Tire Shreds Research Articles

Laboratory Studies on Scaled Physical Building Models Founded on Sand–Rubber Tire Shred Mixtures

Laboratory Studies on Scaled Physical Building Models Founded on Sand–Rubber Tire Shred Mixtures

Reusability of Scrap Rubber, Tire Shredding, Recycled PVC and Fly Ash for Development of Composites with Vibration Damping Ability.

The study focuses on harnessing recycled materials to create sustainable and efficient composites, addressing both environmental issues related to waste management and industrial requirements for materials with improved vibration damping properties. The research involves the analysis of the physico-mechanical properties of the obtained composites and the evaluation of their performance in practical applications. Composite materials were tested in terms of their tensile strength and vibration damping capabilities, considering stress-strain diagrams, vibration amplitudes, frequency response functions (FRFs) and vibration modes. The research results have shown that by adding PVC and FA to the rubber-based matrix composition, the stiffness decreases and elasticity increases. The use of FA in the structure of composite materials causes an increase in the vibration damping possibilities due to the fact that it contributes to the chemical properties of the analyzed composite materials. Additionally, the use of PVC results in increased material elasticity, as evidenced by the higher damping factor compared to materials containing only rubber. Simultaneously, the addition of FA and PVC in specific proportions (60 phr) can lead to a decrease in stiffness and a greater increase in the damping factor. The incorporation of PVC and fly ash (FA) particles into rubber-based matrix composites reduces their stiffness and increases their elasticity. These effects are due to the fact that FA particles behave as extensions of chemical bonds during traction, which contributes to the increase in yield elongation. In addition, the use of flexible PVC increases the elasticity of the material, which is evidenced by the increase in the damping factor.

Characterization of embankment material using sand tire mix as additive and validating the results obtained from large scale direct shear test in Abaqus software

Laboratory direct shear tests often overlook larger particles due to limitations in shear box design, resulting in an inadequate portrayal of real-world soil conditions. To address this gap, the use of large-scale direct shear apparatus capable of accommodating larger particles is essential. However, conducting such tests with varied sizes of tire shreds, mixing ratios, and loads is intricate and resource-intensive. Therefore, the utilization of numerical modeling is suggested to simulate sand-tire mixtures under diverse conditions. This study presents conclusions derived from comparing numerical results with experimental observations, demonstrating a close correspondence between the two. It offers a comprehensive examination of the impact of sand and shredded tires mixtures on shear strength, indicating a consistent pattern: increased quantities of tire shreds correspond to heightened friction angles. Furthermore, specimens containing larger shredded tire particles display elevated friction angles, implying a possible connection between particle size and frictional behavior. This investigation underscores the importance of numerical modeling as a cost-efficient and effective approach to complement experimental inquiries, enriching our comprehension of soil-tire mixture dynamics and guiding practical applications in transportation and geotechnical engineering.

Perilaku Geoteknis Tanah Lanau yang Distabilisasi dengan Serutan Karet Ban

Recently, developments in the geotechnical-environmental engineering field have become more attractive. One of the interesting efforts to be researched is how the geotechnical behavior of silty soil reinforced with fiber from shredded tires. This study aims to evaluate silty soil's mechanical properties, which are stabilized with shredded tires. This research involved shredded tire from used tire shreds with proportions of 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% by dry weight of soil sample. The tests of soil physical properties and mechanical properties were conducted to evaluate the characteristics of the mixture soil. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS), shear strength, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and cracking behavior were verified to evaluate the behavior of the silty soil–shredded tires mixture. The results showed that adding 2% shredded tires performed satisfied on some of the mechanical properties tested. These results illustrate the potential of utilizing shredded tires waste as an alternative material that can reduce tire rubber waste.

Efficiency and Durability Assessment of Soil Stabilization using Waste Tire Shreds

Tire waste constitutes an undesirable surplus within urban industrial contexts, presenting a persistent annual increase on a global scale. Consequently, the reduction of tire waste through alternative approaches has attracted the interest of researchers around the world. This study evaluated the efficacy of using tire shreds as soil stabilizers to enhance the strength properties of the mixture in three proportions. Tire shred content of 10, 20, and 30% resulted in reduced CBR values of 3.3, 2.98, and 2.3%, respectively, compared to 4.4% without tire shred content. In addition, the direct shear test revealed that the increase in tire shred content significantly increased shear stress, as 10, 20, and 30% tire shred content resulted in 82.25, 84.14, and 85.87 kPa, respectively. Consequently, tire pieces can be used along with soil as an alternative mixture material in retaining structures.

Bearing capacity of circular footings on multi-layered sand-waste tire shreds reinforced with geogrids

The presence of waste tires poses an environmental challenge as they occupy a significant amount of land and are expensive to dispose in landfills. However, reusing waste tires can address this issue when waste tires are used in geotechnical applications. To determine the viability of this approach, laboratory-scale tests were conducted to investigate load-bearing capacity of circular footings on sand-tire shred (STS) mixtures with shredded waste tire contents of 5%–15% by weight and three different widths of shreds. The investigation focused on analyzing the thickness of layers composed of STS mixtures, the soil cap, and the impact of geogrids on bearing capacity. The results indicate that a specific mixture of sand and tire shreds provides the highest footing-bearing capacity. In addition, the optimal shred content and size were found to be 10% by weight and 2 cm × 10 cm, respectively. Furthermore, for a given tire shred width, a particular length provides the largest bearing capacity. The results agree well with that of previous research conducted by the first author and his colleagues in direct shear and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests. The primary finding of this research is that the use of two-layered STS mixtures reinforced by geogrids significantly enhances the bearing capacity.

Investigation on Behavior of Stone Columns in Soils under Predominant Settlement

Abstract: Recent advances have made stone columns more efficient and effective for addressing soil instability and improving the load-bearing capacity of weak soils. The present study aims to show that the behavior of stone columns can support most of the load transferred to the soil. The use of innovative materials, such as recycled glass, plastic, or tire shreds, as a replacement for traditional stone fill, has been investigated in recent years and has shown promising results in cost and sustainability. The development of advanced numerical modeling techniques, such as finite element analysis, has enabled engineers to understand the behavior of stone columns better and optimize their design for specific soil conditions. The load-displacement characteristics are considered governing parameters for understanding the capacity of stone columns. The study reveals that, stone column method significantly increases strength with the use of concrete waste lo demolished waste rather than stone aggregate, which can overcome this soil behavior. Additionally, stone columns are helpful for soil stabilization in areas with high water tables when other stabilization techniques are ineffective

Freeze/Thaw Resistance of Mortar with Recycled Tyre Waste at Varying Particle Sizes.

There is a growing concern for finding alternative solutions to construction materials in order to minimise their environmental impact as well as enhancing their service life. This study investigated the durability of cementitious mortars prepared by replacing fine aggregate (sand) with recycled tyre shreds and crumbs, aiming at providing an alternative outlet to tyre waste disposal. Tyre shreds obtained at different particle sizes, from fibres of 0.5-5.0 mm to crumbs of 0.1-0.85 mm in diameter, were used as fine aggregate replacement at 20% by volume. The strength of the mortar samples, their thermal conductivity and their water absorption rate were tested at the age of 28 days and after 20 freeze/thaw cycles. The results showed that the mortar containing tyre crumbs at lower particle sizes resulted in negligible shrinkage, improved freeze/thaw resistance, a reduced water absorption by up to 52% and an improved thermal resistivity.

Application of Circular Economy in Oil and Gas Produced Water Treatment

The circular economy (CE) is a promising model in industrial waste management, offering viable long-term resource sustainability. The rising costs of the oil and gas industry make circularity a reliable approach for saving materials, money, and energy. In recent years, attention has risen to the need to apply CE within oil and gas produced water (PW) treatment. The most common treatment practice for PW is based on mechanical treatment, with optional disposal of treated water into deep wells. However, this procedure consumes a lot of energy, increases operational costs, and causes environmental risks. This research aims to propose sustainable treatment technology promoting circularity by introducing a novel nature-based solution to treat PW. The main research objective is to develop a circular model for PW treatment by investigating the treatment of PW using constructed wetlands (CWs) to sustainably reduce the amount of waste in oil and gas fields. Additionally, investigate the use of industrial wastes as filtration materials for CW systems. In this study, eight different laboratory-scale CWs models were designed and tested. The CWS operated in two different types of flow directions: vertical (VF) and horizontal flow (HF). The main filter media for the CW system included aggregates, activated carbons, plastic, and shredded tires. The study investigated the removal rates of Total suspended solids (TSS), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Oil and Grease (OG), and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) from the PW. Testing the CWs, it was found that the results of the PW treatment were promising, with the potential for more future shredded tires and plastic applications. All systems were effective at removing contaminants from produced water, with the highest recorded removal efficiencies of 94.8% TSS, 33.7% TDS, 90.2% OG, and 98.4% TPH. The research results were efficient and promoted the circular use of CW in PW treatment in addition to the possibility of reusing the treated effluent in agriculture and irrigation.

Technology of production of environmentally safe road pavements with new content by recycling tires

This scientific article proposes the technology of recycling tires and obtaining an environmentally safe finished product. In this, the technology of creating road pavements with a new composition through the composition of secondary tire shreds and interactive phosphogypsum components has been developed. Technological processes, new methods, ingredients are studied in the article. Researched in chemical methods.

Mechanical properties of dredged soil reinforced with natural pozzolan and shredded tires

The utilization of waste materials is still an interesting subject to investigate. The dredged soil (DS) was classified as a waste material that requires more effort to improve its mechanical properties. Adding natural pozzolan (NP) material and shredded tires (ST) can be an exciting field to investigate and quite friendly to the environment. This research objective investigates the mechanical properties of the dredged soil stabilized with natural pozzolan material and shredded tires as a new way of green engineering. This research involved trass as a natural pozzolan and shredded tires as car-used tires waste retreading factory. Basic and mechanical properties tests were investigated, including standard proctor, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and direct shear of the stabilized dredged soil. The proportions of involved trass were 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%, while the proportions of shredded tires were 2% and 3% to the maximum dry weight of the material sample. These mechanical properties tests were conducted in a curing period of 7, 14, and 28 days. This recent research shows an increase in the maximum dry weight of the stabilizing soil to the untreated soil by 0.5% - 1.7%. While for the compressive strength value, an increase in the UCS value by 175% - 324% was revealed. Furthermore, there was an increased shear strength value, and it was found that the increase in cohesion value (c) was 6% - 83%, and the increase in internal friction angle value (ϕ) was 31% - 98%.

Sustainability effect of geogrid reinforced tire-shred sand mixtures on the load pressure-settlement response of shallow footing

This study aims to observe the possibility of using tire shreds as sustainable waste materials by including a geogrid wrap-around sheet to improve the response of load-settlement of the sandy bed. Therefore, a series of physical modeling tests were conducted to investigate the behavior of tyre-shred-geogrid reinforced sand under static plate loading. Experimental tests on tire-shred sand reinforced with geogrid sheets were carried out in the first step. Next, laboratory tests were conducted on tire-shredded sand with geogrid wraparound sheets, and the results were compared with the initial experiment. In terms of the parameters studied, the total depth of the tire-shred with planar and wraparound layers, the length and overlaps of the wraparound layers, and the space between the wraparound geogrid sheets were analyzed. According to the results, the inclusion of tire-shields in reinforced soil foundations with wraparound geogrid layers significantly improved the load-bearing capacity. Additionally, both planar and folded geogrid sheets had bearing capacity ratios greater than 3 and 4.5. The carrying capacity of soil-tire shred reinforced with inclusion of geogrid sheet is superior to that of geogrid-reinforced soil without tire shred.

Recovery of Mixtures of Construction Waste, PET and Sugarcane Bagasse for the Manufacture of Partition Blocks.

The building industry generates millions of tons of construction and demolition waste annually (12 million tons/year are generated in Mexico, of which only 4% is reused or recycled). Concomitantly, the demand for goods and services by the building industry causes significant environmental impacts. On the other hand, plastic waste is also difficult to assimilate into the environment in the short term, and its recovery is of special interest. Therefore, this research focuses on the feasibility of the manufacture of Partition Blocks (essential building element) through the combination of construction and demolition waste (CDW), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic flakes, dust from tire shredding, and residue from the sugar industry (bagasse). The results of this study show that the Partition Blocks made with CDW and PET reach an average compressive strength of 115.003 kgf/cm2 (11.278 MPa) (suitable for structural use according to Mexican regulations); the use of lime enhances the consistency of the mixture of CDW and PET (increases its cohesion and homogeneity); and finally, these Partition Blocks have a cost comparable to the current conventional Partition Blocks made with virgin material, thus, conferring them validity as a feasible recycling option for these residues.

Numerical evaluation of tire chips–filled trench barriers for effective vibration isolation

Ground vibrations induced by man-made sources like vibrating machinery, vehicular movement, traffic, construction activities involving pile driving, blasting, dynamic compaction, etc., are rising rapidly and may disrupt nearby sensitive equipment, distress, and damage sub-structures. Therefore, vibration isolation is necessary to mitigate ground-borne vibrations with suitable techniques in the present-day context. Trench barriers are one of the most efficient techniques when the other isolation techniques are inefficient at the source. Although the open trench barriers are the most efficient, their stability is still a significant concern. Hence, these trenches are generally filled with suitable absorbing materials such as sawdust, geofoam, and concrete. The present study has attempted to explore the feasibility of using shredded tire chips as an infill material by evaluating their performance using the finite element method. The performance of tire chips–filled trench barriers predicted using FE analysis is also compared with the performance of other common infill materials such as sawdust and geofoam. Numerical studies show that the vibration isolation efficiency and their performance are highly sensitive to the shear wave velocity of the soil and infill material density for infill trenches. The key findings of the study suggest that shredded tire chips can also be used as an infill material in trenches for reducing ground-borne vibrations, and its performance is comparable with geofoam-filled trenches.

Evaluation of the effect of recycled rubber aggregate size on concrete for sustainable applications of rubberised concrete in impact resistant structures: Experimental and numerical study

Rubberised concrete has been suggested for structures subjected to dynamic loadings, such as impact and blast, however, the understanding of the dynamic behaviour with rubber replacement and the influence of the particle size is still limited. This paper investigates the impact behaviour of rubberised concrete using both experimental and numerical studies. Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar tests under higher strain rates up to 181 s−1 were used to analyse the experimental dynamic behaviour using concrete specimens with a low volume of coarse and fine aggregates replaced by tyre shreds (15 mm) and tyre crumbs (2–4 mm), respectively. Under the same impact, rubberised concrete specimens demonstrated ductile failures, high dynamic increase factors, and increased normalised toughness moduli. Furthermore, rubberised concrete with the larger tyre particles showed increased ductility and normalised toughness moduli than that with the smaller tyre particles. Conversely, the specimens with smaller tyre particles were revealed to have higher dynamic strengths and dynamic increase factors. The numerical model in LS-DYNA, using the Karagozian and Case material model, was calibrated to reflect the observed rubberised concrete experimental performance. The calibration technique was validated by accurately predicting the dynamic tyre particle size effect of rubberised concrete numerically. The results proved that low-level rubber replaced concrete can be potentially used in impact resistant structures as there is a good balance between quasi-static and increased dynamic impact resistance for more sustainable constructions.

Mechanical Behavior of Reinforced Embankment with Different Recycling Waste Fillers

The application of construction and demolition (C&D) waste and used tires in geotechnical engineering contributes to the demand of the sustainable development. This study mainly compared the mechanical behavior of pure sand embankment (PSE), C&D material embankment (CDME), sand-tire shreds mixture embankment (STSME) through a scale model test. Effects of tire shreds content, the first layer geocell reinforcement burial depth, geocell reinforcement depth and compaction degree on the bearing capacity of embankments were investigated. Moreover, embankment load-settlement ratio, the reinforced bearing capacity ratio, the bearing capacity improvement factor (IF), the embankment surface deformation, and the vertical earth pressure distribution inside the embankment were discussed. Results indicate that both C&D material fillers and sand-tire shreds mixture can improve the bearing capacity and stability of embankment slopes. However, C&D material is better than sand-tire shreds mixture in the improvement. The optimum value of tire shreds content is 5%. The reinforcement effect of geocell decreases with the increase of reinforcement depth. With the increase of the buried depth of the first layer, it first increases and then decreases. With the increase of compaction degree increases. The minimum earth pressure appears near the slope. The bearing capacity of CDME is greater than STSME. The ultimate bearing capacity of CDME under the action of the geocell is twice that of the unreinforced embankment.

Seismic Performance of Cantilever Retaining Walls with Tire Shreds as Compressible Inclusion

Seismic Performance of Cantilever Retaining Walls with Tire Shreds as Compressible Inclusion

Thermal conductivity of scrap tire rubber-sand composite as insulating material: Experimental investigation and predictive modeling

Scrap tire rubber of good thermal insulating properties can be reused with soils as a new sustainable construction material. While the heat conduction mechanism of this tire rubber-soil composite has not been fully understood. The present study investigated the thermal behavior of scrap tire rubber-sand composite for using it as an insulating material in thermo-active applications. Several series of thermal conductivity tests were conducted on scrap tire rubber-sand composite prepared with different sand/shredded tire particle size ratios, shredded tire mixing ratios, and degrees of saturation. A predictive model was developed within the framework of normalized thermal conductivity concept that could capture the experimental data. The results showed that addition of shredded tires leads to a considerable reduction in thermal conductivity of sand, indicating great potential of using recycled scrap rubber tires in the construction of insulation layers. With an increase in degree of saturation, the order of thermal conductivity increase was found to be: sand > scrap tire rubber-sand composite > shredded tires. The spatial distribution of solid particles changed from ‘rubber-connected insulation layer’ to ‘sand-encompassed conduction path’ with increasing sand/shreds tire particle size ratio. The normalized thermal conductivity exhibited a linearly increasing trend with shredded tire mixing ratio, and the increase rate mainly depended on degree of saturation and particle size ratio. The predicted thermal conductivity showed satisfactory accuracy for engineering design, as reflected by the absolute percentage difference being controlled under 25%. The validity of the prediction model was also demonstrated based on the experimental results reported in the published literature. Additional research is recommended to assess the effects of particle morphology on thermal conduction of the binary-solid particle system.

Sand–Tire Shred Mixture Performance in Controlling Surface Explosion Hazards That Affect Underground Structures

Blasting is an unavoidable activity in geotechnical engineering, road and tunnel construction, and mining and quarrying. However, this activity can expose the environment to various hazards that are challenging to control and, at the same time, critical for the safety of site workers, equipment, and surrounding structures. This research aims to evaluate the ability of sand–tire shred mixtures to reduce peak blast pressure, which is the leading cause of damage to underground structures under surface explosion. ABAQUS software is used to model the material behavior under explosion and is validated using the results of previous studies and an empirical equation. Different scenarios are created by using mixture layers with different thicknesses (2, 4, and 6 m) and tire shred contents (10%, 20%, and 30%) that are subjected to various surface explosion charges (100, 500, 1000, and 5000 kg). The thickness of the mixture layer is found to be directly related to the dissipation of explosion energy. However, the percentage of the rubber content in the mixture is only significant in reducing peak blast pressure when a thick enough mixture layer is used. The results confirm the adequate performance of the correctly chosen sand–tire shred mixtures in reducing peak blast pressure and protecting the underground structure from surface explosion hazards.

Application of geosynthetic inclusions in cohesion less soil reinforcement

Henry Vidal was the first to suggest that soil samples can be reinforced with strips, grids, and sheets. After that steel bars, tyre shreds, polypropylene, polyester, glass fibres, coir, jute fibres, and other components have regularly been added to the soil mass either spontaneously or in a normal, oriented manner. This research looks into a novel multi-oriented plastic reinforcing design (hexa-pods). On both unreinforced and reinforced soil samples, several laboratory experiments were carried out in a proper manner. Laboratory investigations such as direct shear teat and California bearing ratio (CBR) were done on soil samples without hexapods, and soil samples with random inclusion of hexapods, and soil samples with layered inclusion of hexapods. The results of the direct shear test reveal that the cohesive property of the soil sample and the frictional angle both increase after it is reinforced with inclusion in both the random and layered circumstances. With the similar compactive effort, random and layeredhexapod inclusions have enhanced their strength and stiffness. Hexapods with random inclusions are more resistant to penetration than hexapods with layered inclusions. After being treated with the hexa-pods, unreinforced sand samples became ductile.