Showed Regression Coefficients Research Articles

Dynamic Perviousness: A Novel Imaging Marker for Predicting Mechanical Thrombectomy Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

The predictive value of thrombus standard perviousness (SP) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) for the technical success rates of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) or functional outcomes is not yet conclusive. We investigated the relationship between dynamic perviousness (DP) and revascularization results using time-dependent enhancement curve types determined with computed tomography (CT). A retrospective analysis of 137 AIS patients was performed. DP was calculated as the thrombus attenuation increase (TAI) using three time points and categorized into four groups: (1) no enhancement (CNE); (2) late enhancement (CLE); (3) early enhancement with washout (CW); (4) early enhancement without washout (CNW). Associations with the technical success rate and functional outcomes were assessed. Late enhancement (CLE) had approximately two times higher odds for successful MT as compared to clots with other enhancement dynamics. The odds ratios (logistic regression model with CNW as the reference) for the TICI III scores were 4.04 (p = 0.067), 1.82 (p = 0.3), and 1.69 (p = 0.4) for CLE, CW, and CNE, respectively. The NIHSS scores at discharge and mRS scores at three months showed regression coefficients (linear regression model with CNW as reference) of -3.05 (p = 0.10), -1.17 (p = 0.51), and -1.24 (p = 0.47); and -1.30 (p = 0.097), -0.85 (p = 0.25), and -0.15 (p = 0.83) for CLE, CW, and CNE, respectively. Thrombi with late enhancement patterns showed a higher revascularization rate and better outcomes as compared to clots with early uptake or no washout.

Design of experiment-driven stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of tofacitinib in nanoparticles and skin matrix

BackgroundTofacitinib—an oral JAK inhibitor—has been recently approved by US FDA to treat moderate to severe RA. The delivery of tofacitinib to specific inflammation site at joint via topical route using nanoformulations helps in managing the potential adverse effects. The objective is to develop and validate a simple, specific, and sensitive stability-indicating HPLC method for quantification of tofacitinib in topical nanoformulations and different matrices (adhesive tape, and skin layers, i.e., stratum corneum, viable epidermis, and dermis). The major objective was to avoid use of instruments like LC–MS/MS and to ensure a widespread application of the method.ResultA 32 factorial ‘design of experiments’ was applied to optimize process variables, to understand the effect of variables on peak properties. The calibration curve showed regression coefficient (R2) 0.9999 and linearity in the concentration range of 50 to 15,000 ng/mL, which is suitable for the analysis of conventional dosage forms and nanoformulations. Method validation was performed as per ICH guideline Q2 (R1). The accuracy by recovery studies ranged between 98.09 and 100.82%. The % relative standard deviations in intraday and interday precisions were in the range of 1.16–1.72 and 1.22–1.80%, respectively. Forced degradation studies indicated the specificity of method and showed stability-indicating potential for tofacitinib peak.ConclusionThe validated method provides a quantification method of tofacitinib in the presence of formulation excipients, dissolution media, and skin tissues in detail. In addition, the method was successfully utilized for determination of various dermatokinetics profile of tofacitinib.

Anchovy powder enrichment in brown rice-based instant cereal: a process optimization study using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).

There is a need for expanding the utilization of small fish as they constitute an undervalued and important source of protein and micronutrients in many developing countries suffering from micronutrient deficiencies. One way to increase consumption and health benefits is to add nutrient‐rich fish meal into staple food ingredients. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the processing of an instant rice‐based cereal enriched with anchovy powder. The Box‐Behnken design was used to study the effect of principal processing variables (drying temperature, drum rotation speed, and slurry solids concentration) on product water activity, color, bulk density, and water solubility index. Viscosity, consistency, and cohesiveness of the reconstitute cereal were also evaluated. Empirical models were developed to describe the relationship between independent and dependent variables and showed regression coefficients (R 2) ranging between 71% and 98%. Higher drying temperatures resulted in reduced water activity, darker product color, and lower consistency. While drum speed influenced (p < .05) product color and water‐binding capacity, bulk density, and consistency of the reconstituted product was associated with slurry solids concentration. Optimal processing conditions obtained from the study were temperature of 130°C, drum speed of 9.3 rpm, and solids concentration of 20.5%. These conditions would be useful in the production of brown rice‐based instant cereal enriched with anchovy powder with desired quality properties.

A Structural Model of the Teaching Practice and Pro-Environmental Behavior in Elementary Mexican Students

Almost four decades after having integrated environmental education in primary education in Mexico, it is important to prove the relationship between the environmental behavior shown by students and the environmental education they perceive, therefore, a structural equations model was designed and tested with information provided by 217 sixth grade students. The model showed regression coefficients between the practice of environmental education and its causality directly and positively with values (0.035), skills (0.333), attitudes (0.269), and pro-environmental behavior (0.290). It is confirmed that the environmental education that is taught in a transversal way in schools is significant and that teaching practice should be promoted in the use of materials, institutional support and didactic resources focused on promoting environmental attitudes, skills, and values in children.

Dermal and inhalable cobalt exposure-Uptake of cobalt for workers at Swedish hard metal plants.

PurposeCobalt exposure is known to cause adverse effects on health. A major use of cobalt is in the manufacture of hard metal. Exposure can lead to asthma, hard metal lung disease, contact allergy and increased risk of cancer. Cobalt is mainly absorbed from the pulmonary tract, however penetration through skin may occur. The relationships between exposure to inhalable cobalt in air and on skin and the uptake in blood and urine will be investigated, as well as the association between dermal symptoms and dermal exposure.MethodsCobalt exposure in 71 workers in hard metal production facilities was measured as inhalable cobalt in the breathing zone and cobalt found on skin with acid wash. Uptake of cobalt was determined with concentrations in blood and urine. Correlations between exposure and uptake were analysed.ResultsInhalable cobalt in air and cobalt in blood and urine showed rank correlations with coefficients 0.40 and 0.25. Cobalt on skin and uptake in blood and urine presented correlation coefficients of 0.36 and 0.17. Multiple linear regression of cobalt in air and on skin with cobalt in blood showed regression coefficients with cobalt in blood (β = 203 p < 0.0010, and β = 0.010, p = 0.0040) and with cobalt in urine (β = 5779, p = 0.0010, and β = 0.10, p = 0.60).ConclusionsOur data presents statistically significant correlations between exposure to cobalt in air with uptake of cobalt in blood and urine. Cobalt on skin was statistically significant with cobalt in blood but not with urine.

Genotype x environments interactions for grain yield and its components in urdbean (Vigna mungo L Wilczek) under rainfed conditions of Jammu region

In the present study, AMMI approaches were used to analyse the genotype x environment interactions and stability under targeted environments. The analysis of stability parameters of seed yield/plant in 25 genotypes of urdbean (Vigna mungo L,) indicated that six genotypes namely, Mash 479, PLU 499-52, PU19, PLU-4158, Pant 31 and IPU2-43 showed regression coefficient greater than unity (b-1) with non-significant S2di values and higher mean values than population mean which exhibited their stability and adaptation to specific favorable environment only. Three genotypes, PU99, No. 13/11 and No.40 indicated that regression coefficient less than unity with higher mean values than population mean with non-significant deviation from the regression coefficient (S2di) and recommended for unfavorable environments. Mash 338 and IPU 96-1 are the most stable genotypes across the environments for seed yield/plant and 1000 seed weight, respectively. Environmental indices indicated that environment (E1) and environment (E2) were the most favorable for number of primary branches/plants, days to 50% flowering, plant height and seed yield/plant, whereas environment (E3) was favorable for pod length and number of seeds/pod. AMMI 1 model exhibited that E1 and E2 were the clustered in the same group and exhibited similar type of interaction for seed yield/plant. Genotypes, PLU4158, IPU96-1, Mash479, PLU499-52 and IPU2-43 exhibited high IPCA 1 scores along with high population mean. Based on AMMI 2 model, PLU4158, IPU96-1 and IPU96-6 exhibited high IPCA scores. The selected genotypes may be utilized in Vigna mungo improvement programme in targeted location with true type of breeding lines.

Effect of Ethyl Cellulose Content on Release Profile and Pharmacodynamics of Fenoprofen Microparticles

Abstract: Introduction: Fenoprofen calcium (FC) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and due to its short half-life, high absorption, extensive metabolism and adverse effect, sustained release formulation of FC is desired. Objective: this study was to develop sustained release microcapsules of FC to obtain better drug delivery. Material and methods: Different formulae of FC microcapsules were prepared by o/w emulsion solvent evaporation method using Ethyl cellulose (EC) in three different ratios. The processed microcapsules were evaluated In-vitro for production yield, entrapment efficiency, micromeritic properties and thermal characteristics and In-vivo for its pharmacodynamics. Results: In-vitro release studies of formulae H1 and H3 showed regression coefficient (r) value in the Higuchi diffusion model of 0.967 and 0.946 respectively, suggesting diffusion mechanism release from these forms. While marketed capsules and H2 microcapsules showed regression coefficient value in the zero-order model (0.985 and 0.985 respectively), suggesting non-linear release. In-vivo, the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema was induced in rats; the area under the inhibition of inflammation percentage–time curve (AUC0-24) showed that formula H3 possesses the highest therapeutic efficiency comparing with marketed capsules followed by formula H1 and finally H2. Moreover, in hot plate test in mice, there were highly significant increases in the mean reaction time in groups H2 and H3 over the marketed capsule at 12h interval (p<0.001). Conclusion: FC loaded EC microcapsule H3 produced a sustained and effective drug release over a prolonged timeframe that led to greater therapeutic efficacy. Key words: Ethylcellulose, Microencapsulation, Fenoprofen calcium, Sustained release, Pharmacodynamics, Microparticles.

Tax Enforcement Tools and Tax Compliance in Ondo State, Nigeria

Abstract This study assessed the effectiveness of tax enforcement tools as panacea for improving tax compliance and overall tax income in the Ondo State, Nigeria. Survey research design was adopted using primary data sourced through administration of structured questionnaire on 150 selected respondents from among staff of Federal Inland Revenue Service and State Board of Internal Revenue Service within the state. The Taro Yamane formula and judgment sampling technique were used to arrive at the sampled respondents. Outcome of Ordinary Least Square regression analysis showed regression coefficient and p-value of tax-audit (0.278; p=0.03&lt;0.05) and tax penalty (0.463; p=0.000&lt;0.05) respectively, indicating a positive and significant relationship of the two explanatory variables with tax compliance at .05 level of significance. The Implication is that a marginal increase in tax audit and tax penalty will lead to increase in tax compliance in Ondo State. No meaningful association exists between tax amnesty and tax compliance based on the finding of this study perhaps tax amnesty is a new policy that was just launched to encourage voluntary tax compliance. As such, it is imperative that tax audit and imposition of tax penalties be encouraged and sustained. These are envisaged to further improve the degree of tax compliance, consequently enhancing government tax revenue generation to augment dwindling oil revenue in Nigeria. As regards relatively new and still under watch tax amnesty, it may turn out to be a veritable tool for voluntary compliance in future if properly nursed.

Measures of Body Size and Composition and Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Older People: The Cardiovascular Health Study.

Various anthropometric measures, including height, have been associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). This raises questions about the appropriateness of using ratio measures such as body mass index (BMI), which contains height squared in its denominator, in the evaluation of AF risk. Among older adults, the optimal anthropometric approach to risk stratification of AF remains uncertain. Anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance measures were obtained from 4,276 participants (mean age = 72.4 years) free of cardiovascular disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study. During follow-up (1989-2008), 1,050 cases of AF occurred. BMI showed a U-shaped association, whereas height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, fat mass, and fat-free mass were linearly related to incident AF. The strongest adjusted association occurred for height (per each 1-standard-deviation increment, hazard ratio = 1.38, 95% confidence interval: 1.25, 1.51), which exceeded all other measures, including weight (hazard ratio = 1.21, 95% confidence interval: 1.13, 1.29). Combined assessment of log-transformed weight and height showed regression coefficients that departed from the 1 to -2 ratio inherent in BMI, indicating a loss of predictive information. Risk estimates for AF tended to be stronger for hip circumference than for waist circumference and for fat-free mass than for fat mass, which was explained largely by height. These findings highlight the prominent role of body size and the inadequacy of BMI as determinants of AF in older adults.

Socio-economic factors effect on gross income of orchard farm in Goa state

Investigation was carried out during the year 2013–14. In all 48 orchard farms were randomly selected from sixteen villages of two tehsils in South-Goa district of Goa State. Data were related to cropping pattern and livestock pattern as well as socio-economic determinants. The results revealed that land holding showed highly significant on orchard farm with regression coefficient of 20182.43. It means that addition of one hectare could cause to increase gross income of 20182.43. Regression coefficient of livestock was 5841.99. It means that addition of one livestock could cause to increase gross income of 5841.99. On the contrary, family size showed regression coefficient of-1170.62 which was negatively significant. There could be reduction of gross income by 1170.62 if addition of one member in family. In next order, distance of farm from village showed negative regression coefficient of-2519.15, it could adversely affect gross income of 2519.15. Thus, the farmers have to give more importance to land holding, livestock, family size and distance of farm from village in order to increase gross income on orchard farm

Socio-economic factors effect on gross income of orchard farm in Goa state

Investigation was carried out during the year 2013–14. In all 48 orchard farms were randomly selected from sixteen villages of two tehsils in South-Goa district of Goa State. Data were related to cropping pattern and livestock pattern as well as socio-economic determinants. The results revealed that land holding showed highly significant on orchard farm with regression coefficient of 20182.43. It means that addition of one hectare could cause to increase gross income of 20182.43. Regression coefficient of livestock was 5841.99. It means that addition of one livestock could cause to increase gross income of 5841.99. On the contrary, family size showed regression coefficient of-1170.62 which was negatively significant. There could be reduction of gross income by 1170.62 if addition of one member in family. In next order, distance of farm from village showed negative regression coefficient of-2519.15, it could adversely affect gross income of 2519.15. Thus, the farmers have to give more importance to land holding, livestock, family size and distance of farm from village in order to increase gross income on orchard farm

Development of an LC-MS/MS Method for the Assessment of Selected Active Pharmaceuticals and Metabolites in Wastewaters of a Swiss University Hospital.

A multi-residue analytical method was developed and validated for the quantification of 11 selected active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and 2 human metabolites in hospital effluents using solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Targeted analytes belong to different therapeutic classes: non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), analgesics, antibiotics and psychiatric drugs. Solid-phase extraction recoveries ranged between 21 and 101% for the selected API. Calibration curves were built with 6 standard samples prepared in ultrapure water ranging from 0.05 to 10 μg/L and showed regression coefficients above 0.994. The instrumental detection limits (IDL) varied between 0.05 and 5 μg/L, and the method detection limits (MDL) between 0.1 and 100 ng/L. Precision of the method, evaluated with spiked water samples at four different concentrations, varied between 84 and 117% for all compounds and an overall variability below 20%, with the exception of carbamazepine (71-123%). Except for two compounds, recoveries of spiked hospital wastewaters at four different concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/L) varied between 44 and 133%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) between 0.6 and 28.5%. The evaluation of the matrix effects showed that diluted samples exhibit lower signal suppression. Analysis of effluent samples from a Swiss university hospital resulted in a mean detection frequency of 92% for the selected compounds, with concentrations up to 1535 μg/L for the analgesic paracetamol.

Effect of socio-economic determinants on gross income of orchard farm in South-Goa district of Goa state

Investigation was carried out during the year 2013-14. In all 48 orchard farms were randomly selected from sixteen villages of two tehsils in South-Goa district of Goa State. Data were related to cropping pattern and livestock pattern as well as socio-economic determinants. The results revealed that land holding showed highly significant on orchard farm with regression co-efficient of 20182.43. It means that addition of one hectare could cause to increase gross income of Rs. 20182.43. Regression co-efficient of livestock was 5841.99. It means that addition of one livestock could cause to increase gross income of Rs. 5841.99. On the contrary, family size showed regression co-efficient of -1170.62 which was negatively significant. If addition of one member in family, there could be reduction of gross income by Rs. 1170.62. In next order, distance of farm from village showed negative regression co-efficient of -2519.15, it could adversely affect gross income of Rs. 2519.15. Thus, the farmers have to give more importance to land holding, livestock, family size and distance of farm from village in order to increase gross income on orchard farm.

The sit up test to exhaustion as a test for muscular endurance evaluation.

Aims/HypothesisThe aim of this study was to examine the sit up test to exhaustion as a field test for muscular endurance evaluation in a sample of sedentary people of both sexes.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed. Three-hundred-eighty-one participants volunteered for the study (28.5 ± 10.0 years; 168.2 ± 8.9 cm; 65.1 ± 11.1 kg), of which 194 males (27.5 ± 10.2 years; 173.6 ± 7.0 cm; 71.2 ± 5.2 kg) and 187 females (29.6 ± 10.1 years; 162.6 ± 7.1 cm; 58.7 ± 8.9 kg). Each subject voluntarily and randomly performed: a sit up test (SUT), a push up test (PUT), and a free weight squat test (ST), all till exhaustion. A multiple regression analysis was adopted for data analysis. Subsequently a percentile model for muscle endurance was developed. The 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile were identified as upper limit for low muscular endurance, average muscular endurance, and lower limit for high muscular endurance, respectively.ResultsConsidering the sit up test as the dependent variable, the coefficients (R2 = 0.23; r = 0.49; p < 0.001), and (R2 = 0.31; r = 0.57; p < 0.001) emerged from a multiple regression analysis applied with respect to the push up test and the squat test, respectively. Gender stratification showed regression coefficients of (R2 = 0.19; r = 0.44; p < 0.001) for SUT vs. PUT, and (R2 = 0.30; r = 0.56; p < 0.001) for SUT vs. ST in male; and (R2 = 0.23; r = 0.49; p < 0.001) for SUT vs. PUT, and (R2 = 0.34; r = 0.59; p < 0.001) for SUT vs. ST in female.Conclusions/InterpretationThe SUT showed low inter-relation with the other proposed tests indicating that the adoption of a single test for the global evaluation of muscle endurance is not the optimal approach. Moreover, the SUT was found to be inexpensive, safe, and appropriate for core muscle endurance measurement for both male and female.

A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry multi-target method for the simultaneous analysis of three classes of metabolites in marine organisms

In this work a fast and simple multi-target gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method for the simultaneous detection and absolute quantification of amino acids, fatty acids, sterols and lupanes in marine organisms is proposed. The methodology was applied to the characterization of the echinoderm Marthasterias glacialis Linnaeus spiny sea star extracts. The main factors influencing the extraction of target compounds were evaluated by using different extraction procedures, solvent systems and temperature conditions and a comparison with a reference technique was performed. The most suitable procedure, capable of successfully extract the three classes of target compounds, was ethanol as solvent at 40°C under magnetic stirring. Good analytical parameters were obtained since calibrations curves for the 40 compounds under analysis (15 amino acids, 16 fatty acids, 6 sterols and 3 lupanes) showed regression coefficients (r2) ranging from 0.9844 to 0.9978, with low RSD (from 0.00 to 9.45%), and detection limits varying from 0.03 to 15.40μg/L. The RSD values for intra- and interday variations studies were also good (RSD<13.5%, for both) and recoveries were higher than 92%. Variation in samples from different harvests and origins and their chemical composition during the year is reported. The fact that no previous treatment of samples is required can make this a useful technique for metabolite profiling in marine organisms, among others, both in biomedical and nutritional studies. Moreover, due to the fast and robust character of the proposed method it seems to be suitable for the implementation as routine analysis.

CT-based temperature monitoring during hepatic RF ablation: Feasibility in an animal model

Purpose: The aim of this paper was to establish non-invasive CT-based temperature monitoring during hepatic radiofrequency (RF) ablation in an ex vivo porcine model followed by transfer of the technique into a feasibility in vivo experiment.Materials and methods: Bipolar RF ablations were performed in 10 specimens of porcine liver. Parallel to the needle-shaped RF applicator three optical temperature probes were inserted into the liver specimens at fixed distances of 5, 10 and 15 mm from the RF probe. During energy application (20 W) unenhanced sequential MSCT scans were acquired using the following scan protocol: 140 kV tube voltage, 300 mAs/rotation tube current time product, collimation 24 × 1.2 mm, rotation time 0.5 s. Axial image data was reconstructed using a soft tissue convolution kernel. Temperature data was recorded during every CT scan. Using a circular 0.5 cm2 region of interest local CT values were measured at the tips of the temperature probes and matched with the measured temperatures. Regression analysis was performed to analyse the relationship between local temperatures and CT values for each temperature probe position. Furthermore, the same experimental design was used in four anaesthetised female pigs in order to investigate the potential of this technique for an in vivo application.Results: A negative correlation was found for the relationship between temperature and CT value. Regression coefficients were −0.44 (5 mm), −0.35 (10 mm) and −0.37 (15 mm) for ex vivo data. Analysis of in vivo experiments showed regression coefficients between −0.025 and −0.434.Conclusion: Multislice computed tomography is able to depict temperature changes in liver tissue during RFA.

GENOTYPE FERTILIZER DOSES INTERACTION FOR HYBRID SEED YIELD OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.)

The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) during the Boro season (2006-2007) at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahaman Agricultural University-Gazipur; Bangladesh Agricultural University-Mymensingh and Bangladesh Rural Development Academy, Bogra. Among the three introduced CMS lines, CMS-2 was highly responsive to environment (fertilizer dose) for yield due to the highest mean, considerable phenotypic index, regression coefficient greater than unity (bi &gt; 1) and insignificant deviation from regression (S2di ? 0). CMS line CMS-1 showed regression coefficient near unity (bi ?1) and significant deviation from regression (S2di &gt; 0) indicating stability for yield but its stability is unpredictable due to significant deviation from regression. CMS line Alok showed significant regression coefficient (bi &gt;1) indicating highly responsive to fertilizer doses but significant deviation from regression made it unpredictable linear prediction. These results also explain that the production based on regression analysis for the genotypes differed considerably in respect to stability performances.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v24i1.16998

Novel ELISAs for Screening of the Biogenic Amines GABA, Glycine, β-Phenylethylamine, Agmatine, and Taurine Using One Derivatization Procedure of Whole Urine Samples

The inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA, glycine and agmatine and neuromodulators beta-phenylethylamine (beta-PEA) and taurine are important biogenic amines of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in the body. Abnormalities in the metabolism of these biomarkers have been implicated in a vast number of neurological diseases. Novel competitive immunoassays, using one unique whole urine derivatization procedure applicable for all five biomarkers, have been developed. The determination of these biomarkers was highly reproducible: the coefficient of variance of inter- and intra-assay variation is between 3.9% and 9.8% for all assays. The assays show a good linearity in urine samples within the range of 100-400 mg Cr/dL and specificity when urine samples are spiked with biogenic amines. The recoveries are between 76 and 154%. The correlation between HPLC and ELISA for glycine and taurine (n = 10) showed regression coefficients of 0.97 and 0.98, respectively. An in vivo study on the urinary clearance of beta-PEA, agmatine and taurine after oral intake by healthy individuals demonstrated the specificity and clinical significance of these new immunoassays. The immunoassays are useful for clinical and basic research where a fast and accurate assay for the screening of biogenic amines in urine is required, without preclearance of the sample.

Intensity prediction of typical aroma characters of cabernet sauvignon wine in Changli County (China)

In this paper, several linear multiple regression models of aroma descriptors were built from potential active odorants in Cabernet Sauvignon red wines in Changli County. The modified frequency ( MF%) of ten aroma description terms in sample wines were evaluated by 30 panelists trained using the aroma standards of “Le Nez du Vin”. Aroma compounds of sample wines were detected by Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass (SPME-GC-MS), and 65 aroma compounds were identified and quantified. Those aroma compounds with odor active values (OAV) > 0.5 were chosen to build regression models for the eight characteristic aroma terms. Finally, five models were developed for five typical sensory terms: Blackcurrant, Bilberry, Green pepper, Vanilla and Smoked. These models were related to 13 aroma compounds. These compounds included 3-ethoxy-1-propanol, phenethyl acetate, 4-terpinenol, 2-hexen-1-ol, di- tert-butyl-phenol, β-terpinenol, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, ethyl myristate, ethyl 3-hydroxy butyrate, isobutyl alcohol and 4-methyl-5-butyl-2(3H)-furan. ANOVA statistical analysis indicated that all five models regressed at 95% significant levels. t detections of the models showed regression coefficients of 99% or 95% significant levels. Correlation coefficients between the measured and predicted Y ranged from 0.714 to 0.999.

The clinical features and quality of life study of juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Objective To explore the clinical features and long-term prognosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)in children, as well as particular quality of life associated with the clinical features and therapeutic options. Methods Seventy patients from August 1997 to August 2007 were retrospectively reviewed and survey was conducted using a questionnaire indicating quality of life(CHAQ questionnaires and CHQ questionnaire, adjusted appropriately) either by phone,letter or out-patient follow-up approach.The manner of correlation and logistic regression was used to analyze quality of life associated with the clinical features and therapeutic options. Results (l)The majority (74.3%) of patients were diagnosed as systemic onset JIA. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient of questionnaire is 0.9599, with a higher inernal consistency reliability. The scales validity also had the higher construction. Sixty nine cases with 76.8 percent of the score showed good quality of life. Quality of life in children less than 5 years old was significantly different from those more than 5-year old( P < 0.05). The rank sum test of single-use NSAIDs group and NSAIDs adding other medicine group suggested that the two groups had differences in quality of life( P = 0.026) .The correlation coefficient between the variables of time from onset to formal treatment and quality of life scores was 0.329( P < 0.05), and walkingas the dependent variable for the regression analysis showed regression coefficient was 0.15( P = 0.016). The variable grip had the significant relationship with the onset to regular treatment, the initial number of joint involvement respectively. Conclusion Systemic oneset JIA is the most common type of JIA. Most of JIA patients have a good prognosis.The major factors which may cause the decline in the quality of life are age, duration without therapy after the disease onset,and the compliance to medication.To achieve a better prognosis,more aggressive therapy may be needed and individulized. Key words: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; Health related quality of life