbine Factory in Berlin from 1909, as well as in architecture more directly influenced by the Bauhaus architect and leader Walter Gropius and Bauhaus ideas and practice. One such solution affecting building plans was, in particular, the side corridor system which is used in the Bauhaus bridge element. An architectonic device was the exposed staircase behind a large glass window which was to become ubiquitous. Meanwhile the glass curtain wall of course becomes a well-known feature, but as used mostly in other large-size building types. For this aspect of assimilation a major example of technologization characterized by self-serving aesthetics, in Rødovre city hall, 1954-56, in Denmark, will be discussed.

Корейский полуостров и Японские острова: сложение особенностей и заимствование культурных традиций в эпоху палеометалла (материалы к учебному курсу «Археология зарубежной Азии»)

Purpose. The period of the most intensive contacts of the ancient population of the Korean peninsula and the Japanese Islands (3rd – 7th centuries AD) is of special interest for study. The period witnessed a wide spread of the tradition of building burial mounds (kurgans). Due to the artifacts found in the kurgans, it becomes possible to study various aspects of the people’s social life, including cultural contacts. We aimed at studying territorial alliances based on the cultural and historical background, such as the spread of agriculture based on wet rice cultivation, bronze and iron production, the emergence of states. Results. The kurgan tradition on the Korean peninsula is associated with the era of the Three Kingdoms (3rd – 7th centuries AD). The tradition of erecting mounds started in Koguryo state in the 1st century BC, then from the 3rd century AD it continued in Baekje, Silla and Kaya, and disappeared in the middle of the 6th century AD because of adopting Buddhism. Common barrows had stone embankments, but they are also found with earthen mounds. Burial chambers were first constructed vertically, then horizontal ones appeared. On the Japanese Islands, kurgans first appeared during the Yayoi period (3rd century BC – 3rd century AD) and were widely constructed during the Kofun period (3rd – 7th centuries AD). The barrows had earthen embankments with burial chambers inside. The barrows differed in the form of their embankment and size. The burials of the Kofun period in Japan continued the Yayoi period traditions to a certain extent. They had earthen embankments and were decorated with bronze mirrors and stone ornaments in the burial chambers. In addition, their feature is clay haniva figurines around the perimeter of the embankment. Starting from approximately the 5th century AD, there began to appear a certain homogeneity in the funerary structures of the Korean peninsula and the Japanese archipelago. Sueci ceramics became a typical element of the funeral rite, as well as bronze and iron objects, gold jewelry and luxury items which appeared in burial chambers. The construction of kurgans acquired some new features, such as stone chambers with side corridors. Both on the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Islands, we observe similar types of embankments, such as round (embun), square (ho:fun), double round (so:embun), double square (so:ho:fun) and in the form of a “Japanese sea scallop” (hatategaishikikofun). Conclusion. The study of the structural features of the kurgans on the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Islands allows us to conclude that there are similarities in the forms and materials of embankments and the forms of burial chamber construction. The main difference is the larger size of Japanese kurgans. The similarities we revealed can be explained by the mutual influence of the population of the Korean peninsula and the Japanese islands.

이용자 행태 분석을 통한 병동부 체류 공간에 관한 건축계획 연구 - 근로복지공단병원 병동부 공용공간을 중심으로

Purpose: This study is focus on investigation of user’s spontaneous behavior in the public space of ward where chronic patients are hospitalized. Methods: The notion and necessity of social healing environment is analyzed by literature review. User’s location and behaviour are investigated for analyzing behavior by visiting the six wards. Results: The result 1) Stay is main behavior of users. 2) The frequency of stay is high in the place where are planned as the dayroom, the program room and the balcony. 3) In the corridor, the users are staying around court and single side corridor. And the users who are staying in the ward planned middle corridor and double corridor are spreaded all over the corridor. As the result of the analysis of correlation between frequency of user for stay and area of public space, 4) The area of the dayroom, the program room and the balcony is bigger, the frequency of users are higher. 5) There is no correlation between area of corridor and frequency of users. 6) When the density of user is highest in the place for stay, one person occupied 1.96㎡. Implications: Hereafter the public space, which social healing environment is considered, is planned, this study could suggest the directions of architectural planning about area.

Moral damage to an illegitimate aggressor?

On Sunday, November 11, 2007, around 2:00 p.m., a subject C entered a foreign address without authorization. The owner of the house P was taking a nap and when he woke up he saw a person in the side corridor of his house. For this reason, he took a 9 mm caliber pistol that he had on a piece of furniture and ran out to the side door that leads to the garden of the house. There he found C withone leg on either side of the second gate, shouted at him not to move but he leaned toward him. Upon seeing that reaction, P instinctively fired a shot with the firearm causing C spinal cord injuries that caused paraplegia.

Seasonal and Spatial Variation of BTEX in Ambient Air of Delhi

The present study aims to provide an indication of ambient levels of BTEX in the immediate vicinity of petrol filling stations in Delhi & other road side corridors of Delhi. In this study spatial and seasonal variation of BTEX has been measured at different locations in Delhi. For the measurement of VOCs, passive based diffusion methodology was adopted for the adsorption of BTEX over the activated charcoal. Four categories of sampling sites were chosen (residential, traffic junctions, road side corridors and petrol pumps). The result confirms that the aromatic concentrations in the ambient air of gas stations are appreciably higher than the average values in locations with high vehicular flux. The mean concentration of BTEX at all the locations was 0.622μg/m3, 0.361 μg/m3, 1.037 μg/m3 and 0.122 μg/m3. The average concentration of benzene was highest at petrol pump 3.5 μg/m3 however at all other sampling sites it was in the range of 0.294 to 0.712 μg/m3. The mean concentration value shows that the xylene concentration dominates more in Delhi as compared to benzene. The total average BTEX concentration at road side corridors was 0.594 μg.m-3, at residential corridors was 0.262 μg.m-3, at intersections it was 0.649 μg.m-3 and at petrol filling stations it was 1.457 μg.m-3. The concentration was in the order of petrol filling stations > intersections > road side corridors > residence. These data show the predominance of diesel driven vehicles in Delhi since xylene mainly comes from diesel exhausts. The influential VOC species in case of diesel engine exhaust are benzene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, propane, n-decane and undecane and in case of gasoline vehicle exhaust influential species are benzene, ethylbenzene, 1,2,4-methylbenzene, 1,3,5-methylbenzene, n-hexane and 2-methylhexane. So xylene is mainly coming from diesel exhaust since gasoline vehicle exhaust doesn’t show this species.

Preliminary Study about Social Influence Over Wayfinding Decisions

There are plenty of studies on social influence in various segments of research, but too few in the ergonomic design and communication area, and a lack of studies have evaluated the influence of others for our making decision. There are already works that study the effectiveness of safety signals in emergencies, evaluating which the people prefer to move along in the corridor, the results shown that, in a “T-type” intersection, users randomly chose which direction to follow. However, if there is an increment in the width of the side corridor, users tend to follow the wider corridor. When light is inserted, users also prefer to choose the corridors with more lighting .[1] The objective of this preliminary study is evaluate the efficacy of a virtual involvement to study decision making situations in a hurry situations with influence of others, where these others people will move in one direction, and will be checked if target audience will continue to walk by the normal route or will follow the others. The results show the people really might exert some influence in our decision making, the virtual involvement is effective for the study, but some adjustments were to be revised to increase immersion of the participants in the experiment, such as narrative and the interaction of virtual agents (VA) with the avatar.

해상컨테이너를 이용한 대학생기숙사 거주 활용 계획 연구 - 암스테르담 대학생기숙사 키트보넨 사례를 중심으로 -

The purpose of this study was suggested to establish of student housing by using shipping container. The research method are a study of shipping container and characteristics of student housing by using shipping container, compared typically student housing with student housing by using shipping container. Also there are planning though a case study of various planes and survey based on the student housing city in Amsterdam, Netherland, is called Keetwonen. It is a planning for housing unit to actual build at the part of land to devise master plan The 40FT(High Cube) Shipping Container housing unit are double occupancy room with toilet and balcony. The common areas are the kitchen, laundry facilities, conference room and lounge are available on the first floor with a lightweight steel frame construction method applied for obtain substantive utilization of the space. Considering into the type and scale of site shall be planning in the form of side corridor and central corridor, which is preferable to separate the interior space into two areas by a central corridor to secure personal privacy. Also, planning such as a separate exterior panel, color and landscape design to improve the external image of the container and block the solar radiation heat influx with a pitched roof. Allow 24 college students shall live at the site of Seongnae-dong, Gangdong-gu in Seoul, Korea (site area ), including common facilities and a lounge with a building that has three stories above ground were established to build plans to target the actual land.

농촌지역 중·고등학교의 교과교실제를 위한 공간 재배치 특성

This study is to clarify the actual conditions of the floor plan of middle and high schools in the rural area. Recently, many middle school and high school are remodeling the buildings and facilities based on the departmentalized classroom system. This study, through analyzing on 4 remodeling cases of middle and high schools in gyeongnam. This article discuses about the basic characteristics of the plan composition and the education programs of 4 schools. This study is showing the variation before and after remodeling and space organization types. The results of this study are summarized as follows; Home-room and home-base should be more faithfully. Various common space is needed to comfortable school life of students. In case of side corridor type plan, moving path is much needed. Sample schools took much more spaces of home base than before. This article discusses about the basic characteristics of the floor plan and the actual condition of the school facilities.

농촌지역 교과교실제 중학교의 평면구성에 관한 사례 고찰 -한국과 일본의 중학교를 중심으로-

The purpose of this study is to clarify the actual condition of the plan of middle schools in the rural area. Recently, many middle schools are remodeling the buildings and facilities based on the department system. This study, through analyzing on 3 cases of middle school in korea and japan. This article discuses about the basic characteristics of the plan composition and the education programs of 3 middle schools. The results of this study are summarized as follows; Home room and home base should be more faithfully. Various common space is needed to comfortable school life of students. In case of side corridor type plane, moving path is much needed. Most of them take horizontal zoning system in the department system of middle schools. Media space is very important to enhance the characteristics of each subject zone.

An experimental study of the sound field in a large atrium

In large atria acoustic comfort is an important consideration, but it is less studied compared to other physical environmental factors. In this study, sound distribution and reverberation in a typical large atrium have been experimentally examined, revealing the basic sound field characteristics. The results show that in terms of sound distribution, at all frequencies there is a continuous decrease in sound pressure level (SPL) with increasing distance to the source, both vertically with increasing floor level, and horizontally at each floor. The patterns of SPL decrease with increasing source–receiver distance are rather complicated, and also vary considerably at different frequencies. There is a considerable difference between the maximum and minimum SPL at each floor, ranging from 31 dBA to 18 dBA from ground to top floor, but in terms of the average SPL across each floor, the decrease is only 4.4 dBA from ground to top floor. With different source positions, the average SPL in the whole atrium could be rather different, up to about 10 dBA. In terms of reverberation, at all frequencies there is generally a continuous increase with increasing source–receiver distance. With a source at the ground floor, the reverberation time variation on the ground floor could be about 100%, and in the side corridors, the reverberation time is rather long, up to about 5 s across frequencies. The decay curves are generally not linear, and the non-linearity is more significant in side corridors and also, at lower frequencies. The above features suggest the non-diffuse characteristics of such a typical atrium.

Using environmental affordances to direct people natural movement indoors

Understanding and predicting people's displacement movement is particularly important for professionals involved in planning complex buildings (e.g., hospitals, convention centers, subway stations and university campus). Some decisions taken by the visitors while choosing what route to follow can be influenced by some environmental cues which can act as a factor of attraction, influencing the wayfinding process. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the hypotheses that, in the context of a simulated emergency egress, people prefer to move along either a wider and with more lighting corridor or to bear right. To collect the users' responses, a constant stimulus method was used, combined with a two forced choices method, involving the projection of stereoscopic images in a wall-screen. Results suggest that, in a "T-type" intersection, users randomly chose which direction to follow. However, if there is an increment in the width of the side corridor, users tend to follow the wider corridor. When light is inserted, users also prefer to choose the corridors with more lighting. In situations where the variables corridor width and existence of lighting are concurrent, the corridors with light are the most chosen by the users.

Analysis of the existence of patterns related to counter-attack and fast attack in the Spanish League 2010/2011 season

We investigated the regular behaviour patterns in Counter-Attack (CA) and Fast Attack (FA) in the Spanish League 2010/2011 season using the instrument validated by Sarmento et al (Medicina (Kaunas) 2010;46;401–7)....

A kései középső paleolitikum csontipara a Kárpát-medencében

A 20. szazad első evtizedeben megindult tudomanyos igenyű barlangkutatas szamos kulcsfontossagu lelőhelyunk reszleges vagy teljes feltarasat eredmenyezte. Az asatasi modszerek, a dokumentacio hianyossagai vagy hianya, a leletek barlangon beluli es lelőhelyek kozotti keveredese olyan elmeletek megfogalmazasahoz vezetett, amelyeket ujra kell ertelmezni, es ha szukseges, modositani kell. A szerző negy barlang (Palffy/Dzerava skala, Jankovich, Bivak, Pilisszanto II) dokumentaciojanak, retegsoranak reviziojaval megkiserli tisztazni az előkerulesi korulmenyeket, a csonttargyak tipologiai es morfologiai vizsgalataval a mai terminologianak megfelelő kulturakba besorolni ezeket az eszkozoket. | In this study we discussed three old-excavated assemblages, containing Jankovichian, i.e. Middle Palaeolithic type leaf-shaped tools on one hand and well made typical antler and ivory tools on the other. The Jankovich and the Bivak cave and the Pilisszanto II rockshelter (which yielded pseudo-artefacts and long bone fragments with cutmarks; Fig. 10.6–7 and Fig. 10.4–5) are lying in the NE part of the Transdanubia, the Palffy cave (Dzerava skala) in the Little Carpathians, Western Slovakia. The examinations of the lithic and osseous artefacts, deposited in the Palaeolithic collection of the Hungarian National Museum, and the bibliographical works focusing to the stratigraphical data yielded the following conclusions. The wedge shaped antler and ivory tools (Figs 6.2, 8.1, 9) and probably the ivory rod and lamellas (Figs 4, 5.1–3) from the Jankovich cave, finally the antler tools from the Palffy (Dzerava skala) cave (Fig. 1.2) can certainly be linked to the Middle Palaeolithic type leaf-shaped (Jankovichian) industry: the lithics and the osseous artefacts were excavated in one and the same level. The fragments of antler tools, found in the Bivak cave (Fig. 10.1–2) can most probably belong to the same circle. The antler tools with circular cross section from the Jankovich (Figs 2, 5.4) and Dzerava skala caves were generally placed into the same stratigraphical position in the excavation reports. However, the different colour and the state of preservation of these tools calls for certain reserve, so actually we can say only, that these tools may belong to the Jankovichian assemblage too. Unfortunately the cultural and stratigraphical position of the split base point from the Palffy cave (Fig.1.1) can not clarify for the time being. We have to stress at this point, that the industries of the lower layer of the Istallos-kő cave or side corridor of the Szeleta cave, where similar antler artefacts were also found, lack the typical Aurignacian stone tools. The presence of discrete culture layers of the Aurignacian and leaf-shaped industry in each caves, often supposed in the technical literature, simply cannot be exhibited from the incomplete field documentations. According to our opinion, the small surface excavations, carried out in the 2000s in the Dzerava skala cave, exposing certainly disturbed and mixed layer sequence, does not contradict to our observations. Generally, the absence of the typical Aurignacian lithics is the most notable feature of the studied sites; the artefacts, sorted into the “Late Aurignacian”, fifties are classified today as Gravettian. The study of the surface of the osseous tools does not display any traces of redeposition or cryoturbation with the exception of the pseudo tools from the Pilisszanto II rockshelter. On the contrary: the clearly visible traces of manufacture and use s uggest, that these artefacts were excavated in a largely undisturbed position. Shortly: according to our actual working hypothesis, the “Upper Palaeolithic type” osseous tools and the “Middle Palaeolithic” lithic assemblage belong to the same entity in the case of the studied cave sites. Our results may shed new lights and may pose new questions concerning the cultural determination of e.g. the Istallos-kő cave (especially concerning the lower layer) or the Vindija cave (especially the layer G1).

Preoperative cephalometric analysis of skeletal Class III patients treated with maxillary advancements

Introduction: Surgical assist during mmediate palatine expansion is enumerted among several procedures utilised in reating maxillary narrowing. There are arious types of this procedure, including nchoring to teeth, to the bone, with partial r complete osteotomy. Surgical proceures based on anchoring the devices to he bone are used in patients after growth purt in order to achieve correction of axillary narrowing, crossbite, crowded nterior teeth and large side corridors in dult patients. Stabilisation of tooth born evices for expanding the palatine suture ay lead to early or late complications, ence palatal distraction with LF1 maxllary osteotomy was utilised, by means f bone borne distractor, in order to avoid roblems associated with the use of tooth orne devices. Aim of the thesis: Presentation of early reatment results, based on the example of atients, with discussion concerning surical technique, next to initial evaluation egarding functioning of the device. Method: 20 patients treated with Disractor device, preliminary analysis of axillary dental casts models, X-rays and hotos illustrating faces of the patients. Results: Initial evaluation concerning fficiency of the procedure, distraction ime, complications and patient satisfacion. Conflict of interest: None declared.

A PROPOSAL OF PLANNING THROUGH THE VERIFICATION OF THE PROCESS OF DESIGNING A “FREE SCHOOL” TYPE OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS

The aim of this report is to propose the plan requirement for a “Free school” type of junior high schools through the verification of the process of planning and designing Tokyo Shure Katsushika junior high school that the one side corridor type of schools was converted to. The contents are as follows;1) Extensive spaces and small spaces are made from classrooms, and a spatial difference is invented in the whole of the school building. 2) The corridor was caught as a “Long and slender room”. The space was imaged by the size, and the space that students and teachers exchanged easily was conceived. 3) A related-making with the vicinity region was considered, and in construction, a necessary tool and construction materials obtained as much as possible in the vicinity region, and received guidance of the characteristic of construction materials how to use of the tool.

A STUDY ON THE DORMITORY BUILDINGS IN THE OLD SYSTEM NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

The purpose of this research is to clarify the actual conditions of the building and a historic background about the dormitory in the old system national high school. The architectural features of the lodging block in a dormitory are as follows.1) The number of the blocks is increased and fixed in about 6 blocks.2) The architectural area is made small-scale.3) In the arrangement of the blocks, “parallel type” and “half parallel type” are the majority.4) The form of the corridor shifts from an inside corridor to the one side corridor.

A study of natural ventilation in a refuge floor

Under the Building Codes of Hong Kong Special Administration Region, the provision of refuge floors has been an indispensable element in high-rise building design since 1996. Wind-induced cross natural ventilation is an important design criterion of a refuge floor since it helps to prevent any smoke entering to become persistent state remained (logging) on the refuge floor. This paper reports a study of refuge floor natural ventilation induced by wind flow around a high-rise building with a refuge floor arriving from different wind incidence angles. The study is based on CFD simulations which are validated by wind tunnel measurements. The refuge floor under investigation has a main services core at the centre and support walls flush with the building walls along two opposite sides. The results reveal that at all wind angles, wind is able to enter the refuge space from the windward side and escape from the leeward side. At some wind angles, wind is found to re-enter the refuge space from the leeward opening and accumulate behind the main services core. Based on the results, we suggest that stairs connecting to the refuge space should be located inside the side corridors formed by the internal and external side walls.

Analysis on Target Safety Level for Egress from a Fire Room and a Fire Floor in Typical Office Buildings

The Japanese Ministry of Construction's Notification 1441 (2000) on Method for Egress Safety from a Fire Floor is composed of a set of prescribed characteristic input values for fire load density, occupant density, etc., coupled with a set of simplified formulae to calculate fire and evacuation behavior. The nominal egress time margin is calculated by combining these values and formulae with building design variables, such as room area and ceiling height. To clarify the degree of safety implemented in the verification method, the stochastic variability in input values and uncertainties in calculation formulae have been examined. Based on existing research and survey results, variability and uncertainty are expressed in terms of probability density functions. The target levels of egress from a fire room and a fire floor were also discussed in this study. The calculation method was analyzed using the methods of Reliability Engineering. The Limit State Function was selected as the difference between the nominal time margin of egress safety and the actual, stochastic time margin of egress safety. By examining the safety level of Limit State Function, the Target Safety Index and the Acceptable Probabity of Failure implied in the Verification Method is clarified for typical office building in Japan. This work has clarified that: (1) Two variables which contain inevitable stochastic variation (Fire Load Density and Occupant Density) are recognized as Type A variables, and six variables which contain uncertainties due to the incompleteness of the prediction method (Walking Velocity, Specific Flow Rate, Time to Start the Evacuation, Fire Growth Rate over combustible contents, Fire Growth Rate over lining materials, and Smoke Filling Time) are recognized as Type B variables. (2) The coefficients of variation are large in both Type A and Type B variables, ranging from 13 to 235 %. There is a need to reduce the uncertainties associated with Type B variables. (3) The Partial Safety Factors vary in the range of - 0.45 to 4.97. (4) The implied safety index of the calculation method is in the range of 1 to 3 depending on the method of smoke control and floor area on the condition of egress from a fire room, and in the range of 2 to 3 it is fairly independent on the method of smoke control and floor area on the condition of egress from a fire floor. (5) In comparison with Type A variability, the effect of Type B uncertainties (prediction error) is not negligible. (6) Possible combination of partial safety factors are proposed by 0.2, 2-6, 0.9 for fire load density, escape start time and smoke filling time on the condition of egress from a fire room for typical office buildings with single side corridor in Japan, and by 0.7, 4.8, 2.6 and 0.9 for fire load density, escape start time, fire growth rate and smoke filling time on the condition of egress from a fire floor.