Shrimp Muscle Research Articles

Vitamin E requirement of Penaeus vannamei

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary vitamin E requirement of the white-legged shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, using semi-purified diets. Shrimp exhibited significantly increased weight gain when fed increasing levels of vitamin E from 0 to 100 mg/kg diet, whereas no significant difference in growth was observed for shrimp fed diets containing vitamin E from 100 to 600 mg/kg. The vitamin E requirement of shrimp based on growth and estimated by the method of broken-line regression was 99 mg/kg diet. There was no difference in survival. The present study also indicated that vitamin E was an effective antioxidant preventing ascorbic acid-stimulated lipid peroxidation in mitochondrial and microsomal membranes, oxidative spoilage of shrimp tail muscle during frozen storage (−60°C) and peroxidation of dietary lipid. Dietary vitamin E levels of approximately 25 and 100 mg/kg diet were found to be required for suppressing ascorbic acid-stimulated mitochondrial and microsomal membrane lipid peroxidation in shrimp hepatopancreas and muscle, respectively. The synthetic antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), was an effective antioxidant in vitro by protecting dietary lipid from peroxidation, but it was less effective in tissue protection and exhibited no inhibitory effect on ascorbic acid-stimulated mitochondrial and microsomal membrane lipid peroxidation. However, growth reduction of shrimp resulting from vitamin E-deficiency could be prevented by supplementation of BHT at 0.02% of the dietary lipid content.

Identification of tropomyosin as the major shrimp allergen and characterization of its IgE-binding epitopes.

Abstract The major heat-stable shrimp allergen (designated as Sa-II), capable of provoking IgE-mediated immediate type hypersensitivity reactions after the ingestion of cooked shrimp, has been shown to be a 34-kDa heat-stable protein containing 300 amino acid residues. Here, we report that a comparison of amino acid sequences of different peptides generated by proteolysis of Sa-II revealed an 86% homology with tropomyosin from Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that Sa-II could be the shrimp muscle protein tropomyosin. To establish that Sa-II is indeed tropomyosin, the latter was isolated from uncooked shrimp (Penaeus indicus) and its physicochemical and immunochemical properties were compared with those of Sa-II. Both tropomyosin and Sa-II had the same molecular mass and focused in the isoelectric pH range of 4.8 to 5.4. In the presence of 6 M urea, the mobility of both Sa-II and shrimp tropomyosin shifted to give an apparent molecular mass of 50 kDa, which is a characteristic property of tropomyosins. Shrimp tropomyosin bound to specific IgE antibodies in the sera of shrimp-sensitive patients as assessed by competitive ELISA inhibition and Western blot analysis. Tryptic maps of both Sa-II and tropomyosin as obtained by reverse phase HPLC were superimposable. Dot-blot and competitive ELISA inhibition using sera of shrimp-sensitive patients revealed that antigenic as well as allergenic activities were associated with two peptide fractions. These IgE-binding tryptic peptides were purified and sequenced. Mouse anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies raised against Sa-II specific human idiotypic antibodies recognized not only tropomyosin but also the two allergenic peptides, thus suggesting that these peptides represent the major IgE binding epitopes of tropomyosin. A comparison of the amino acid sequence of shrimp tropomyosin in the region of IgE binding epitopes (residues 50-66 and 153-161) with the corresponding regions of tropomyosins from different vertebrates confirmed lack of allergenic cross-reactivity between tropomyosins from phylogenetically distinct species.

Simultaneous Determination of Nitrofurazone and Furazolidone in Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) Muscle Tissue by Liquid Chromatography with UV Detection

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of nitrofurazone (NFZ) and furazolidone (FZD) in shrimp muscle tissue. The drugs are extracted from the tissue with acetonitrile, and the lipids and lipophilic pigments are removed from the extract with hexane. The remaining acetonitrile extract is evaporated by rotary evaporation, and the resultant residues are dissolved with LC-grade water, applied to a preconditioned C18 solid-phase extraction column, and eluted with acetonitrile. The acetonitrile eluant is then dried under nitrogen, and the resultant drug residues are dissolved with mobile phase and filtered. The drugs are determined by LC by using a C18 reversed-phase (octyldecylsilyl Hypersil) column, a mobile phase of acetonitrile--1% aqueous acetic acid (25 + 75, v/v), and a photodiode array UV detector at 375 nm. NFZ and FZD were determined in shrimp tissue at each of 5 spiking levels (64, 32, 16, 8, and 4 ng drug/g tissue). Absolute recoveries ranged from 70.6 to 78.4%, and relative standard deviations ranged from 4.0 to 13.6%. The limit of detection of pure standard of each drug was approximately the equivalent of 1 ng drug/g tissue, and the limit of determination in a sample was 4 ng drug/g tissue.

Comparison of the properties of m-calpain from tilapia and grass shrimp muscles

m-Calpains from tilapia and grins shrimp muscles were purified by Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B, Sephacryl S-200, Q-Sepharose HP, and Superose 12 HR column chromatographies. The calpains from tilapia and grass shrimp muscles had the following characteristics: half-maximal activation, 0.23 and 2.4 mM of calcium; optimal temperature, 30 and 30 o C; optimal pH, 7.5 and 6.9; molecular weight: 110 000 and 160 000, respectively. m-Calpain obtained from tilapia muscle had two subunits of 80 000 and 28 000, while that from grins shrimp had two identical subunits of 80 000. Both proteines were activated by dithiothreitol, glutathione, and β-mercaptoethanol, inhibited by calpain inhibitor I, calpain inhibitor II, leupeptin, antipain, iodoacetic acid, and p-(chloromercuri)benzoate, but not affected by pepstatin A and N-ethymaleimide

Effects of gamma irradiation on chromatophores and volatile components of grass shrimp muscle

Effects of medium-dose (5 kGy) irradiation on chromatophores and volatile components of shrimp muscle were studied by light microscope and gas chromatography. Medium-dose irradiation treatment can inhibit the dispersion of erythrin in chromatophores but not the dispersion of melanins. No significant change was found in volatile composition of shrimp after irradiation.

Contributions of Bromophenols to Marine-Associated Flavors of Fish and Seafoods

Evaluation of flavor properties of several volatile bromophenols (2-; 3-; 4-; 2,4-; 2,6-; 2,4,6-) in fish, shrimp, and vegetable oil matrices revealed that these compounds, when present at low concentrations, imparted flavor notes reminiscent of marine fish and seafoods. In fish and shrimp muscle tissue and oil matrices 2,6-dibromophenol and 2,4,6-tribromophenol provided iodine-, shrimp-, crab-, and sea salt-like flavor attributes. Monobromophenols enhanced sweet, overall seafood-like flavor characteristics in these matrices. A combination of selected bromophenols added to vegetable oil gave a herring oil-like flavor to the oil. In water solutions all bromophenol isomers were iodine-like, phenolic, or medicinal in flavor character.

Uptake of organic mercury and selenium from food by nordic shrimp Pandalus borealis

In an attempt to improve our understanding of the transfer process of organic mercury (mainly methyl mercury) from the prey to the consumer, the uptake of mercury in edible muscle of shrimps, Pandalus borealis, from contaminated mussels used as food supplies was studied. Shrimps bioaccumulated rapidly mercury in their abdominal muscle when submitted to a highly contaminated diet (6 μg Hg g⁻¹) but biomagnification was not observed and Hg concentration in shrimps never exceeded 1.8 μg g⁻¹. The assimilation efficiency during the uptake period was estimated to about 42% When shrimps received moderately contaminated diet (2.5–2.9 μg Hg g⁻¹), a two-stage bioaccumulation process was observed in which mercury concentration began to increase in shrimp muscle after 15 days of contaminated diet and at the end of the experiment it seemed to level off. This process can be represented by a two-compartment conceptual model in which mercury rs first eliminated and/or accumulated in the compartment 1 (digestive organs) and then transferred to the compartment 2 (abdominal muscle) following a mechanism and under conditions not yet clearly understood. The use of selenium biologically incorporated into the diet had no apparent effect on the uptake of mercury

Temperature dependence of arginine kinase reaction in the tail muscle of live Sycionia ingentis as measured in vivo by 31P-NMR driven saturation transfer

We have employed the driven 31P-NMR saturation transfer method to measure in vivo the temperature dependence of the forward and reverse unidirectional fluxes of the arginine kinase reaction in the tail muscle of a live shrimp, Sycionia ingentis. Our results indicated that neither the forward nor the reverse rate constants of this reaction were significantly temperature-dependent between 8 and 16°C, in contrast to the kinetic characteristics of isolated arginine kinases.

Development of an in vitro primary cell culture system from the penaeid shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris and Penaeus vannamei

Studies were carried out to improve the methods for producing primary cell cultures of penaeid shrimp and to make these procedures routine and practical. Supplements tested included: lobster hemolymph, shrimp muscle extract, fetal bovine serum and hybridoma quality fetal bovine serum. Grace's Insect Medium supplemented with hybridoma quality fetal bovine serum was found to provide the best results. The optimum conditions for shrimp cells in Grace's Insect Medium were determined to be an osmolality of approximately 700–750 mmol/kg, a temperature range of 25–28 °C and incubation in a normal atmosphere. Using the methods developed, monolayers of primary cultures of ovarian epithelioid cells from Penaeus stylirostris and Penaeus vannamei were routinely obtained with 80% confluence within a 2-day period.

Combined effects of dietary phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol on the growth, survival and body lipid composition of marine shrimp, Penaeus penicillatus

A factorial experiment with four dietary phosphatidylcholine (0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5%) and three cholesterol (0, 0.5 and 1%) levels was carried out using juvenile Penaeus penicillatus with an initial mean body weight of 1 g. The trial was conducted for only 4 weeks using purified diets. The results indicated that diets supplemented with either phosphatidylcholine or cholesterol significantly improved shrimp weight gain. Supplementary cholesterol, but not phosphatidylcholine, significantly improved shrimp food conversion and survival. The interactions between phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol on shrimp growth, food conversion and survival were not significant. The dietary cholesterol level to achieve significant shrimp growth was 0.5% or higher, while that for phosphatidylcholine was 1.25% or higher. The inclusion of cholesterol in the purified diets affected lipid deposition. The shrimp muscle lipid content increased with the increased supplement of cholesterol or phosphatidylcholine. The lipid class composition, however, was not influenced by the two dietary components. Both the n3 n6 ratios of the fatty acids and the n3-PUFA level in the polar fraction of the muscle tissue lipid increased with reduced dietary phosphatidylcholine. The n6 fatty acids derived from the soy phosphatidylcholine were accumulated and preferentially incorporated into the polar lipid of the muscle tissue.

Utilization of waste-grown algae for feeding freshwater shrimps

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of using waste-grown algae as feeding materials for a freshwater shrimp ( Macrobrachium hainanense ). Chlorella pyrenoidosa cultured in 1% aqueous extracts of soybean waste and refuse compost waste materials were used to feed the shrimp. Five experimental groups were designed: (1) 100% commercial fish food (control group); (2) 50% algal product from soybean waste extract with 50% commercial fish food; (3) 100% algal product harvested from soybean extract; (4) 50% algal product from refuse compost extract with 50% commercial fish food; and (5) 100% algal product from refuse compost extract. After a feeding trial of 20 days, the contents of protein, lipid and soluble carbohydrates of the muscle of shrimps were analysed. The nutrient contents (protein, lipid and soluble carbohydrates) of different feeds were also measured. It was found that shrimps fed with waste-grown algae seemed to maintain a similar nutrient level as the control group. Measurements of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb) in the culture media, algae, commercial fish food, muscles, and cephalothorax and exoskeletons of shrimps were conducted. It was found that the algal product harvested from the refuse compost extract contained a higher metal content. The metals were mostly incorporated in the cephalothorax and exoskeleton of waste-grown shrimps.

The Effects of Using Steel-Making Waste Slags as Substrates on Shrimp Penaeus monodon Reared in Aquaria

The massive pumping of underground water for shrimp (Penaeus monodon) farming in two areas in Taiwan has caused ground depression ofl-2 m and resulted. in difficulty in draining and drying the ponds. A study was conducted to evaluate the potential of using steel-making waste slags as substrates on which to raise shrimp. Three experiments were conducted in aquaria. Experiments I and II used six substrates: "rocky" type -blast furnace slag (BF), converter slag (BOF), concrete (CON); ""granulated" type• granulated slag (GS), beach sand (BS); and "smooth" type· blank (BNK) or glass substrate. Experiment III had five substrates: BF, BOF, CON, and GS all covered with beach sand; beach sand alone served as control. The results indicated that substrate types were much more important in growth than the constituents of the water, despite the varying chemical nature of the substrate. The growth rates with substrates were significantly better than without. Shrimp growth on granulated substrates of BS and GS was significantly better than on rocky substrates of BF, BOF and CON. No significant differences in mortality were observed for the different substrates which could be either related to their physical features or chemical compositions. In Experiment ill, beach sand covering the waste slags eliminated any effect of the waste slags on growth and mortality. The concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in muscle, viscera and shell of shrimp from different treatments were not significantly different.

The Influence of water salinity on the free amino acid concentration in muscle and hepatopancreas of adult shrimps, Penaeus japonicus

Variations of the total free amino acid (FAA) pool and the content of specific amino acids have been measured in the muscle and hepatopancreas of adult shrimps, Penaeus japonicus, acclimatized at five water salinities: 38, 32, 26, 20 and 14%‰ The FAA content is always higher in muscle than in hepatopancreas at all tested salinites. On the other hand, the hepatopancreas exhibits the highest concentrations of essential amino acids. Two steps in the evolution of FAA content can be observed, the first one regarding decrease in salinity from 38 to 20%‰ and the second one, when salinity goes below 20% °. The first step can be characterized by a 16% decrease of total FAA content in the muscle and a 36% increase in the hepatopancreas. In muscle, the variations are mainly due to changes in non-essential FAA content, whereas in the hepatopancreas, they are linked to variations in essential FAA content. The other step is characterized by a drastic increase in moisture and decrease in FAA content in both studied organs when water salinity is 14%‰ The total FAA content is about 40% lower in shrimps at 14% ° compared to 38%‰ seawater salinity. During adaptation, the FAA pool (mainly NEFAAs) of muscle seems to be directly related to osmoregulation, whereas in the hepatopancreas, its evolution seems to be linked with energy expenditure and protein synthesis. The results are evaluated in order to elucidate the role of FAA in intracellular osmoregulation and in relation to animal ecology.

Shelf life of shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) stored in ice (0°C) and partially frozen (—3°C)

AbstractSensory, biochemical and microbiological changes and changes in SDS‐PA GE patterns of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins were studied in shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) muscle during storage at partial freezing temperature (—3°C; PFS) and in ice (0°C; IS).During PFS up to 20 days there were slight changes in biochemical parameters, apparently no changes in microbiological populations, and no changes in electrophoretic protein patterns. Rapid changes in these parameters occurred in IS over the same period.Sensory assessment of shrimps stored at PFS showed that a considerable increase in prime quality life was possible at this temperature over shrimps in IS. Prime quality life of shrimps in PFS was found to be 16 days, compared with 8 days in IS. Extension of prime quality life was attributed to the significantly slower rate of biochemical and microbiological changes at PFS compared with IS. Changes in sensory properties were associated with changes in some of the chemical properties.

Characteristics of an alkaline proteinase and exopeptidase from shrimp (Penaeus indicus) muscle

ABSTRACTActivities of an alkaline proteinase and an exopeptidase were detected in the muscle of shrimp. Both enzymes could be extracted with unbuffered 0.5% KCI. The shrimp muscle alkaline proteinase, optimally active at pH 8.0 and 60°C, was partially purified and characterized. The heat stable enzyme had an apparent molecular weight of 250 KDa. Protein substrates such as casein, azocasein, azocoll and hemoglobin were hydrolyzed by the enzyme while it showed no action on bovine serum albumin and the synthetic substrates of proteinases. Active site directed inhibition experiments suggested that the enzyme was a metal‐dependent serine proteinase. The shrimp exopeptidase cleaving amino acid naphthylamides at pH 6.8 and 40°C exhibited the characteristics of an aminopeptidase because of its susceptibility to bestatin, puromycin and a metal chelator.

Myofiber death plays a role in determining fiber type composition in the claw closer muscles of the snapping shrimp, Alpheus heterochelis

AbstractMarine shrimp of the genus Alpheus exhibit a remarkable reversal of asymmetry in their great claws. This unique phenomenon includes transition of the closer muscle in one claw from a muscle of mixed fiber type into a homogenous slow muscle. We have developed monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize fast and slow myosin heavy chain (MHC), and have used these as immunohistochemical markers to follow the fate of different myofiber types during this transformation. This analysis reveals a strikingly specific necrosis of the fast fibers. The onset of fiber degeneration appears linked to the molt cycle and occurs rapidly once started. This represents the first example of programmed myofiber death as a mechanism used in crustacean muscle development.

Features of glycogen phosphorylase from the body wall musculature of the lugworm Arenicola marina and the mode of activation during anoxia.

The activities of glycogen phosphorylases a and b from the body wall musculature of the marine worm Arenicola marina (Annelida, Polychaeta) were determined after various periods of anoxia. Already under normoxic conditions one third of the total activity was produced from the a form. During anoxia the ratio of both forms as well as the total activity did not change. The activity of soluble phosphorylase kinase was comparatively low in this tissue 4.3 +/- 1.2 nmol . min-1 . (g wet wt.)-1; the fast twitching tail muscle of shrimps, e.g., had a 10-fold higher phosphorylase kinase activity, whereas phosphorylase activities in both tissues were about the same 2.3 +/- 0.5 mumol . min-1 . (g wet wt.)-1. Glycogen phosphorylase b was purified from the body wall tissue of the marine worm in one step by 5'-AMP-Sepharose resulting in a single protein band in SDS-PAGE. This preparation was accepted as substrate by the phosphorylase kinase from rabbit muscle but a complete phosphorylation could not be achieved. The molecular mass of native phosphorylase was approximately 216 kDa, that of subunits 95 kDa indicating that the enzyme exists as a dimer. There were no isozymes in this preparation, the RF-value (0.17) of the single band in PAGE ranged between those of the isozymes from mice hearts. The activities of phosphorylases b and a were similarly dependent on pH and temperature but differed drastically in the affinities to phosphate and AMP. In presence of 1 mM AMP the app. Km of phosphorylase a for phosphate was 16 mM, that of phosphorylase b above 100 mM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of gradual and acute changes in salinity on the moisture, salt, and free amino acid content in the tail muscle of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus)

Effects of gradual and acute changes in salinity on the moisture, salt, and free amino acid content in the tail muscle of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus)

Changes in myofibrillar gene expression during fiber-type transformation in the claw closer muscles of the snapping shrimp, Alpheus heterochelis

Isotopes of a number of crustacean myofibrillar proteins have been identified with sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide electrophoresis, and their distribution in muscles of the snapping shrimp has been examined. Fast-slow differences in distribution have been observed for myosin light chains and tropomyosin. In contrast, three troponin T subunits have been resolved, each specific to one of the three muscles examined. This result suggests that expression of crustacean contractile proteins is not accomplished by a simple coexpression of a battery of slow or fast isotopes. In addition, the expression of these proteins was examined during the quasi-developmental fiber-type transition of the main claw closer muscle during the reversal of claw asymmetry in response to the loss of the large snapper appendage. The changes observed appear similar to the cross-innervation induced changes in gene expression of vertebrate muscle.

Electrical properties and transmitter output associated with growth and transformation in shrimp muscle fibers

Comparisons were made of the passive electrical properties of closer muscle fibers in the dimorphic claws of snapping shrimp,Alpheus armillatus. During claw transformation the small fibers of pincer claws grow to become much larger snapper claw fibers. As muscle fibers grow, the relationship of fiber input resistance (R0) to fiber diameter (d) is predicted by the proportionality,R0∝d−3/2. Muscle fiber membrane resistance,Rm, is independent of fiber diameter, but membrane capacitance,Cm, grows with diameter. This results in a 40 to 50 fold reduction in fiber input impedance as fiber diameter enlarges during transformation. Reductions of muscle fiber impedance are partially compensated by 2–5 fold increases in quantal content at excitatory synapses on snapper muscle fibers. However, changes in quantal content during transformation apparently are independent of fiber diameter per se. Excitatory junction potentials in both pincer and snapper muscle fibers have equal amplitude. Because fiber input impedance decreases precipitously during transformation, and in view of the relatively small compensatory changes in quantal content at excitatory synapses, additional pre- or post-synaptic modifications must supplement increased quantal content to maintain synaptic efficacy in transformed muscle fibers.