Shrimp Fenneropenaeus Indicus Research Articles

POTENTIAL USE OF BROWN ALGAE AS AN IMMUNOSTIMULANT MATERIAL IN THE AQUACULTURE FIELD TO INCREASE NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY AND FIGHT DISEASE

The aquaculture field continues to grow from year to year. This is because aquaculture fulfills the world's food needs. Aquaculture intensification continues. As a result of this intensification, the aquaculture environment experienced a decrease in water quality. This led to the rapid growth of bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses, resulting in a high incidence of disease outbreaks. An alternative solution that has been extensively researched recently is using immunostimulants to increase the non-specific immunity of fish and shrimp, which will help fish and insects prevent disease outbreaks. One of the natural ingredients that have the potential to become an immunostimulant is from the brown algae group. Immunostimulants from brown algae such as Hot-water Extract of Tropical Brown Seaweed, Sargassum cristaefolium, Sargassum glaucescens, Sargassum duplicatum, Sargassum wightii, Sargassum sp. Polysaccharides from seaweed, such as fucoidan extracts from brown algae, can enhance the non-specific immune system in shrimp Litopenaneus vannamei, Penaeus monodon, Fenneropenaeus indicus, and tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. These immunostimulants increase non-specific immunity, such as total hemocyte count, phagocytosis activity, phenoloxidase, phagocytic, respiratory burst, superoxide dismutase, and total plasma protein. Immunostimulants from brown algae can also fight bacterial disease attacks Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Streptococciasis, Streptococcus iniae, and White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) by increasing survival rate and can increase the growth and feed efficiency of cultivated commodities that are not given immunostimulants.

Inhibition of Melanosis and Quality Changes on Indian White Prawn Treated with Lemon and Pomelo Peel Extracts Conjugated with Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles during Chilled Storage

ABSTRACT The study was aimed at the assessment of lemon peel extract (LPE) and pomelo peel extract (PPE) conjugated with copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) influence on melanosis formation and improving the quality of chilled stored Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) after 15 days. Biochemical indices, microbial count, and sensory analysis was performed at 3 day intervals. The trimethylamine, total volatile base nitrogen, free fatty acid, and peroxide value of control was 18.01 ± 0.79 mgN/100 g, 45.08 ± 1.1 mgN/100 g, 0.14 ± 0.01% of oleic acid, and 16.42 ± 0.612 milliequivalents/kg, whereas LPE+PPE+CuSNPs was 10.94 ± 1.04 mgN/100 g, 17.51 ± 1.1 mgN/100 g, 0.091 ± 0.01% of oleic acid, and 7.57 ± 0.38 milliequivalents/kg, respectively, at the 15th day of storage. The biochemical indices, microbial count, and sensory score of the treated sample was significantly lower (P < .05) than the untreated sample at day 15. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of this biopreservation technique, which could provide a new alternative in preservation techniques, as well as impact shelf life and product safety.

The Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Penaeid Shrimps from Mumbai Coast, Maharashtra

The commercial Penaeid shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus H. Milne-Edwards, 1837, Parapenaeopsis stylifera H. Milne-Edwards, 1837 and Solenocera crassicornis H. Milne-Edwards, 1837 were collected to estimate phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status amongst other members of Family Penaeidae from Fishing Area 51. The present results suggest that Fenneropenaeus indicus, Parapenaeopsis stylifera and Solenocera crassicornis from different locations or countries from Fishing Area 51 belong to the same genetic population. This study revealed the identification of shrimp species based on the molecular approach using mitochondrial COI gene marker. Sequence of Penaeid shrimps, Fenneropenaeus indicus (MK488093), Parapenaeopsis stylifera (MH724294) and Solenocera crassicornis (MK511444) from Mumbai, western coast of Maharashtra were published in NCBI. This result will be useful for obtaining the intraspecific and interspecific genetic distance, genetic biodiversity of the population structure and for the conservation and management of these resources. P. stylifera and S. crassicornis shows close relation with each other and F. indicus form different clade.

Microplastic Abundance in Blood Cockles and Shrimps from Fishery Market, Songkhla Province, Southern Thailand

Microplastics have been one of the major pollutants in the marine environment throughout the recent decade. At present, microplastic contamination in marine ecosystems of Thailand region has become an increasing environmental concern because the ingestion of microplastics in marine organisms may adversely influence the safety of seafood. Cockles and shrimps widely distribute among marine organisms in Thailand since they are one of the commercial sources of seafood, which may be a route of exposure to microplastics towards human. This study documents a market survey in order to understand the extension of microplastic presence in blood cockles (Anadara granosa), fine shrimp (Metapenaeus elegans) and Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) sold in the fishery market in Singhanakorn district, Songkhla province. These selected species are widely consumed and economically important, especially in the southern Thailand region. The total microplastic concentration in blood cockles is 4.71±0.06 n/g (wet weight) and 2.64±0.01 n/individual; in fine shrimp is 0.50±0.19 n/g (wet weight) and 3.70±1.12 n/individual; in Indian white shrimp is 0.69±0.48 n/g (wet weight) and 3.45±0.04n/individual. Discovered microplastics in all the species samples were mainly composed of microplastic fibres and black colour was found to be more predominant. Our results indicate that microplastic contamination is present in Thailand’s commercial seafood species. As microplastic able to be transferred to human through food web, we suggest further market-based survey studies on other seafood sources.

Molecular and Functional Characterization of an Anti-lipopolysaccharide Factor Mm-ALF from Speckled Shrimp Metapenaeus monoceros.

Anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs) are antimicrobial peptides of approximately 100 amino acid residues with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. It is an amphipathic peptide with an N-terminal hydrophobic region and a lipopolysaccharide binding domain (LBD). In the present study, we report an isoform of the anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (Mm-ALF) from the speckled shrimp, Metapenaeus monoceros. A 359bp cDNA encoded 119 amino acids, and the sequence showed 99.16% similarity to ALF from the shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus. The mature peptide of 94 amino acids has a net charge of +8, molecular weight 10.62kDa, and pI 10.11. The mature peptide Mm-ALF was recombinantly expressed in E. coli Rosetta-gami cells, and the peptide was isolated and purified. The rMm-ALF exhibited notable antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella tarda, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio proteolyticus, Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio fluvialis) bacteria.

Evidence of Marine Microplastics in Commercially Harvested Seafood.

Microplastic pollution is a global issue that has a detrimental impact on food safety. In marine environments, microplastics are a threat to marine organisms, as they are often the same size range as prey and are mistaken as food. Consumption of microplastics has led to the damage of digestive organs and a reduction in growth and reproductive output. In this study, microplastic pollution was assessed across three commercially available shrimp species that were obtained from the supermarkets of Singapore. A total of 93 individuals were studied from the Pacific white leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, the Argentine red shrimp Pleoticus muelleri and the Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus. Microplastic fibers, fragments, film and spheres were identified from the digestive tract of these organisms. Microplastic abundance ranged from 13.4 to 7050 items. F. indicus exhibited the highest number of microplastics. Microplastic film was the most abundant in L. vannamei individuals (93–97%) and spheres were the most abundant in P. muelleri (70%) and F. indicus (61%) individuals. This study demonstrates that microplastic contamination is evident in commonly consumed shrimp and highlights the role of shrimp in the trophic transfer and accumulation of microplastics in seafood. The consumption of microplastic-containing seafood is a route of exposure to humans and has implications on human health and food security. Capsule: Microplastics were examined in three shrimp species from the supermarkets of Singapore. Microplastics ranged from 13.4 to 7050 items of shrimp.

Biopreservation of Shrimps Using Composed Edible Coatings from Chitosan Nanoparticles and Cloves Extract

Shrimps are highly valuable and perishable foodstuff that could be rapidly spoiled. Chitosan (Cht) was extracted and transformed into nanoparticles (NPs) via ionic gelation and fortified with cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) buds extract (CLE) for usage as antimicrobial composites against food-borne bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus) and as edible coating (EC) for shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) biopreservation throughout refrigerated storage. The synthesized CLE/Cht-NPs were electrostatically cross-linked and appeared with spherical shapes and homogenized distribution, with 159.4 nm mean size diameter and positive charge of 17.4 mV. The entire agents (Cht-NPs, CLE, and CLE/Cht-NPs) exhibited remarkable antibacterial activities toward all food-borne pathogens; CLE/Cht-NPs were significantly the most forceful. The scanning micrographs of treated S. typhimurium with CLE/Cht-NPs displayed NPs ability to attach and destroy bacterial cells. The ECs-treated shrimps exhibited sharp decrease in microbial groups load (aerobic microorganisms, E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, and staphylococci) during refrigerated storage (4 ± 1°C) for 10 days. Additionally, the sensorial attributes (appearance, odor, color, and texture) of EC-treated samples preserved their elevated qualities for storage duration. The most effective EC blend contained 1.5% from Cht/NPs and 1.0% from CLE. The CLE/Cht-NPs could be impressively recommended as effectual natural composites for shrimps’ biopreservation during cold storage.

Identification and characterization of bioactive pigment carotenoids from shrimps and their biofilm inhibition

Bioactive carotenoids were isolated from different body components (head and carapace) of 3 types of shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus, Metapenaeus ensis, and Penaeus semisulcatus) using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and extracted pigments used for bacterial biofilm inhibition studies. The quantitative distribution of carotenoid substances in the skull and exterior covering body parts of shrimp exhibit low carotenoid intensities (165.1 µg/g and 150.7 µg/g, respectively). Isolated pigments showed a unique single band (orange in color) with retention times ranging from 2.9 to 3.09 min in reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Functional group arrangement was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and globular nature visualized through scanning electron microscopy. Shrimp carotenoids presented higher microbial inhibitory action against gram-positive strains than against gram-negative strains. Biofilm inhibitory concentration was determined for these bacterial strains and biofilm suppression was established and envisaged through in situ microscopic analysis. Practical applications Our research study outcomes established that bioactive pigment carotenoids displayed the remarkable antibacterial activity against both types (gram positive and gram negative) of bacteria, and no hemolytic activity. Specifically, shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus, Fenneropenaeus indicus, Metapenaeus ensis and Penaeus monodon) derived pigment carotenoids exhibited the antimicrobial activity against the clinical pathogens tested; shrimp carotenoids possess effective anti-biofilm activity; it could also exterminate formed bacterial biofilms. Further studies effect of shrimp carotenoids on virulent bacterial cells and its resistance mechanism would be confirmed by an animal model, which we will implement later.

Molecular, histopathologic and electron microscopic analysis of white spot syndrome virus in wild shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) in the coastal waters of Iran.

So far, there have been no studies on the distribution of viral white spot syndrome in wild Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) brooders at Iranian capture sites. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in wild Indian white shrimps in Iran, using PCR, histopathologic, and electron microscopic surveys. The samples were collected within two seasons (autumn and spring) and from two provinces (six capture sites), from the major hatcheries providing spawners. Eight hundred thirty-three samples were collected and analyzed first by PCR, after which the positive samples were examined using histological tests, and if inclusion bodies were observed, electron microscopy was also used. White spot syndrome virus was detected only at the capture sites in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, where the mean infection rate was significantly higher in the spring (8.7%) than in the autumn (2.03%). At the Chabahar, Pasabandar, and Govater capture sites, the mean infection rate was significantly higher (4.9%, 2.1%, and 9.2%, respectively), than in Hormozgan Province. The results showed that there was no significant difference in infection rate between the two different sizes and sexes of shrimps (P < 0.05). Phylogeny analysis revealed a close relationship between the viruses from this study and those in other Asian countries, including China, India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Taiwan, and South Korea. It is possible that the virus has spread across the Indian Ocean to other countries. Therefore, the spawners in this study, particularly those collected during the spring and those from capture sites in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, were found to be more susceptible to WSSV infection, and the virus might have been transmitted vertically from WSSV-infected brooders to post-larvae.

Analysis of Fish Export Management in Panipahan, Rokan Hilir, Riau Province

This survey research was conducted in Panipahan, Rokan Hilir Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia on 1 March - 15 July 2019. The purpose of this study was to determine the profile of marine fish export companies, to analyze the management of marine fish exports, and to analyze the contribution of marine fish exports in Panipahan. Respondents consisted of 10 fishermen are determined purposively, and two export companies taken by census. The data collected is analyzed using descriptive methods. The results showed that the marine fish export from Panipahan to Malaysia carried out by two companies. The frequency exports is 15 times a month. The average volume of fish per export is 43.22 tons. The types of fish that are exported are senangin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum), kembung (Scromberomorus sp.), bawal (Pampus argenteus), kelong shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus), and bawal bintang (Manta sp.). The contribution of foreign exchange from fish exports of Panipahan was IDR15.322 billion or 38% of the total foreign exchange contributed by Rokan Hilir (IDR40.320 billion).

A comparison of the severity of white spot disease in cultured shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) at a farm level in Egypt. I-Molecular, histopathological and field observations

A comparison of the severity of white spot disease in cultured shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) at a farm level in Egypt. I-Molecular, histopathological and field observations

New insights from nuclear and mitochondrial markers on the genetic diversity and structure of the Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus among the marginal seas in the Indian Ocean

Genetic variation in wild stocks of a major commercial shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicus, from the marginal seas in the Indian Ocean was analysed using polymorphic microsatellite loci and mitochondrial COI gene. The average observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.44 ± 0.02) and the expected heterozygosity (He = 0.73 ± 0.01) were high across loci and populations indicating high microsatellite variation. Pairwise FST and Bayesian clustering indicated the occurrence of four genetically distinct stocks out of the eight sampled populations with implications for specific management approaches. Mantel test for isolation by distance proved that genetic differentiation is not related to geographic distance between populations. Mitochondrial COI sequence analysis showed concordant differentiation pattern as well indicated the relevance of COI in population genetics of shrimps. Pairwise ɸST and phylogenetic and Bayesian analyses revealed four distinct clades, as observed with nuclear markers. Divergence time analysis revealed the origin and initial divergence of F. indicus corresponds to late Miocene and divergence to phylogroups in the Pleistocene. BSP analysis presented a long stable population size with a slight decrease in the late Pleistocene and gradually expanded to the current status. The information here will be useful in commercial shrimp breeding and selection programmes and management of natural stocks of Indian white shrimp.

EFFECT OF PROBIOTICS AND CARBON SOURCES ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND SURVIVAL OF INDIAN WHITE SHRIMP (FENNEROPENAEUS INDICUS) UNDER BIOFLOC TECHNOLOGY

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of different sources of carbon with and without addition of probiotics on growth performance, and feed utilization of Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus), in addition to water quality of biofloc production system. Control diet (35% CP), in addition to eight treatments based on partial and complete substitution of artificial feeds were used. The biofloc used in the treatments were collected from different reactors with different carbon source (Corn flour and Barley flour) with and without probiotics addition. The experiment lasted for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, the results indicated that there were significant differences between treatments in growth performance and feed utilization. The highest survival was shown by the shrimp fed with barley flour fed biofloc without probiotics and control treatments (100 ± 0.0%), while the lowest survival was shown by the shrimp fed with corn flour fed biofloc with probiotics (54 ± 1.0%). The highest specific growth rate was obtained in the control treatment (1.66 ± 0.02%) while, the shrimp fed with biofloc from barley flour carbon source without probiotics showed almost similar specific growth rate (1.61± 0.02) to that of the control treatment. The biofloc fed shrimp showed promising growth values indicating that the biofloc was sufficient for supporting shrimp growth under commercial farming conditions. Hence, the overall experiments allow concluding that based on its nutritional value; the biofloc offers an alternative strategy for an efficient use of nutrient input in aquaculture systems.

Genetic parameters of survival in four generations of Indian white shrimp (Fenneropeneaus indicus)

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the genetic variance for survival at harvest of Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) using a pedigreed synthetic population generated upon collecting broodstock from different fishery grounds in Egypt. The estimated heritabilities (h 2 ± SE) of survival from generations G0 to G3 ranged from 0.144 ± 0.026 to 0.008 ± 0.030 using a model that included the common environmental effect (c 2). Low heritability (0.014 ± 0.015) was estimated across generations with the inclusion of common environmental effect (c 2). However, the h 2 of survival from G0 to G1 ranged from 0.569 ± 0.071 to 0.410 ± 0.011 when c 2 was not included. The genetic correlation for survival between different ponds from G0 to G3 was moderate to high (0.79 ± 0.042 to 0.83 ± 0.012) but significantly different (P < 0.05). There were low correlation coefficients (−0.237 ± 0.089 to 0.316 ± 0.073) between body weight estimated breeding value (EBV) and survival EBV of families in four generations.

Genetic, nutritional and pathological investigations on the effect of feeding low protein diet and biofloc on growth performance, survival and disease prevention of Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of feeding low protein diets (~20BFd20.13; ~22BFd22.20; ~24BFd24.32, and ~26BFd26.44) in the presence of the biofloc on the growth performance and feed utilization of (Fenneropenaeus indicus) in comparison with commercial feed of 35% CP as control. The present study was based on application of genetic, nutritional and pathological tools. The biofloc was developed in the low protein diet using molasses as a carbon source. Fifty juveniles F. indicus with an average body weight of 0.52 ± 0.03 g were stocked in 50 L plastic tanks. Low protein diets and the control were tested in three replicates over a 112 days feeding trial. There were significant differences in protein, amino acids profile, lipids and fatty acids profile between the control and low diets group in the presence of the biofloc. However, less variation was noticed in the whole body composition (protein, amino acid profile, lipids and fatty acid profiles) of the shrimp between the control and low diets groups in the presence of the biofloc. There were no significant differences in final weight between control and low diets groups. Same trend was noted in the SGR, which did not vary significantly between low protein diets and control. However, the utilization of the biofloc by shrimp as a feed source was evident by the significant differences (P< 0.05) in FCR between low protein diets and control. There was a significant difference in the shrimp survival (%) (P< 0.05) between the low protein diets and the control which ranged between 86.66 % and 66.66 %, respectively. The development of biofloc significantly reduced the TAN, nitrate NO3-N and nitrite NO2-N levels in the low protein diets tanks. Diagnostic of mortality cases revealed that biofloc can serve as a biosecurity system for shrimp farmimg. RAPD-PCR were used to study the epidemiology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus responsible for early mortality syndrome (EMS) isolated from the water of culture system. The OPC5 (GATGACCGCC) primer produced bands ranged from 1 to 8 with sizes from 0.2–5.0 kb.

Physicochemical properties of anti Vibrio harveyi egg yolk antibody (IgY) and its immunological influence in Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus

Edible antibodies specific to host pathogens is an attractive approach to establish protective immunity, especially against gastrointestinal pathogens both in humans and animals. The edible antibody of anti-Vibrio harveyi IgY (anti-V. h IgY) was produced by antigen mixed with immunoadjuvant Asparagus racemosus and Glycine max. Hens were immunized and eggs were collected five weeks after the immunization. Anti-V. harveyi IgY stability in different digestive enzymes such as trypsin and chymotrypsin were evaluated to determine its ability to withstand in the gastrointestinal tract of F. indicus. Specific binding activity and concentration (average 9.5% of total IgY content) of the anti-V. h IgY were determined by the ELISA using V. harveyi antigen. Further the anti-V. h IgY diets including V.h wo, V.h A, V.h G and control diets were fed to F. indicus for 60 days. After 30 and 60 of feeding, group of shrimps were challenged with virulent V. harveyi. After the respective days of feeding, haematological and immunological changes were studied. The parameters including total haemocyte count (THC), coagulase activity, oxyhaemocyanin level, prophenoloxidase, intracellular superoxide anion production, lysozyme, phagocytosis and bacterial agglutinin had significantly (P ≤ .001) increased in the experimental groups in comparission with the control diet fed shrimps. The anti-V. h IgY coated diets helped to reduce the Vibrio load and boosted the immune system in F. indicus's against V. harveyi challenge. The research work shows the potential applications of egg yolk antibodies as anti-bacterial prophylactic uses for infectious diseases and suggests an edible antibody concept as an alternative to conventional antibiotics.

Length-weight relationship and certain biological aspects of the Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) exploited by trawls in the Arabian Sea off Kerala coast, India

Length-weight relationship (LWR), sex ratio and maturity of Fenneropenaeus indicus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), was analysed based on samplings from coastal trawl fishing grounds in the Arabian Sea off Kerala coast, India. The male tofemale ratio (1:1.27) did not vary significantly from the hypothetical 1:1 ratio. Length at maturity (Lm50) was estimated at 122 mm total length for females. The LWR did not differ significantly between male and female shrimps. The information generated from this study will enhance knowledge on the biology of the species and assist in assessment and management of its stock.

A study on β-glucan binding protein (β-GBP) and its involvement in phenoloxidase cascade in Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus

The present study reports the purification of novel immune molecule β-1, 3 glucan binding protein from the heamolymph of the Indian white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicus (Fiβ-GBP). The purified Fiβ-GBP had 95kDa molecular weight in SDS-PAGE analysis. MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis revealed that the purified Fiβ-GBP showed similarity to various crustacean proteins; 48 and 46% similarity was observed for β-1, 3 glucan binding protein of Chinese white shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis and banana shrimp Fenneropenaeus merguiensis, with MOWSE score of 3.11e+12 and 2.05e+8, respectively. The phenoloxidase activity (PO) of Fiβ-GBP was evaluated and, in the presence of laminarin, PO activity increased significantly. Substrate specificity assay demonstrated that Fiβ-GBP had the specific binding site for soluble or insoluble β-glucan (laminarin), since the PO activity increased in the presence of laminarin when compared to other sugars. Enzymatic activities revealed that the optimum temperature and pH for Fiβ-GBP activating PO were 40°C and pH 7–8. Moreover, even at 100°C Fiβ-GBP enhanced PO activity highlighting that Fiβ-GBP was thermostable and thermophilic in nature. Among various divalent metallic ions, Fiβ-GBP significantly promoted the PO activity in presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+. The breakdown of para nitroanilide from Nα−Benzoyl-l-Arginine 4-Nitroanilide hydrochloride showed that serine protease activity was induced by Fiβ-GBP and also increased concentration of Fiβ-GBP evoked the activity. Furthermore, hemolytic activity tests revealed that PO reaction product induced RBC membrane damage and cell shrinkage. Lastly, Baclight bacterial viability assays showed maximum killing effect of PO reaction product on both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

Shelf-Life of Indian White Shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus Stored in Different Icing Conditions

The Shelf-life of farmed Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus, formerly Penaeus indicus stored in ice using three different ratios of ice for 22 days was evaluated. During the storage period, changes in sensory characteristics, TMA-N levels, pH values and total bacterial count (TBC) were investigated, where the results showed a clear deterioration in the appearance, texture and odor of F. indicus from the 10th day in the samples stored at a shrimp to ice ratio of 1:1 and from the 12th day in the samples stored at a ratio of 1:2, while no such deterioration was observed in the samples stored at ratio of 1:3 until the 18th day of storage. The TMA-N levels increased with time during the icing storage. The TBC of the normal flora in the flesh of F. indicus increased with the time of storage. Changes in the sensory characteristics were associated with the changes in TMAN, pH and TBC, showing that the 1:2 ratio did not significantly extend the shrimp shelf-life compared to 1:1, whereas 1:3 significantly delayed the deterioration rate of quality, providing the longest shelf-life and the highest quality shrimp. The shelf-life extended to 9, 11 and 17 days at ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 (shrimp to ice), respectively. Therefore, for storage purposes in ice, using a large amount of ice at a 1:3 ratio is recommended, as it extended the shelf-life to the greatest extent in this study.

Haemolytic and antibiofilm properties of haemocyanin purified from the haemolymph of Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus

Haemocyanin (Hc) is an important non-specific immune macromolecule present in the haemolymph of both mollusks and crustaceans. In the present study, Hc was purified from the haemolymph of Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus by gel filtration chromatography and it exhibits a single band with a molecular weight of 74 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) result of purified Hc express single peak at 31.5° be a sign of crystalline nature and appear as a single peak with a retention time of 5.6 min signify the homogeneity nature of the protein respectively. The purified Hc exhibited haemolytic activity against chicken erythrocytes. The haemolytic activity of purified Hc in optimum conditions observed to be pH 6.0, temperature 40 °C, in the presence of calcium. As well purified Hc exhibited the antibiofilm activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Moreover, the haemolysis can be inhibited to different degrees by osmoprotectants of diverse molecular masses, signifying that it follows a colloid-osmotic mechanism. This study conclude that purified Hc from F. indicus remarkably possess haemolytic and antibiofilm activity.