Shredded Paper Research Articles

Improving Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Members Containing Waste Plastic by Adding Shredded Paper

This study is to investigate the effect of partially replacement of coarse aggregate by waste plastic and using the paper sludge as additive material at concrete, on the hardened concrete properties and its impact on structural behavior of the reinforced concrete members (slab, column, and beam). Plastics and paper are widely used in daily life in huge amounts. Both incineration and landfilling are options for disposing of plastic and paper waste, but either one could be harmful to the environment. Therefore, reducing waste or increasing its value can reduce pollution and reduce disposal costs. The variables of the experimental program include the ratio of waste plastic and paper sludge, the used ratios for plastic and paper were (5%, 10%, and 15%) by volume. Hardened concrete properties were investigated for concrete include: flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and splitting tensile strength. For each structural reinforced member, the (Load – Deflection) curve has been extracted. The study shows that the plastic waste negatively affects most of concrete properties. The research indicates that using waste plastic in reinforced concrete members with percentage of (5% and 10%) by volume as a partially replacement of coarse aggregate giving acceptable results. However, when adding (5%) by mixture volume of waste paper in reinforced concrete members, the load-deflection behavior and ultimate load-bearing capacity have been improved. In general, using waste plastic and paper sludge in concrete mixtures lead to reduction in ultimate load ranging between (4.62%-10.82%) for slab under point load, (4.85-18.99%) slab under distributed load, (3.72%-12.21%) column, and (1.78%-7.16%) beam specimens respectively.

Effects of Shredded Paper Mulch on Komatsuna Spinach under Three Soil Moisture Levels

Mulch has been considered effective for saving water and promoting plant growth. However, little has been investigated about the effect of mulch from recycled shredded paper under different soil moisture conditions on spinach growth. A pot-grown Komatsuna spinach experiment with a factorial design was conducted under two main conditions, with and without shredded paper mulch. Each of these conditions was treated with three different soil moisture levels (SWC) 20%, 25%, and 30%. The smallest evapotranspiration amount was in the mulch-only, no-plant treatment with SWC 20% (92.88 mm), and the largest was in the plant-only, no-mulch treatment (226.19 mm). All biomass yield attributions were negatively influenced by increasing the frequency of irrigation and SWC levels. SWC 20% with shredded mulch resulted in the largest dry matter, although it was statistically non-significant. But it resulted in taller plant heights and a larger leaf area index (LAI) compared to soil with no shredded mulch (p < 0.05). For SWC 25% and 30% treatments, Komatsuna spinach with no shredded mulch resulted in slightly superior plant dry matter and plant height, compared to mulched plants. These results suggest that SWC 20% with shredded paper mulch has the highest potential for saving water among all treatments for growing spinach under limited water availability.

Effects of mulches combination with different SWC on soil properties and soybean production

The use of water and nutrient balance in soil for the soybean establishment in farms needs to be the topmost priority without increasing the cost of production is needed in this high soybean consumption country, Japan. The objective of this study is to observe the five levels of water stress intensity on plant growth, yield, irrigation frequency, and soil chemical properties changes with the help of two biodegradable mulches was a goal in this sustainable soybean crop production. An experiment designed with two mulch types, shredded paper (SP) and living mulch clover (CL) with 5 SWC (Soil Water Contents) treatments were monitored for irrigation. Total N increased from the original soil N of 3.05 mg/g to 3.53-4.05 mg/g after harvest particularly under CL at medium SWC-2,3,4 levels (35% -15%). Lower SWC level affected more in CL mulched soybean for competition with nutrient and water resource utilization which led to lower soybean yield and earlier harvest. On the other hand, applying SP mulches benefit soybean yield but the total C/N return to soil results in microbial immobilization. To conclude, the soybean seed yield was highest at SWC level 5 for both mulches and clover plants’ best establishment in the SWC-3 level.

Feedstock composition influences vermicomposting performance of Dichogaster annae relative to Eudrilus eugeniae and Perionyx excavatus.

Carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio influences substrate combinations and earthworm performance in vermicomposting systems. To elucidate these factor effects, a comparative evaluation of species, C/N ratio combined with feed rate, was conducted on three local earthworm species: Perionyx excavatus, Eudrilus eugeniae, and Dichogaster annae. Earthworms were stocked at similar densities and fed shredded paper (SP), cattle manure (CM), and lawn clippings (LC) combined to form C/N ratios of 28, 36, and 53. Earthworms were fed at rates of 1, 1.25, and 2g feed (dry wt.)/g worm/day for a period of 8weeks. Percent vermiconversion, earthworm adult and juvenile biomass, and vermicast quality were measured. Vermicast production was significantly affected by the combination of C/N ratio and feed rate and varied among species. All treatment combinations resulted in > 70% conversion, except E. eugenaie fed at the medium rate. Vermiconversion increased for P. excavatus and D. annae with increasing C/N ratio but decreased with increasing the feed rate. Vermicast EC, pH, and C/N ratio was strongly affected by species, relative to other experimental factors. D. annae showed the greatest change in biomass, which peaked at the highest feed rate and lowest C/N ratio. Average adult biomass decreased for P. excavatus with increasing feed rate, while differences were nonsignificant for E. eugenaie and D. annae. Significant increases in average juvenile biomass were only evident for D. annae in response to increasing feed rates. Feed rate had a greater influence on earthworm population dynamics and vermicast quality compared to initial feedstock C/N ratio.

Comparison of nest-building materials in farrowing crates

The farrowing crate restricts the performance of natural behaviour of sows, such as nest building, by limiting both sow movement and use of suitable nest-building materials. Restriction leads to short- and long lasting changes in farrowing, maternal behaviour and lactation. We investigated the effects of the provision of a variety of nest-building materials in a restricted farrowing environment on sow behaviour, the course of farrowing, saliva cortisol concentrations and piglet performance. The study was carried out in two parts. In the first phase six materials were either attached to the farrowing crate or offered in amounts of 1–2 L in front of the sows (n = 40): Object on the ground, Object on the side, Wood shavings, Straw, Shredded paper and Newspaper. Video recordings of sow behaviour were analysed from 12 h prepartum until the sixth piglet of each litter was born. No differences in sow behaviour between the treatments were found. The results and functionality of the materials entailed that straw, wood shavings and newspaper were investigated further in second phase of our investigation. Data on the mortality of the piglets were collected by the farmer (n = 199 litters), post mortem examinations were performed on all dead piglets of 66 litters. Video recordings were analysed for pre- and peripartum behaviour (n = 19), salivary cortisol samples were collected twice daily and analysed from days −2 to +2 pre- and postpartum (n = 47). Mean litter weights were determined on days 2, 4, 6 and at weaning (n = 55). The newspaper group performed more nest-building (p = 0.04) and less bar-biting (p < 0.001) activities than the straw and the wood shavings groups. Mortality during lactation was lower in the straw group than in the other groups during the entire lactation period (p < 0.001), and lower in the straw group than in the wood shavings group during the first three days of lactation (p < 0.001). No differences in cortisol concentrations, piglet weight gain or in the course of farrowing were found. We conclude that different nesting materials stimulate sow peripartal behaviour differently, which in turn could impact upon sows behaviour, piglet performance and welfare.

A Novel Shredded Paper Stitching Algorithm Using Energy Function Based on Monte Carlo

A Novel Shredded Paper Stitching Algorithm Using Energy Function Based on Monte Carlo

Strength properties of composite clay balls containing additives from industry wastes as new filter media in water treatment

Pebble matrix filtration (PMF) is a water treatment technology that can remove suspended solids in highly turbid surface water during heavy storms. PMF typically uses sand and natural pebbles as filter media. Hand-made clay pebbles (balls) can be used as alternatives to natural pebbles in PMF treatment plants, where natural pebbles are not readily available. Since the high turbidity is a seasonal problem that occurs during heavy rains, the use of newly developed composite clay balls instead of pure clay balls have the advantage of removing other pollutants such as natural organic matter (NOM) during other times. Only the strength properties of composite clay balls are described here as the pollutant removal is beyond the scope of this paper. These new composite clay balls must be able to withstand dead and live loads under dry and saturated conditions in a filter assembly. Absence of a standard ball preparation process and expected strength properties of composite clay balls were the main reasons behind the present study. Five different raw materials from industry wastes: Red Mud (RM), Water Treatment Alum Sludge (S), Shredded Paper (SP), Saw Dust (SD), and Sugar Mulch (SM) were added to common clay brick mix (BM) in different proportions. In an effort to minimize costs, in this study clay balls were fired to <TEX>$1100^{\circ}C$</TEX> at a local brick factory together with their bricks. A comprehensive experimental program was performed to evaluate crushing strength of composite hand-made clay balls, using uniaxial compression test to establish the best material combination on the basis of strength properties for designing sustainable filter media for water treatment plants. Performance at both construction and operating stages were considered by analyzing both strength properties under fully dry conditions and strength degradation after saturation in a water bath. The BM-75% as the main component produced optimum combination in terms of workability and strength. With the material combination of BM-75% and additives-25%, the use of Red Mud and water treatment sludge as additives produced the highest and lowest strength of composite clay balls, with a failure load of 5.4 kN and 1.4 kN respectively. However, this lower value of 1.4 kN is much higher than the effective load on each clay ball of 0.04 kN in a typical filter assembly (safety factor of 35), therefore, can still be used as a suitable filter material for enhanced pollutant removal.

Reproduction of Mm.106 Rootstocks Propagated by Stooling as Affected by Organic Sources

Six organic sources of nutrients including commercial organic fertilizer (CF), poultry litter (PL), green compost (GC), wood chips (WC), shredded paper (SP), grass clippings (GR), and extracts from water (NF, as a control) were investigated under controlled conditions. One-year-old MM.106 apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) trees grown under greenhouse conditions in 10 L pots were treated with nutrient solutions. All treatments were applied proportionally based on the volume ratio of material recommended for organic apple orchard field production. A nutrient solution from GC provided the greatest total nitrogen (N) input over the 12-week experimental period, followed in order by the GR, PL, WC, CF, SP, and NF treatments. The PL- and GR-treated plants had the largest stem diameter, largest leaf area, longest stem extension, and fastest dry matter production rate, as well as greater carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation, SPAD readings, N accumulation, and N use efficiency.

Obtaining Porous Ceramics Using Shredded Paper and Foamglass Pellets

Within this research, carbonized clay, chamotte, as well as burn–out additives – widespread fillers (shredded paper and foamglass pellets) are used for the acquisition of porous ceramics, despite the fact that these fillers are not frequently used as burnable filler in traditional ceramics. The investigation of optimal mix content of raw materials, burning treatment was developed for obtaining improved mechanical properties of porous ceramics. The physical-mechanical properties of obtained ceramics were evaluated. Proportion of dry clay, shredded paper, foamglass pellets, chamotte and water used in the investigations varied, changing the amount of fillers in order to obtain the samples with better mechanical properties. Components of dry mixture for samples with shredded paper are dosed according to mass, where dry, milled clay was 63 – 69 %, shredded paper 2 – 12 %, water – 25%, but chamotte 0 – 4 %. When making porous ceramics using foamglass pellets as burnable filler, clay and water were used, where dry, milled clay was 57 – 69 %, water – 25 %, but foamglass pellets 6 – 18 %. Following results were obtained for the samples with shredded paper used as a filler: shrinkage after the drying from 1.33 % up to 8.78 %, shrinkage after burning – 3.33-11.56%, density – 1256.64-1567.97 kg/m3, water absorption – 9.23-16.70 % and compressive strength – 1.17-4.66 MPa. While for samples with foamglass pellets used as a filler following results were obtained: shrinkage after the drying – 2.22 – 3.08%, shrinkage after burning – 5.44 – 6.11 %, density – 861.71 – 1178.34 kg/m3, water absorption – 8.33 – 10.21 % and compressive strength – 1.15 – 1.94 MPa. Porous ceramic materials obtained within this research are breathing; they are not only thermally stable materials, but also resistant to thermal impacts, corrosion and are easy in processing. Obtained results of the research testify that these porous ceramics materials have great potential of application, but speaking about the material usage for load-bearing constructions, strength indicators must be improved by following researches using nano- additives, the fillers such as glass and fire clay, developing the technology of producing (mix contents, drying and burning processes) ceramics which improve compressive strength indicators of the sample. The following investigation will be devoted to developing more effective material with relation density/stiffness by controlling thermal conductivity properties. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.8.3.7472

Reconstruction of Shredded Paper Documents by Feature Matching

Splicing the shredded paper means the technology that, according the paper, which has been shredded to design a particular algorithm to splice and recover the original paper. This paper introduced the algorithm of splicing the shredded paper based on the matching to texture feature. By means of this algorithm, we modeled for the problem of splicing the shredded paper and solved it. And, we used the algorithm to splice both pieces of English shredded paper and Chinese shredded paper. The recovered paper had proved the accuracy of the algorithm.

Effects of different organic apple production systems on seasonal nutrient variations of soil and leaf

An organic apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchard was established to study the interaction effects of ground cover management systems (GMS) and nutrient sources (NS) on soil and tree nutrients in the Southern U.S.A. GMS mulches as follows: green compost (GC), wood chips (WC), shredded paper (SP), and mow-and-blow (MB). Across GMS, one of three NS treatments was applied: commercial organic fertilizer (CF), poultry litter (PL), and no fertilizer (NF). GC-treated plots had greater soil solution nitrate concentrations in year 3. GC plots also maintained greater seasonal soil organic matter and macronutrient concentrations during 3 years compared with the other GMS. Seasonal foliar nutrient concentrations grown under GMS in year 3 tended to follow nutrient concentration patterns similar to those observed in conventional apple orchards. GC and WC trees had overall greater leaf area, dry weight, and total foliar nutrient contents in year 3 than the SP and MB trees.

비료원과 멀칭재료에 따른 사과 유묘의 생장 및 토양이화학성 변화

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the fertilizer sources and ground cover mulches on nutrient release, growth, and photosynthesis in small one-year-old apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees in controlled conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Treatments included no fertilizer (NF), commercial organic fertilizer (CF), and poultry litter (PL) for fertilizer treatments, and wood chips (WC), shredded paper (SP), green compost (GC), and grass clippings (GR) for cover mulch treatments. All treatments were applied proportionally based on the volume ratio equivalent to the soil. CF, PL, and GR treatments that had optimum carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) ratios (less than 30:1) for N mineralization through the microbes released the greatest concentrations in the pot media at 90 days after the treatments, but GC mulch with the optimum C:N ratio did not. CF-, PL- and GR-treated plants had the largest leaf area, thickest stem diameter, longest shoot extension, and greater dry matter production. CONCLUSION(s): CF and PL showed an suitable organic nutrient source for improving plant growth in an orchard. Interestingly, GR also could be a nutrient source for tree growth, if vegetation competition is controlled by maintaining vegetation height and recycling enough grass clippings to the soil in an orchard.

Algorithm of Restoring Text on Shredded Paper

Algorithm of Restoring Text on Shredded Paper

THE EFFECTS OF GROUNDCOVER MANAGEMENT AND NUTRIENT SOURCE DURING ORGANIC ORCHARD ESTABLISHMENT

Expansion of organic tree fruit production in the southern region of the USA has been hindered by lack of reliable, regionally appropriate, and scale-neutral technologies. In March 2006, an experimental organic apple orchard of 'Enterprise'/M26 was planted in a replicated trial to examine the effects of three organic fertilizer treatments (control, composted poultry litter and commercial pelletized fertilizer) and four groundcover treatments (shredded paper, wood chips, municipal compost and mow-blow), with the goal of developing organic management recommendations. The effects of nutrient and ground cover treatments on tree growth, canopy and root development, soil biological, chemical and physical characteristics, foliar nutrient content, and weed density were evaluated during the establishment period of the orchard as a precedent for cropping. This paper reports on the effects of these treatments on early tree growth, development, and physiology. Significant differences have been found among the organic production systems were observed after two seasons of growth. Trees grown with ground cover managed with compost or wood chips were larger than those using shredded paper or mow-blow. Both composted poultry litter and commercial fertilizer resulted in trees larger than trees which derived nutrition solely from the ground cover treatments without additional nutrients. In the third season, trees with compost or woodchip mulch had significantly more flowers, more harvested fruit, and higher fruit set than those grown with mow-blow or shredded paper. Trees that did not receive supplemental nutrition had significantly fewer flowers, fruit set, and harvested fruit, compared with those receiving poultry litter or a commercial fertilizer.

Litter mycology and the impacts of litter type and preslaughter feed withdrawal on crop bacterial community in broiler chicken

An experiment consisting of two trials was conducted to compare the frequency of occurrence for 8 fungi in six broiler litter materials and to evaluate the impact of litter type and preslaughter feed withdrawal (PFW) on crop bactrioflora of broiler chicken at processing plant. Litter types including rice husk (RH), shredded paper (SP), barley stalks (BS), cow dung (CD), wood shaving (WS) and a mixture of all five litters (MIX) were subjected to microbial decontamination prior to trials using 1 L formaldehyde (20% solution) per each 2 cubic feet and were kept in plastic bags for a period of one week. During the study (8-weeks), a total of 273 samples were taken from various litters at biweekly intervals and examined to monitor the presence of eight fungi species in various litters. At 56d, feeders have been removed form the pens at 0, 2, 4 and 6 h prior to slaughtered birds. Various litters showed significant difference concerning total fungal contamination (P < 0.05). The general frequency of eight fungi species studied was significantly differed for litters of concern (P < 0.01). The maximum and minimum frequencies were observed for Aspergillus sp. andFusarium sp., respectively. The crop bacterioflora was significantly affected by duration of preslaughter feed withdrawal. The crop bacterioflora of the birds was the normal flora up to 4 h of PFW but afterward E. coli was appeared and started to colonize the crop. It was concluded that various litters have significant differences regarding their potential to host different fungal community and count. Shredded paper has the potential for enhancing a fungal community rich with Aspergillus, a common hazardous fungus. To prevent the crop of broiler from colonization by feed-borne hazardous bacteria prior to reach at processing plant, the PFW must not exceed 4 h. Key words: Broiler chicken, crop bacterioflora, litter, fungi, preslaugther feed withdrawal.