Siddha Medicine Research Articles

Effect of Phyto Constitutes of <i>Ayurveda</i> and <i>Siddha</i> Herbs on SARS-CoV-2/CoVID-19 Management by Modulating the Human Gut Microbiome

The therapeutic plants used in Ayurveda and Siddha medicine primarily function as immunomodulators to combat viral infection. The majority of the Indian states adopted an integrative approach to the treatment strategy for COVID-19 infection during the COVID-19 outbreak. A large percentage of Indians consume Ayurvedic and Siddha herbs as preventative medication or immune boosters during the COVID outbreak. ACE-2 receptor, Mpro, Nsp15, endoribonuclease, ACE-2-RBD interface, RBD complex, helicase inhibitors, and ACE-2-RBD interface are the main targets of the phytochemicals of medicinal plants, which also have the potential to limit their action and lower infection rates. The phytonutrients also preserve the permeability of the gut epithelial membrane and improve gut barrier proteins including occludin, Zo-1, and claudin. The phytonutrients also help probiotic bacteria flourish, such as Faecalibacterium, Rikenellaceae, Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae, which may lower proinflammatory cytokines and improve immunological function. A small number of opportunistic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia, co-infect with the SARS-CoV-2 virus and increase the frequency of hospital stays and severity of the illness. The co-infections or secondary infections may be reduced by the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of phytochemicals.

Essential Oils of Some Potential Medicinal Plants and their Wound Healing Activities.

The wound has been recognised as a deep cut or tearing of the epidermis, which is also referred to as trauma and harm to the body tissues. Healing of wounds requires a coordinated series of cellular processes, including cell attraction, proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis. These processes involve interactions between various cells, such as macrophages, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, growth hormones, and proteases. The outcome of wounds can be fatal if not treated properly, resulting in chronic wounds, chronic pain, and even death. Wound healing is replacing missing tissue with tissue repairs and regeneration. Some local variables are the presence of tissue maceration, foreign objects, biofilm, hypoxia, ischemia, and wound infection. Sustained growth factor delivery, siRNA delivery, micro-RNA targeting, and stem cell therapy are all emerging possible therapeutic approaches for wound healing. Traditional approaches, such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani medicines, are also being used for treatment. The therapeutic application of nanoformulations in wound infections has shown various beneficial effects. Several herbal medicines, especially essential oils have shown potential wound healing activities, such as lavender, tea tree, sesame, olive, etc. Various nanoparticles and their nanoformulations have been explored in wound healing therapy. The present review article highlights several aspects of essential oils for wound healing activity through a novel drug delivery system. Further, some patents on wound healing through herbal medicine have been listed.

Pharmacovigilance Consideration for Ayurvedic Medicines in Pediatric Practice: Developing Protocols for Documenting Clinical Safety

Background The rising global trend of traditional medicine and complementary and alternative medicine use necessitates a structured approach to ensure patient safety and efficacy. Due to its unique theoretical framework, directly applying modern pharmacovigilance principles to Ayurveda may be insufficient. Purpose This study aims to highlight the need for a collaborative approach that integrates traditional Ayurvedic knowledge with modern safety and efficacy evaluation methods. It critiques the limitations of current pharmacovigilance practices, especially in the context of Ayurveda, and proposes improvements to better capture the complexities of traditional medicine. Methods An analysis of the “AyushSuraksha” program, a key initiative for the pharmacovigilance of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and homoeopathy (ASU&H) medicines in India, was conducted. The program’s focus areas, including monitoring medications, specific materials, and procedure-based therapies, were reviewed in light of their efficacy and safety reporting mechanisms. Additionally, the applicability of current pharmacovigilance methodologies, particularly in the context of personalized Ayurveda treatments, was evaluated through case studies and literature reviews. Results The “AyushSuraksha” program, while focused on medication and therapy monitoring, overlooks the safety of food items used in Ayurveda. Current pharmacovigilance systems, designed for standardized medications, may be inadequate for Ayurveda, as demonstrated by positive outcomes in autism treatment despite the presence of microbiologically harmful products. Furthermore, existing pharmacovigilance proformas lack a distinction between physicians’ and end-users perspectives, limiting the reporting scope. Conclusion A transition to a holistic, evidence-based pharmacovigilance approach that incorporates Ayurvedic assessments and nonlinear herbal interactions is crucial. Separate proformas for physicians and end-users, along with disease-specific questions, are recommended to improve reporting accuracy. Expanding the scope of pharmacovigilance beyond standardized medication monitoring is essential for the evolution and refinement of Ayurvedic science.

Serological Evaluation of the Anti-coagulant Activity of the Classical Siddha Medicine -‘Veera Mezhugu’ in Wistar Albino Rats

In setting the basis for the management of arterial thrombosis, cardiac ischemic changes followed by any severe coronary atherosclerotic changes or any venous thrombosis, there is a conventional use of Acute thrombolytic agents, Anticoagulants with antiplatelet medications in general. These symptoms complex are mentioned as Thamaraga vaayu or Ruththira vaayu or Maaradaippu(Acute coronary syndrome) and Uthirakattu(thromboembolism) in siddha literatures. Veera mezhugu is one of the Siddha formulations chosen from Anuboga vaithiya navaneetham part-4, which is indicated for Uthirakattu and Thamaragavaayu. The drug prepared as per the Siddha literature. The drug has undergone safety studies and the efficacy studies in Wistar albino rats where the serum of the different groups with different doses are compared with the placebo control to evaluate the anti-coagulant potential. Coagulation profile of the three parameters of Activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT), Prothrombin time(PT) and International normalized ratio(INR) are taken for evaluation and had significant difference between the groups[p<0.05].Serological analysis of the Wistar rats shows significant anticoagulant activity in a dose dependent manner.

A comprehensive review on pharmacological, phytochemical and anticancer potential of Tragia species

Genus Tragia is a member of Euphorbiaceae family and is frequently found in tropical environments. There are more than 150 species in Tragia. Tragia plant is widely distributed in India and East Africa peninsula. Tragia has been designated for multiple medicinal properties including anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, reproductive, diarrhoea, scorpion bite, whooping cough, diabetes etc. These are few medicinal benefits of Tragia. Tragia is also used in ethno medical research. Tragia involucrata, Tragia spathulata, Tragia benthamii, Tragia pluknetii, Tragia urens, Tragia nepetifolia and Tragia urticifolia are the principal species being researched worldwide. By the conventional wisdom, Tragia would be a component in siddha and ayurvedic medicine. Pharmacologically, many phytochemicals including lignans, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolic substances, have been linked to these characteristics. The combined effects of these phytoconstituents greatly enhance their potential as medicinal agents. Moreover, this review discusses the challenges and future prospects in harnessing the full therapeutic potential of Tragia species. Issues such as standardization of extracts, elucidation of specific active compounds and clinical translation are addressed, highlighting areas that require further research.

FTIR characterization of Siddha medicine Komoothira silasathu parpam

FTIR characterization of Siddha medicine Komoothira silasathu parpam

A Comparative Analysis of Vaippu Indhuppu and Commercial Indhuppu (Rock Salt)

Siddha system is one of the traditional systems of medicine in which minerals are used in the preparation of various medicines. Indhuppu is one among the mineral, which is a good laxative and it is commonly used for its anti-ulcer activity in Siddha medicine. Siddhars like Bohar, Agathiyar have mentioned vaippu process (Synthetic method) for preparing raw drugs synthetically instead of natural. This study is aimed to compare the commercial indhuppu with the Vaippu Indhuppu (synthetic). Both the samples were analyzed by FTIR, XRD, and ICP-OES. The results show that comparatively have similar crystalline structure and functional groups. This study is the preliminary analytic study for further explorative study on the vaippuindhuppu.

A Literature Review on Siddha Medicines for KAMALAI NOI (JAUNDICE) Mentioned in Siddha Literatures

Background: Yellow discolourisation of the some areas in our body such as skin, sclera, mucous membrane. The clinical features of Jaundice may be correlated with Kamalai noi.In Siddha literature Balavagadam, kamalai noi is divided in to three types namely Oodhu Kamalai,Manjal Kamalai, Varal Kamalai.  Objective: To document the collective data of medicines for KAMALAI NOI (JAUNDICE)mentioned in various Siddha literatures.  Materials and Methods: The data about the jaundice and its treatment are collected from Government Siddha Medical College library, SCRI – Library, Anna Centenary – Library, Thamarai Library, Connemara – Library etc. Siddha literature such as sikicha rathna deepam, Theraiyar vagadam, Agasthiyar vaithiya rathna surukkam, pillaipini maruthuvam, Balavagadam, Sarabendra vaithiya muraikal etc  Result: This Descriptive study document the medicines for KAMALAI NOI (JAUNDICE) mentioned in various Siddha literatures. This review can be useful for siddha physicians to choose better medicines for the treatment of jaundice and also useful for further research study which is needed for standardization and evaluvation of jaundice medications.  Conclusion: I conclude that this review will be beneficial for further research and also useful for treatment and prevention of Jaundice in siddha system of medicine

Complementary Medication for COVID-19 Outbreak Concerns in the Leprosy Community - A Passionate Proposal

Abstract: The number of COVID-19-positive cases continues to climb, causing alarm around the world. The Nilavembu (Andrographis paniculata) Kudineer of Siddha medicine, an alternative medicine practiced in India, has already been shown to be beneficial in viral outbreaks like Chikungunya and Dengue fever. Several investigations have demonstrated that these herbs have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antibacterial, and antiviral activities against the Herpes simplex virus and Ebstein Barr virus. This herbal remedy has also been shown to have a low risk of negative side effects. There is currently no approved pharmaceutical treatment for COVID-19. Using the phrases 'COVID-19,' 'Ayush,' 'Siddha,' and 'Leprosy,' we searched other databases such as Google, Embase, ScienceDirect, and the Clinical Trial Registry of India. In another research on Siddha treatment, Kabasura Kudineer, a decoction of 15 herbal items was discovered to have activity against the spike protein of SARS COV-2 using an in-silico compound method. As there are no effective treatments available for the prevention and treatment of mild to moderate cases, these two medicines, Nilavembu Kudineer, and Kabasura Kudineer can be used as part of a COVID-19 prophylaxis using a combination of modern and alternative medicine.

Ephedra: An anti-asthamatic medicinal plant

ailments such as cold, cough, asthma, fever and flu. It is distributed in many regions such as Asia, Europe, North Africa, Western North America and South America. It has more than 100 active compounds with effects. It contains flavonoids, alkanes, tannins, sugars and organic phenolic acids. It is used in the treatment of asthma, liver disease, skin disease and other diseases, the most important among the effectiveness of the treatment of the disease is COVID-19. It is considered an ancient group and is appreciated for its abundant fossil record. Ephedra, known as "Ephedra" in China, is a gymnosperm plant. It is a dry straw stalk associated with the lung and bladder meridians. Ephedra is one of the largest genera of the Ephedra family and is found in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In traditional medicine in many countries, some of these species are frequently used to treat asthma, colds, flu, colds, fever, headaches, nasal congestion and cough. The chemical composition of the ephedra plant has been a focus of interest for decades due to its content of ephedrine alkaloids and its medicinal properties. Other chemical compounds such as phenolics and amino acid derivatives are also of interest and provide evidence-based support for the ethnomedical use of Ephedra. Medicinal plants contain many phytochemical compounds related to various treatments (Naiá et al., 2005; Ghoíbani, 2005). Therefore, this medicinal herb is used in various ephedrine formulations and has many adverse effects on diseases such as liver diseases, angle-closure glaucoma, kidney stones, neurodegenerative diseases and heart toxicity. Indian Ayurveda is a traditional herbal medicine with a long history and strong foundations. Medicinal plants play an important role in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. This plant usually grows on dry rocks and soil because it needs high, dry mountain forests to grow. Many parts of plants such as branches and roots are used in various applications for medicinal purposes. For example, the dry part of the plant is used in vartonic medicine systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha and traditional Chinese medicine to treat many diseases such as asthma, hay fever, pain or inflammation, lung disease, heart disease. Aches, coughs, and colds are considered flu-like symptoms.

Effect of Naga Parpam, a metallic drug of Siddha medicine, on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and tissues of liver in Wistar rats

Effect of Naga Parpam, a metallic drug of Siddha medicine, on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and tissues of liver in Wistar rats

Anti-vitiligo effect of Thespesia populnea L. bark against Tyrosinase enzyme using In-silico model

Background: Siddha medicine is one among the popular traditional systems of medicine in treating various diseases. Vitiligo is a primary autoimmune de-pigmentary disorder. Generally, melanin pigment production is diminished in vitiligo. By improving tyrosinase activity, melanogenesis can be achieved in vitiligo. Hence the phytocomponents which bind with the target Tyrosinase enzyme, act as a potential treatment for vitiligo. Objective: The objective of this study is to find the lead molecules that bind with these core bio active amino acid residues namely His 190, His54, His63, His194, His38 and His216.These bioactive residues mediates the enzymatic action of tyrosinase enzyme and tends to enhance the action of tyrosinase enzyme which improves melanogenesis. Methods: Auto dock program was used for the molecular docking studies against Tyrosinase enzyme. Results: From reported data of the herb, the phytochemicals Myricetin reveals highiest of 4 interactions with the core active amino acid residues of the target Tyrosinase enzyme.Second highiest level is reached by the compounds such as Catechin, Apigenin and Cinnamic acid with the 3 interactions with the active site . Gallic acid and Quercetin reveal 2 interactions over the target enzyme. From the results of docking study of the herb, the leads such as Catechin, Myricetin, Apigenin and Cinnamic acid possess 3-4 interactions with core target amino acids of Tyrosinase enzyme and helps in treatment and management of vitiligo. Conclusion: These phytochemicals exhibit anti-vitiligo activity by harmonising the action of tyrosinase enzyme in vitiligo treatment. Further clinical trials need to be performed for identifying the efficacy and effectiveness of Thespesia populnea in the treatment and management of vitiligo.

"Exploring the Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Potential of Athiyadhi Kashayam: Investigating mechanisms of action in Siddha Medicine"

"Exploring the Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Potential of Athiyadhi Kashayam: Investigating mechanisms of action in Siddha Medicine"

Phytochemical Profile and GC-MS-Identified Bioactive Compounds in Pluchea ovalis (Pers.) DC. Leaves

Background: Pluchea ovalis is a significant medicinal plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is also known as “Woolly Camphor-Weed” and has traditionally been used in Ayurveda, Siddha, and Folk medicine for treating numerous ailments, particularly Jaundice, Piles, Bronchial Asthma, inflammation, and Carcinoma. Purpose: Phytochemical Profile and GC-MS-Identified Bioactive Compounds in Pluchea ovalis Research Design: The phytochemical composition of P. ovalis leaves was screened using a Soxhlet apparatus after hot, continuous, and consecutive extraction. A variety of solvents were used for the qualitative assay. Different solvents were used in increasing polarity order to carry out the extraction operation. Total content of tannins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids (bromocresol green), and flavonoids (aluminum chloride) quantified (Folin-Ciocalteu). Additionally, quick and precise GC was used in conjunction with the Mass Hunter tool and mass spectrometry method to examine the absorbed components and determine the complete elements. Results: The qualitative phytochemical screening revealed that alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids & terpenoids, phenols, tannins, glycosides, phytosterols, coumarins, quinones resins, cardiac glycosides, leuco anthocyanins, anthraquinones and fixed oils were found in all the extracts, the quantification of alkaloids in methanol, showcasing a remarkable concentration of 502 mg/g equivalent, while chloroform exhibits a substantial alkaloid content of 310 mg/g, flavonoids, yielding the highest concentration in methanol at 520 mg/g and ethyl acetate at 440 mg/g. Phenols and tannins in methanol 390 mg/g and 320 mg/g . Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of P. ovalis leaf methanol extract revealed 50 peaks, identifying bioactive compounds based on retention time, molecular formula, structure, weight, and concentration (peak area%). The results indicated that the single major component, dodecanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (C39H74O6), had a peak area of 38.16%, a molecular weight of 638, and was reported to have hypercholesterolemic, anti-arthritic, nematocidal and hepatoprotective activity. 2-Ethoxyethylamine (C4H11NO), on the other hand, had the second-highest peak area, at 26.46%

Association between Usage of Prophylactic AYUSH Medicines and Disease Severity in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Prior vaccination is often studied for its impact on individuals' post-infection prognosis. Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH) medicines, advised by the Government of India as prophylaxis during the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, were consumed by the masses in 2020. A study was therefore undertaken to observe any association between the prior usage of AYUSH prophylactic medicines and post-infection severity as reported by recovered COVID-19 individuals. This was a retrospective, multi-centre, cohort study conducted in 21 cities of India from 5th August to 30th November 2020. Data from recovered COVID-19 patients, of either sex or any age, captured information about AYUSH prophylactic medicines intake prior to infection, disease severity, symptomatology, duration of complaints, etc. The study participants were grouped into AYUSH intake and non-intake. Primary composite outcome was the disease clinical course. Secondary clinical outcomes were the rate of and time to clinical recovery. Data of 5,023 persons were analysed. Ayurveda or homeopathic prophylactic medicines were consumed by more than half of the study participants: that is, 56.85% (n = 1,556) and 56.81% (n = 1,555) respectively. The overall adjusted protective effect (PE) of AYUSH prophylactic intake against moderate/severe forms of COVID-19 disease was 56.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 48.7 to 63.50; p < 0.001). Adjusted PE for homeopathy and Siddha was 52.9% (95% CI, 42.30 to 61.50; p < 0.001) and 59.8% (95% CI, 37.80 to 74.10; p < 0.001), respectively. A statistically significant association was found between AYUSH prophylactic medicine intake and clinical recovery more frequently by the 3rd day of illness (χ2 = 9.01; p = 0.002). Time to resolution of symptoms in the AYUSH intake group was on average 0.3 days earlier than in the non-intake group (p = 0.002). AYUSH prophylactics were associated with statistically significant levels of protection against COVID-19 disease severity. Amongst these, previous intake of homeopathy or Siddha medicines was associated with some protection against moderate/severe illness and with a somewhat quicker clinical recovery. Prospective studies with experimental research design are needed to validate the findings of this study. Clinical Trials Registry-India (CTRI/2020/08/027000).

MANAGEMENT OF KALLADAIPPU NOI (UROLITHIASIS) THROUGH SIDDHA MEDICINE: A CASE STUDY

In the Siddha System of medicine, Kalladdaipu (Renal stones) comes under Neerinai arukal noigal, which means diseases that reduce urinary output. Kalladdaipu presents with symptoms like burning micturition, renal and low back pain, urinary obstruction, and the presence of sand-like crystals in the urine, and it is compared with the urolithiasis, which refers to the formation of stones in the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, or urethra. In Siddha medicine, kalladaippu is generally treated with lithotriptic and diuretic formulations. In this case study, a 69-year-old female patient with 6 mm renal calculus was treated with Neermulli kudineer and Nandukal parpam for four weeks, resulting in the renal calculi's complete expulsion. This case study underscores cost-effective Siddha treatment in expelling renal stones, showcasing synergistic actions leading to the disintegration and elimination of urinary stones providing valuable insights for clinicians in Siddha medicine.

The Effectiveness of Wound Dressing with Virana Sanjeevi Thailam (VST) in the Management of Madhumegha Viranam – A Case Report

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the most prevalent consequences for those with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM). The annual incidence of DFU worldwide is between 9.1 to 26.1 million, the mortality and morbidity are the common reasons for hospitalisation of diabetes patients. The available treatment modalities are expensive and unsatisfactory in the clinical management of DFU. In Siddha system of medicine Diabetic ulcers are referred to as Madhumegha Viranam (MV). Various thailam (medicated oil) are used in the management of ulcers. Virana Sanjeevi thailam (VST) is one of the classical Siddha topical formulations indicated for the management of chronic ulcers. As this thailam is not been subjected to clinical evaluation yet, this case study is to report the effectiveness of wound dressing with VST along with adjuvant Siddha medications in 60 years old, post-menopausal, house wife who reported with complaints of ulcer in the plantar aspect of right foot for a period of 6 months, along with a past history of diabetes and systemic hypertension undergoing modern treatment for the past 10 years. The patient was diagnosed to have MV and the ulcer had features of Grade 2 in Maggit Wagner system of classification of diabetic ulcers, wound area was 12cm2, with pale granulation tissues and purulent discharges. Following treatment, ulcer healed completely in a span of 86 days and Leg Ulcer Measurement Tool score improved from 41/68 to 3/68. This may encourage the use of Siddha medicines in management of DFUs.

In Vitro Immunomodulatory Activity of Sagalanoi Chooranam (Poly Herbal Formulation) in RAW Macrophage Cell Line

Within the realm of Siddha medicine, an ancient and venerable traditional healing system hailing from India, a comprehensive methodology is deployed to combat liver disorders. This approach is characterised by the utilisation of herbal remedies, accentuating the reinstatement of equilibrium in the body's vital life force, known as "Vatham," "Pitham," and "Kapham." The utilisation of cell line studies is crucial in assessing the immunomodulatory properties of herbal medicine, offering invaluable insights into their capacity to influence the immune system and advancing our comprehension of their therapeutic benefits. The primary objective of this investigation was to elucidate the potential immunomodulatory properties of sagalanoi chooranam, a polyherbal Siddha formulation, through the execution of anti-proliferative assays conducted. On the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Various test solutions were precisely prepared, encompassing a spectrum of concentrations (50, 100 and 200 μg/ml). The RAW 264.7 cells were diligently cultured and then carefully subjected to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate cellular activation. Following this activation, the test formulation was introduced at varying concentrations, after which the cells underwent a 24-hour incubation period. The resultant nitrite levels, serving as indicators of immunomodulatory response, were evaluated within the cell lysate. The outcomes unveiled a notable decline in nitrite levels, correlating with the dosage of the test formulation during the incubation with RAW 264.7 cells. The outcomes of the study elucidate a conspicuous decline in nitrite levels in direct correlation with escalating concentrations of the test formulation, contrasting starkly with the control group exclusively subjected to LPS. Furthermore, the investigation meticulously probed the ramifications of the test formulation on cellular viability. The vitality of RAW 264.7 cells exhibited a discernible downward trajectory as the concentration of the test formulation ascended. Noteworthy is the fact that, at the concentration of 200 μg/ml, cellular viability registered at a mere 55.53 ± 3.567%. Collectively, these findings lend credence to the hypothesis that the test formulation possesses a dose-dependent capacity to attenuate both nitrite levels and cellular viability within the RAW 264.7 cell milieu, underscoring its auspicious immunomodulatory attributes. This research expands our insights into the potential immunological ramifications of the test formulation and underscores its plausible utility within the realm of immunomodulation.

In vitro cytotoxicity and apoptosis inducing effect of Vallarai Kirutham with Rasa Parpam in HeLa Cell Lines

Cancer is an uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can affect nearby tissues as well as distant organs. Cervical cancer is predicted to be among the four most prevalent cancers in women overall in 2020, with 342,000 mortality and 604,000 new cases. Around 6-29% of all cancers in women in India are caused by cervical cancer. Women who have had several sexual partners, recurrent abortions, or vaginal deliveries—all of which cause repetitive stress to the cervix are more likely to develop cervical cancer. Radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery are being used to treat cancer. All of these treatments come with side effects, which can range in severity and have a serious psychological impact on patients. The Siddha system has a number of accessible herbo mineral formulations for treating cervical cancer. According to Siddha literature (Agasthiyar Vaidhya Rathina Churukkam, 360), the treatment of cervical cancer (yoni puttru) is advised for the Siddha medicine Vallarai Kirutham with Rasa parpam. The goal of this research was to find out this formulation's potential anti-cancer properties using MTT assays on HeLa cell lines. These findings of the current study suggest that the MTT technique's lowest reading for cell viability was 1.26±0.009% at a concentration of 100 µl/ml. This was followed by concentrations of 75 µl/ml, 50µl/ml and 25µl/ml which showed 7.91±0.004%, 23.91 ±0.01% and 37.17± 0.01% similarly, 10 µl/ml shows 52.09±0.01%.The matching IC50 value was discovered to be 12.44% and AO/EB dual staining was used to examine apoptotic activity. The outcomes of in-vitro experiments using the HeLa cell line. According to the outcome of in vitro experiments done on the HeLa cell line, the drug had substantial anti-cancer and therapeutic value in the management of cervical tumours .With a variety of time tested medications the Siddha system has shown outcomes that were clinically important for the management of cervical carcinoma. One of those medications has to undergo additional testing in patients with cervical cancer through clinical research.

LITERARY REVIEW OF KALAMEGHA (ANDROGRAPHIS PANNICULATA)WSR INDIAN AND SRI LANKAN LITERATURE

Acharyas of Ayurveda scientifically categorised various drugs under the topic of Ganas and Vargas based on guna karma and therapeutic uses. The classical text is an authentic source for drug identification, therapeutic activities and substitutes. Kalamegha is one such drug botanically identified as Andrographis panniculata, dis-tributed in the plain regions of the Indian subcontinent. This plant is widely used in Ayurveda, Siddha, homoeo-pathic, and Sri Lanka's traditional medicine systems. It is indicated in Kushta, kandu, Shopa, yakrith roga , kri-mi and jwara. Andrographoloids and Neo andrographoloids are the active principles that prevent oxidative damage and inhibit the binding of toxic metabolites to DNA. Hence used for treating anti-inflammatory, hepato-protective, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, antioxidant, anti-parasitic, anti-diarrheal and several infectious diseases rang-ing from malaria to dysentery. The study aims to explore the review literature of Kalamegha from all the medical classical texts and journals of Indian and Sri Lankan origin. And present a summary of the available records. According to references, in different geographical regions, Kalamegha is termed as Bhunimba, bunimo, kiratha thikta, desh kiratha, bin Kohomba, etc., having tikta rasa, laghu ruksha guna, ushna veerya, katu vipaka and kapha pitta hara, deepana and pachana properties. Literary review plays a vital role as it aids in the identifica-tion of the drugs and therapeutic utilities of outspread drugs in different geographic regions. Since the Kalamegh plant is widely distributed in India and Sri Lanka, an attempt was made to record the uniformity and diversities of the morphological and therapeutic utilities of the Kalmegha.