Shrimp Shell Chitosan Research Articles

Star fruit leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi) extract and shrimp shell chitosan gel improves neovascularization in gingival wound healing in vivo

Background: Gingival incision is a procedure widely used in dentistry that can potentially cause infection. Star fruit leaves (Averrhoa bilimbi) extract contains saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and phenols that can act as antibacterials. Shrimpshells chitosan have good biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and antimicrobial properties. Star fruit leaves (A. bilimbi) extract and shrimp shell chitosan are made in gel preparations to accelerate drug delivery to target cells. Purpose: To specify the effect of applying a gel extract of star fruit leaves (A. bilimbi) and chitosan shrimp shells on the formation of new blood vessels in the healing process of gingival incision wounds. Methods: 25 males Rattus norvegicus needed to make an incision in the labial gingiva and were divided into five groups, namely the K-group (without any application), K+ (aloe vera gel application), and three treatment groups PI, PII, and PIII (5%, 10%, and 15% gel extract of Star fruit leaves (A. bilimbi) and shrimp shell chitosan). Topical application is carried out twice a day for seven days. Microscopic observations with hematoxylin-eosin staining were used to count the number of new blood vessels. The analysis used the one-way analysis of variance and the post-hoc Tukey Honest Significant Different method. Results: The treatment in the PII group showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher results than other groups. Conclusion: The formulation of 10% gel Star fruit leaves (A. bilimbi) extract and shrimp shells chitosan has increased blood vessels in the healing process of gingival incision wounds.

The effect of silkworms (Bombyx mori) chitosan on rumen fermentation, methanogenesis, and microbial population in vitro.

Ruminant enteric methane (CH4) is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. To minimize environmental harm caused by ruminants' CH4 production, natural substances can be used to suppress it. Chitosan from crustacean sources had been known to obstruct CH4 generation in the rumen. About 18% of silkworm pupae is chitin, but little is known about the impact of silkworm pupae chitosan on rumen methanogenesis. This study investigated the efficacy of the silkworm chitosan extraction method and its impact on rumen fermentation, methanogenesis, and microbial growth in vitro. This study employed a randomized complete block design featuring five treatments and four batches for rumen incubation as the blocking factor. In this study, five treatments were implemented: Control (CO) (basal diet with no added chitosan), basal diet with 6% chitosan from the Chinese Silkworm strain 804 (CHI804), basal diet with 6% chitosan from the PS 01 Hybrid Silkworm strain (CHIPS01), basal diet with 6% chitosan from the Hybrid F1 Japanese 102 × Chinese 202 races (CHIJC02), and basal diet with 6% commercial shrimp shell chitosan as the positive control (CHICOMM). The in vitro experiments assessed digestibility, pH, total gas generation, CH4 production, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and short-chain fatty acid levels, along with microbial population. Data were analyzed using a general linear model followed by Duncan's test when applicable. A significant effect on dry matter digestibility (DMD), total gas production, CH4, NH3-N, and rumen microbial populations (Methanogens, Ruminoccocus albus, Ruminoccocus flavefaciens, Selonomonas ruminantium, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Streptoccocus bovis, Prevotella spp., and Bacteroides spp.) was observed (p < 0.05). The extracted chitosan (CHIJC02) used in this study exhibited a similar quality to that of commercial chitosan (CHICOMM). CHI804 treatment could reduce gas production, NH3-N production, and B. fibrisolvens population significantly (p < 0.05), while CHIJC02 could reduce CH4 production, methanogen population, acetate (C2) production, and increase propionate (C3) production significantly (p < 0.05). CHIJC02 and CHICOMM treatments could also increase the population of R. flavefaciens, S. ruminantium, and Bacteroides spp. significantly (p < 0.05). Chitosan addition significantly (p < 0.05) reduced DMD but did not impact organic matter digestibility or pH. The extracted chitosan mimics commercial chitosan in physico-chemical properties. Chitosan derived from Japanese and Chinese F1 hybrid silkworm strains demonstrated superior capacity for inhibiting CH4 generation compared to commercial chitosan. The quality and effects on methanogenesis, rumen fermentation, and rumen microbial populations can differ depending on the origin of chitosan.

Filamen printer 3D berbasis limbah PET (polyethylene terephthalate) dan kitosan cangkang udang

One alternative for processing PET (polyethylene terephthalate) plastic waste is to convert it into a basic material for making 3D printer filaments with the addition of shrimp shell chitosan. The addition of shrimp shell chitosan to the filament can increase its mechanical strength. The aim of this research is to determine the best formulation and effectiveness of the combination of PET plastic with chitosan as 3D printer filament on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the surface. Making 3D printer filament from a combination of PET and shrimp shell chitosan using a double screw extruder with varying ratios between PET and shrimp shell chitosan (99 : 1, 97.5 : 2.5 and 95 : 5) with temperature variations at 175° C (Hopper Zone ), 195°C, 225°C, 245°C (Die zone) using a screw rotation speed of 50 rpm, with the testing process including a tensile test, to determine the mechanical properties of the material by analysis using the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) test ) to identify the surface morphology and size of the filament material. The test results for composition 99:1 (sample 1) had the lowest tensile strength value of 35.79 MPa, breaking 0.10 mm with an elongation value of 0.32%. Composition 97.5:2.5 (sample 2) with a tensile strength value of 96.20 Mpa, longest breaking length of 0.13 mm and highest elongation value of 0.42%. Composition 95:5 (sample 3) only has the highest tensile value of 98.95 MPa, with a breaking length of 0.06 mm and the lowest elongation of 0.18%.

Removal of DB71 Dye from Water Using Shrimp-shell Chitosan

Chitosan is a natural-derived polymer which has been used for water treatment due to its biodegradability. In this study, chitosan adsorbent was successfully fabricated from shrimp crust. The chitosan adsorbents were characterized using FTIR, SEM, and Zeta potential analysis. The experimental results indicated that fabricated chitosan in this study has similar properties to standard chitosan from Sigma-Aldrich which contains functional groups such as -OH, -CH, C-O-C, saccharide rings and amide groups I, II, III. Furthermore, the surface morphology of the adsorbent is moderately flat and the pHPZC was 7.2. Chitosan in flake forms could adsorb DB71 dye in water with a concentration of 35 ppm at the efficiency of 100%. The optimal conditions for the dye removal were at 0.2 g/L of concentration and contact time of 60 minutes. The dye is well adsorbed by chitosan in acidic environment with optimal pH of 3. The main mechanisms of dye adsorption onto the chitosan adsorbent maybe ion exchange or complexation.&#x0D;

Chitooligosaccharide from Pacific White Shrimp Shell Chitosan Ameliorates Inflammation and Oxidative Stress via NF-κB, Erk1/2, Akt and Nrf2/HO-1 Pathways in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells.

Chitooligosaccharide (COS), found in both insects and marine sources, has several bioactivities, such as anti-inflammation and antioxidant activities. However, the mechanism of shrimp shell COS on retardation of inflammatory and antioxidant effects is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the mechanism of the aforementioned activities of COS in LPS-activated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. COS significantly improved cell viability in LPS-activated cells. COS at the level of 500 µg/mL could reduce the TNF-α, NO and IL-6 generations in LPS-activated cells (p < 0.05). Furthermore, COS could reduce ROS formation, NF-κB overactivation, phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and Akt and Nrf2/HO-1 in LPS-exposed cells. These results indicate that COS manifests anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant action via NF-κB, Erk1/2, Akt and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling with an increasing relevance for inflammatory disorders.

PEMBUATAN BIOADSORBEN DARI KOMBINASI KITOSAN DAN KULIT JAGUNG PADA PROSES PEMURNIAN MINYAK JELANTAH

Adsorbent is a solid substance that can absorb certain components from a fluid phase. Adsorbents consist of materials that are porous and directly hit the pore walls at a pertical location. The purpose of this final project is to see whether the purification of used cooking oil with the adsorbent method using a mixture of corn husk and shrimp shell chitosan adsorbents in several comparisons has an effect in purifying used cooking oil. This research was conducted by adsorption method of used cooking oil samples using corn husk bioadsorbent and shrimp shell chitosan. The use of this used cooking oil adsorbent process is so that used cooking oil that is no longer suitable for use in the community can be reused. Then proceed with the adsorption process starting with 100 ml of oil added 5 g of adsorbent with variations in the mass ratio of chitosan and corn husk = ((25: 75), (50: 50), and (75:25)%) stirring constantly for 90 minutes with temperature 70-80 C. The best results based on SNI cooking oil are in a ratio of 3,5 g: 1,5 g to 5 grams of adsorbent used or at a ratio of 75% corn husk adsorbent: 25% shrimp shell chitosan, with an acid number of 0,62 mg KOH /g, the free fatty acid compound is 0,80% and the peroxide number is 6,36 meq 02/kg.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi dan Kecepatan Pengaduk Pada Proses Desalinasi Air Payau Menggunakan Kitosan Kulit Udang Vaname

Desalination (removal of salt content) of salt or brackish water into fresh water is another way to obtain fresh water. The two most widely practiced methods are distillation (distillation), heating seawater until it evaporates and then condensing to get fresh water and reverse osmosis, seawater at high pressure through a thin membrane to pass water molecules. Another method that can be used in the desalination process is the adsrobtion process. One of the media that can be used in the adsrobtion process is chitosan. This research is carried out by the bacth method with two variables, the first variable concentration, namely 800, 1600, 2400, 3200 and 4000 ppm. The second variable is the stirring time with variations, namely 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 rpm. Based on the results of studies that have been carried out, the best concentration of shrimp skin chitosan is at a concentration of 4000 mg / L or the addition of 200 mg of chitosan in 0.25 L of brackish water. At this concentration, the absorbent can reduce the salinity of brackish water by 86.6694% and for the best stirring speed the shrimp shell chitosan is at a speed of 300 rpm with the addition of 1000 mg of chitosan in 0.25 L of brackish water. At this stirring speed, the adsorbent can reduce the salinity of brackish water by 82.6335%.

Modified Shrimp-Based Chitosan as an Emerging Adsorbent Removing Heavy Metals (Chromium, Nickel, Arsenic, and Cobalt) from Polluted Water

Water quality is under constant threat worldwide due to the discharge of heavy metals into the water from industrial waste. In this report, we introduce a potential candidate, chitosan, extracted and isolated from shrimp shells, that can adsorb heavy metals from polluted water. The waste shrimp shell chitosan was characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The adsorption capacity of heavy metals on the modified shrimp shell was measured using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry before and after adsorption. The highest adsorption of arsenic, nickel, and cobalt was 98.50, 74.50, and 47.82%, respectively, at neutral pH, whereas the highest adsorption of chromium was 97.40% at pH 3. Correspondingly, the maximum adsorption capacities of MSS for As, Cr, Ni, and Co were observed to be 15.92, 20.37, 7.00, and 6.27 mg/g, respectively. The application of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models revealed that the adsorption processes for the heavy metals were statistically significant (r2 &gt; 0.98). The kinetic studies of metal adsorption, using modified shrimp shell, were well explained by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with linear coefficients (r2) of &gt;0.97. The presence of a greater number of functional groups on the adsorbent, such as N–H coupled with H–O, –COO−, C–H, N–N, and C–O–C, was confirmed by FTIR analyses. Furthermore, SEM-EDX analysis detected the presence of elements on the surface of modified shrimp shell chitosan. This noteworthy adsorption capacity suggests that MSS could serve as a promising, eco-friendly, and low-cost adsorbent for removing toxic heavy metals including Cr, Ni, As, and Co and can be used in many broad-scale applications to clean wastewater.

Isolation of Chitosan From Dogol Shrimp Skin (Parapenaeopsis sculptilis)

In Indonesia, shrimp underwent a "cold storage" process where the heads, tails, and shells were discarded as waste. This shrimp waste could pollute the environment around the factory so it needed to be utilized. So far, shrimp shells had only been used as ingredients for making crackers, shrimp paste, and animal feed supplements. The remaining shrimp shells that had been separated were made into chitosan which was then subjected to characterization tests. The three steps of the chitosan isolation process were deproteinization, demineralization, and deacetylation. The analytical tests carried out were testing the water content, ash content, and functional groups contained in chitosan which were identified using the Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) Spectrophotometer. Based on the test results, there was a moisture content of 9.27% ​​and an ash content of 1.69% in the chitosan samples made from shrimp shells. Functional groups of shrimp shell chitosan were identified using FT-IR characteristics. The -NH- group, which was represented by the N-H and O-H stretching groups, could be seen in the absorption band 1456.26 in the wave range 3000–30500. The conclusion of this study was that chitosan could be extracted from shrimp shells and meet the characterization criteria.

Production and characterization of chitosan of crustacean shells

After cellulose, chitin is the most prevalent biopolymer. The purpose of this work was to produce and characterize chitosan from expended crustacean shells (crab, prawn, and shrimp), primarily from Lagos State in Nigeria. Three main processes—deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation—were used to manufacture their chitosan. The produced chitosan samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analyses, respectively, for functional components (ligands), surface shape, mineral constituent, and chemical constituent. The crab, shrimp, and prawn shell chitosan absorption altitudes ranged from 3360 to 893, 3775 to 570, and 3761 to 707 cm−1, respectively, in FTIR wavelengths; while both shrimp and prawn shell chitosan showed a clear and small filament lucent shape, the SEM pictures of crab shell chitosan showed a non-permeable, loosen skin semblance made up of protruding openings, tiny threadlike, and mineral form. Additionally, the chitosan found in shrimp shells is permeable and comprises granular layers. The crustaceans' related XRD results showed two tiny altitudes at 20°, 35°, 19.50° and 29.52°, 25.79° and 32.02°. Shrimp and prawn chitosan were both found to contain CaO, with larger proportions of 81.60 and 84.02%, respectively, according to XRF analysis. In general, all of the chitosan samples had amine, amide, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, hydrogen, and hydroxyl ligands (among others), which gave them better metal comity and band capability. As a result, the prepared chitosan of crab, prawn, and shrimp portrayed appropriate attributes for the adsorption techniques.

ASSESSMENT AND IDENTIFICATION OF POLYOL BASED ON PALM OIL AND NATURAL FILLING MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE COATING PAINT APPLICATION

Chitosan/clay hybrid nanoparticles have been prepared as natural antibacterial and anticorrosion agents to enhance the protective function of polyurethane-based coating paints. Chitosan is a material with antibacterial properties because it contains acetamide group which is widely used for hygiene purposes in the medical field. Clay is a natural clay particle with a hollow structure that allows loading and release of active substances such as surfactant ions that can contribute to improving the properties of the material. The polyurethane in this study was obtained from palm oil oleic acid, which was processed into polyol, toluene diisocyanate was added to produce polyurethane. Coating paint is efficiently loaded with chitosan and clay active substances which are combined to form a hybrid composite. Based on the FTIR data of polyurethane showing the formation of a hydroxyl group on the palm oil epoxide compound, the reaction lasted for 2 hours at 60oC as evidenced by the absorption of the OH wave number which widened at 3305.99 cm-1. The value of the wavelength of the OH group in the bentonite sample before and after purification has decreased, proving that the intercalation of surfactants into the bentonite interlayer causes the hydrophilic nature of bentonite to change to hydrophobicity. The d-spacing layer of raw bentonite has a maximum reflection angle peak of 7.26o with a d-spacing value of 1.132 nm, and the d-spacing size increases to 1.631 nm at the peak of the maximum reflection angle of 4.49o after purification. The presence of absorption at 1064.71 cm-1 in shrimp shell chitosan indicates COC vibration.

α-amylase inhibitory activity of chitooligosaccharide from shrimp shell chitosan and its epigallocatechin gallate conjugate: kinetics, fluorescence quenching and structure–activity relationship

The inhibitory effects of chitooligosaccharide-epigallocatechin gallate (COS-EGCG) conjugate in comparison with COS, EGCG, and acarbose on α-amylase were studied. The half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of COS-EGCG conjugate against α-amylase was 4.62 mg/mL, which was lower than other samples expect acarbose (IC50 = 0.48 mg/mL) (p < 0.05). COS-EGCG conjugate showed the mixed-type inhibition kinetic and had Kic of 1.516 mg/mL, which was less than those of COS (Kic = 4.572 mg/mL) and EGCG (Kic = 2.248 mg/mL) (p < 0.05). COS-EGCG conjugate linked with amino acids of α-amylase via hydrogen bonding, van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions as elucidated by molecular docking. Interaction between COS-EGCG conjugate and α-amylase was achieved with the binding affinity of −14.30 kcal/mol (p < 0.05). COS-EGCG conjugate spontaneously alterated the micro-environment around the active site as shown by fluorescence quenching. Therefore, mechanism for retarding digestibility of starch by COS-EGCG conjugate was elucidated. COS-EGCG conjugate could be incorporated as functional ingredient in various foods to possess low-glycaemic index.

Production of biomaterials from seafood waste for application as vegetable wash disinfectant

The production of seafood waste was studied by analyzing calcium oxide from the shells of tropical oyster and chitosan from the shells of white shrimp to use as a vegetable wash disinfectant. The preparations used were: natural oyster shell powder (NOSP), calcined tropical oyster shell powder in a programmable furnace for 2 h at 700 °C (OSP700), 800 °C (OSP800) and 900 °C (OSP900) including white shrimp shell chitosan (CS). The physical properties of all biomaterials were analyzed using Thermogravimetric analysis, X–ray diffraction and Fourier–transformed infrared spectrometry. The results showed that NOSP and OSP700 were calcite calcium carbonate crystal, but OSP800 and OSP900 were transformed to calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. The amino group found in the chitin from white shrimp shell was deacetylated to chitosan. By investigating the qualitative antibacterial activity of OSP900 and CS, the inhibition zone of OSP900 against E. coli was higher than that of CS (p < 0.05); however, the inhibition zone of CS against S. aureus was higher than that of OSP900 (p < 0.05). In addition, OSP900 had significantly higher quantitative antibacterial activity against E. coli than S. aureus. The MIC of OSP900 against E. coli and S. aureus for 15 min were 2.5 and 5 mg/mL, respectively; furthermore, the MBC of OSP900 against E. coli and S. aureus were 5 and 10 mg/mL, respectively. However, the inhibitory activity of CS against S. aureus was higher than against E. coli with MIC and MBC values of 5 and 10 mg/mL, respectively, for 15 min. When testing the biomaterials, OSP900 and CS, to inhibit the bacteria on kale and lettuce, 2.5 mg/mL of OSP900 for a vegetable–washing time of 15 min had the highest E. coli inhibition for both vegetables, while 2.5 mg/mL of CS for the same washing time had the highest S. aureus inhibition for both vegetables. Therefore, this research indicated that biomaterials prepared from tropical oyster shell and white shrimp shell wastes could be used as effective wash disinfectants to eliminate contaminated bacteria on vegetables.

CHARACTERISTICS OF EDIBLE FILM (LAYER BY LAYER) FROM CARRAGEENAN-CHITOSAN WITH THE ADDITION OF BELIMBING WULUH LEAF EXTRACT AS ANTIOXIDANT SUBSTANCE

Packaging use from synthetic materials can have a negative impact for environment. One of the steps to reduce this impact with edible film packaging uses. Film can be defined as a thin layer of material, that usually composed by a polymer that allows for mechanical strengthening of a structured stand. The quality that continues to be improved from the edible film is antioxidant activity, namely by adding antioxidant substances such as flavonoids and phenols from starfruit leaf extract. As well as improving its mechanical quality by adding shrimp shell chitosan and using the layer by layer method. The purpose of this research is to find out characteristics of edible film from carrageenan-chitosan layer by layer and find the best results from the addition of different concentrations of chitosan and Belimbing Wuluh leaf extract. The variation that will be carried out is the addition of Belimbing Wuluh leaf extract by 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% and chitosan by 1.5%, 2% and 2.5%. The results showed that the best formula of edible film was made from 2.5% chitosan concentration and 0.6% Belimbing Wuluh leaf extract. The results of test are the thickness test is 0.21 mm, the tensile strength is 2.87 MPa, the elongation at break is 13.6673%, the water vapor permeability is 2.1682 g/m2h and the antioxidant value in terms of fruit weight loss is 4.01%.

Chitooligosaccharides from shrimp shell chitosan prepared using H2O2 or ascorbic acid/H2O2 redox pair hydrolysis: characteristics, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

SummaryChitooligosaccharides (COS) prepared from shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) shell chitosan using H2O2 at different concentrations or ascorbic acid (AsA)/H2O2 redox pair at various concentration ratios using different hydrolysis times and temperatures were characterised. COS produced by 0.05/0.1 (M/M) of AsA/H2O2 redox pair (COS‐RP) showed higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, FRAP, metal chelating activity and ORAC (P &lt; 0.05). Based on fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, COS‐HP and COS‐RP had slight difference between functional groups. COS‐RP had low degree of polymerisation (2–8) and average molecular weight (0.7 kDa). Intermolecular hydrogen bonds were broken, and crystallinity of chitosan was decreased after hydrolysis. COS‐RP showed higher zone of inhibition toward tested bacteria than COS‐HP (P &lt; 0.05). 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectra also reconfirmed that no drastic alteration in chemical structure of both COS samples took place. Overall, COS prepared using AsA/H2O2 redox pair reaction was recommended due to its higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than that using H2O2 alone.

Solid Dispersion Characteristics of Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Extracted Chitosan with HPMC and PVP K-30 as Anti-cholesterol Agents

This study aims at evaluating the characteristics of chitosan solid dispersion from whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). As anti-cholesterol agent, chitosan requires solubility enhancement which can be facilitated in solid dispersion. Here, chitosan solid dispersion was made by solvent evaporation technique used HPMC and PVP K-30 as the carriers, in which the chitosan was prepared from whitleg shrimp shell Chitosan solid dispersion was varied into six formulation, i.e. chitosan: HPMC = FH1 (1:0.25), FH2 (1:0,5), FH3 (1:2), and chitosan: PVP K-30 = FP1 (1:1), FP2 (1:2), and FP3 (1:3), and pristine chitosan, HPMC, and PVP K-30 were utilized as reference compound. Characteristics of chitosan solid dispersion were assessed from the solubility test, SEM, XRD, and FTIR. The result indicates that solubility of chitosan solid dispersion was better than the pristine chitosan. The recommended formula from this study was FP3, because obtained smaller particle size than the other, that could increase the solubility of chitosan. The crystallinity of chitosan remained unchanged upon solid dispersion preparation.

Chitosan preparations with improved fat‐binding capacity

AbstractChitosan is a polycationic polysaccharide with good health and nutritional benefits. This study investigated the effect of chitosan properties, such as, biopolymer structure, viscometric molar mass (Mv), and degree of deacetylation (DD), on the fat‐binding capacity between five chitosan preparations (different origins and characteristics) and three types of fat (soybean oil, margarine, and pork lard). The in vitro fat‐binding tests were performed with soybean oil under different pH to simulate the digestion process in the gastrointestinal tract, followed by tests at constant pH (duodenal pH = 6.8) with three types of fat. Shrimp shell nanochitosan had an average hydrodynamic diameter of 62 nm, while that of shrimp shell chitosan and commercial chitosans (CC1, CC2, and CC3) ranged between 1090 and 1405 nm (determined by DLS). The Mv of chitosan varied between 18 and 260 kDa, and the DD ranged from 62% to 92%. Chitosan with medium Mv and high DD presented better results of fat‐binding capacity in the duodenal pH with soybean oil. This study provides insights into the mechanisms of fat‐binding capacity and its correlation with physicochemical properties of chitosan, pH, and type of fat, allowing the production of chitosan‐based products with improved fat‐binding capacity for several applications.

Chitosan from Milkfish (Chanos chanos) Scales and Tiger Shrimp (Panaeus monodon) Shells Wastes as Corrosion Inhibitor on ASTM A36 Steel

Chitosan is synthesized from milkfish scales (Chanos chanos) and tiger shrimp shells (Panaeus monodon) were used as corrosion inhibitors on ASTM A36 steel in a mixture solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) 3,5% and acetic acid (CH3COOH) 3%. The waste of milkfish scales and tiger shrimp shells is extracted into chitin through deproteination and demineralization processes. Chitin is synthesized into chitosan through deacetylation process. The yield of milkfish scales chitosan was 31,81%, while the yield of tiger shrimp chitosan was 67,16%. Corrosion rate testing using the weight loss method then calculates the inhibition efficiency of each inhibitor. Soaking the test specimens was carried out for 4 weeks with measurements of weight, pH value and salinity each week. The concentrations used were 0 ppm as negative control, 60 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm for chitosan inhibitor and 1000 ppm sodium nitrite as positive control. The optimum inhibition efficiency of milkfish scales chitosan is 48,9% at a concentration of 60 ppm with a soaking time of 3 weeks. The optimum inhibition efficiency of tiger shrimp shell chitosan is 57,7% at a concentration of 500 ppm with a soaking time of 1 week. Milkfish scales chitosan has better effectiveness compared to tiger shrimp shells chitosan because the resulting inhibition efficiency remains stable at&gt; 40% starting from 1 week to 4 weeks of soaking.

Biosynthesis and characterization of deuterated chitosan in filamentous fungus and yeast

Deuterated chitosan was produced from the filamentous fungus Rhizopus oryzae, cultivated with deuterated glucose in H2O medium, without the need for conventional chemical deacetylation. After extraction and purification, the chemical composition and structure were determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). 13C NMR experiments provided additional information about the position of the deuterons in the glucoseamine backbone. The NMR spectra indicated that the deuterium incorporation at the non-exchangeable hydrogen positions of the aminoglucopyranosyl ring in the C3 – C5 positions was at least 60–80 %. However, the C2 position was deuterated at a much lower level (6%). Also, SANS showed that the structure of deuterated chitosan was very similar compared to the non-deuterated counterpart. The most abundant radii of the protiated and deuterated chitosan fibers were 54 Å and 60 Å, respectively, but there is a broader distribution of fiber radii in the protiated chitosan sample. The highly deuterated, soluble fungal chitosan described here can be used as a model material for studying chitosan-enzyme complexes for future neutron scattering studies. Because the physical behavior of non-deuterated fungal chitosan mimicked that of shrimp shell chitosan, the methods presented here represent a new approach to producing a high quality deuterated non-animal-derived aminopolysaccharide for studying the structure-function association of biocomposite materials in drug delivery, tissue engineering and other bioactive chitosan-based composites.

Antibacterial and Food Preservative Attributes of Maillard Reaction Products of Shrimp Shell Chitosan

We have examined the relative efficacy of the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) prepared by reacting chitosan with xylose, fructose, or glucose for their antimicrobial activities and preservation of fresh-cut beef. The MRPs exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial properties against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activity of the three MRPs was dose dependent. Chitosan and its MRPs enhanced shelf life of fresh-cut beef as shown by changes in volatile base nitrogen, trimethylamine, and pH during storage. The order of their ability to preserve beef was fructose-&lt;glucose-MRPs&lt;chitosan. Our results suggest that these MRPs could be used as novel promising preservatives in beef industry.