Shoulder Height Research Articles

Risk Factors for Postoperative Shoulder Imbalance in Patients with Lenke Type 1 and 2 Scoliosis Treated using the Vertebral Coplanar Alignment Technique.

This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study. We investigated the incidence of postoperative shoulder imbalance (PSI) and its risk factors in patients with Lenke types 1 and 2 scoliosis corrected using vertebral coplanar alignment (VCA). PSI in scoliosis affects patient quality of life. While other correction methods have reported a high correction rate for the main thoracic curve (MTC) in relation to PSI, this correlation has not been confirmed for the VCA technique. We studied 176 patients with Lenke types 1 and 2 scoliosis who underwent posterior corrective fusion surgery using the VCA technique at 11 institutions. At two years postoperatively, patients were divided into two groups based on radiographic shoulder height (RSH): PSI- (RSH<2cm) and PSI+ (RSH≧2cm) groups. We analyzed the risk factors for PSI. The overall incidence of PSI two years postoperatively was 11.4% (20/176), with 9.2% (11/119) and 15.8% (9/57) in patients with Lenke types 1 and 2, respectively. Contrary to a previous study, a high MTC correction rate did not emerge as a risk factor for PSI. Instead, preoperative left shoulder elevation and low postoperative thoracic kyphosis and greater T1 tilt and high apical vertebral body-to-rib ratio were associated with PSI in patients with Lenke type 1. Preoperative left shoulder elevation and a low postoperative proximal thoracic curve (PTC) correction rate were identified as risk factors for PSI in patients with Lenke type 2. Our results suggest that proper correction of the PTC, rather than compromise MTC correction, may help prevent PSI in the VCA technique. This method is particularly advantageous for addressing Lenke type 1 scoliosis and yields favorable outcomes in shoulder balance. Patients with preoperative left shoulder elevation, especially Lenke type 2, are at high risk of developing PSI. 4.

Evaluation of Child Anthropometries in Relation to Modern Vehicle Seat and Booster Dimensions

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This study compared modern vehicle and booster geometries with relevant child anthropometries. Vehicle geometries (seat length, seat pan height, shoulder belt outlet height, and roof height) were obtained for 275 center and outboard rear seating positions of US vehicles (MY 2009–2022). Measurements of 85 US boosters (pan height and pan length) and anthropometries of 80 US children between 4–14yo (seated height, thigh length, leg length, and seated shoulder height) were also collected. Comparisons were made between vehicles, boosters, and child anthropometries. Average vehicle seat lengths exceeded child thigh lengths (+9.5cm). Only 16.4% of seating positions had seat lengths less than the child thigh length mean+1SD. Even for children at least 145cm, only 18.8% had thigh lengths greater than the average vehicle seat length. Child thigh lengths were more comparable with average booster seat pan lengths for all multi-mode and high-back designs (-2.0cm) and low-back boosters (+3.1cm). The average observed booster pan height (9.9cm) would help most children achieve seated shoulder heights similar to the Hybrid III 5th percentile Female ATD. Compared to vehicle seats, booster geometries were more compatible with child thigh lengths and assist children in achieving seated shoulder heights more comparable to the vehicle restraint system. This emphasizes the continued need for shorter vehicle seat cushion lengths for these occupants and the need to educate caregivers and promote booster recommendations which highlight the importance of achieving proper belt fit and avoiding slouched postures, even for children greater than 8 years and/or 145cm.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Estimation of Height at Withers Based on Long Bone Measurements of Living Cats

In this study, coefficients enabling estimation of shoulder height were obtained by taking morphometric measurements from radiographic images of live cats using the radiogrammetric method. For this purpose, a total of 37 adult cats, including 17 females and 20 males, were involved. While the effect of sexual dimorphism was observed on the morphometric data, the presence of sexual dimorphism was only evident in the coefficients (factors) of the humerus and talus. No significant effect of gender was found on the shoulder height estimation coefficients (factors) for other thoracic and pelvic limb bones. Gender had an impact on the slenderness index in all thoracic limbs, but only on the tibia slenderness index among the pelvic limb bones. Generally, female individuals were found to have more slender limbs. It is believed that the obtained coefficients (factors) and index data will contribute significantly to the prediction of archaeological cat morphology.

Mismatch between fixed classroom furniture and anthropometric measurements among university students: Relationships to ergonomic risk.

Appropriate arrangement of classroom ergonomics is necessary for maintaining health and improving academic performance, learning, and motivation. We aimed to determine the anthropometric measurements and ergonomic risk levels of students during a handwriting activity on a fixed desk and chair and to analyze the mismatch and relationships between these factors. This study included 149 university students (female:73, male:76). Anthropometric measurements (lower and upper extremity length, shoulder height, elbow-rest height, hip-popliteal length, popliteal height, knee height, the distance between tragus and wall, and between acromion and wall) were done with a tape measure. The Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) tool was conducted to determine the ergonomic risk level while students wrote a standard text on a fixed desk and chair as if they were taking notes in the classroom. The mismatch was evaluated between backrest height and sitting shoulder height, seat height, and popliteal height. The Pearson Chi-Square and the Spearman Correlation test were used for statistical analysis. The median values of the participants' age, height, weight, and BMI were 22 years, 1.70 m, 68 kg, and 23.18 kg/cm2, respectively. Most students had inadequate ergonomic posture while writing on fixed furniture at the university (Median RULA grand score: 4). More mismatches for seat height (54.4%) were found in high ergonomic risk levels but mismatches for backrest height did not follow a similar result. More investigation should be conducted with prospective studies including interventions like adjustable furniture.

Clinical Significance of Pose Estimation Methods Compared with Radiographic Parameters in Adolescent Patients with Idiopathic Scoliosis.

Human pose estimation, a computer vision technique that identifies body parts and constructs human body representations from images and videos, has recently demonstrated high performance through deep learning. However, its potential application in clinical photography remains underexplored. This study aimed to establish photographic parameters for patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) using pose estimation and to determine correlations between these photographic parameters and corresponding radiographic measures. We conducted a study involving 42 patients with AIS who had undergone spinal correction surgery and conservative treatment. Preoperative photographs were captured using an iPhone 13 Pro mounted on a tripod positioned at the head of an X-ray tube. From the outputs of pose estimation, we derived five photographic parameters and subsequently conducted a statistical analysis to assess their correlations with relevant conventional radiographic parameters. In the sagittal plane, we identified significant correlations between photographic and radiographic parameters measuring trunk tilt angles. In the coronal plane, significant correlations were found between photographic parameters measuring shoulder height and trunk tilt and corresponding radiographic measurements. The results suggest that pose estimation, achievable with common mobile devices, offers potential for AIS screening, early detection, and continuous posture monitoring, effectively mitigating the need for X-ray radiation exposure. Level of Evidence: 3.

Stature estimation in male and female populations of India and Nigeria depending on other anthropometric parameters using multiple regression analysis

In cases of mass disasters, accidents, or criminal investigations where the identity of victims is unknown certain basic anthropological parameters are helpful in ascertaining these like race, sex, age and stature. Estimating stature using multiple body measurements such as shoulder breadth, foot length, thigh length, and knee height is a common approach in anthropometry and forensic anthropology. The presence of sex and population differences in anthropometric indicators allows these measurements to be used not only to estimate the stature of an individual, but also to determine sex, different races or populations based on skeletal remains. The purpose of the study is to develop and practically verify the work of regression equations for estimating stature depending on other anthropometric indicators of men and women of two ethnically diverse populations. For this study, anthropometric data were gathered from two distinct population groups: Indian (n=102) and Nigerian (n=205). Basic demographic details along with measurements of shoulder breadth, sitting shoulder height, sitting foot length, sitting knee height, and sitting thigh length were obtained using standardized techniques as per the established anthropometric protocols. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate software packages such as SPSS, R, or SAS. The multiple regression method was used to estimate body length depending on other anthropometric indicators. As a result of the conducted multiple linear regression analysis, reliable relationships between stature and specific anthropometric measurements in Nigerian and Indian men and women were established. It was found that stature is highly likely to depend on knee height in a sitting position in Nigerian women (R2=0.531, p&lt;0.001), as well as hip length, foot length, and shoulder height in a sitting position in Indian men (R2=0.725, p &lt;0.001). Stature in Indian women reliably depends on hip length and foot length in a sitting position, and in Nigerian men - on hip length, foot length, shoulder width and shoulder height in a sitting position, but the regression equations have a coefficient of determination less than 0.5 (respectively, R2=0.463, p&lt;0.001 and R2=0.405, p&lt;0.001) and therefore do not have much significance for forensic purposes. Additional groups (30 people for each category) were used to test the obtained regression equations. The high correlation coefficients (0.6&lt;r&lt;0.75) observed in both test groups indicate the reliability of the regression models and the suitability of the selected anthropometric measurements for the estimation of stature in these populations. The obtained data emphasize the importance of taking into account factors specific to the population when developing regression equations for the estimation of stature and emphasize the usefulness of anthropometric measurements in predicting this indicator for different gender and demographic groups of the population, although their further verification on larger and more diverse samples is necessary.

The Effect of Feeding Native Grass, Jackfruit Leaves and Leguminosa on Daily Weight Increase and Body Sizes of Goats

The use of foliage and legumes in goat diet is essential to serve protein sources for maintenance and productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of providing native grass, jackfruit leaves (Artocarpus heterophyllus), and different legumes such as Leucaena leucocephala and Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson on average daily gain (ADG) and weekly increased body measurements) of four female Kacang goats (5-7 months old; average body weight 6.98?± 1.44 kg) kept in individual pens (1 m x 1.2 m × 1.2m (length x width x height) with a soil base. A 4 x 4 latin square design with four treatments: T0 (100% natural grass), T1 (100% lamtoro leaves), T2 (100% jackfruit leaves), and T3 (100% spinach) were used. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance. The results showed that feeding goats with different type of forages had a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on ADG, in which the goats fed jackfruit leaves showed the highest ADG value (142.85 ± 15.43 gr/head/day) (p&lt;0.05). Meanwhile, the ADG of goats fed native grass, L. leucocephala, and A. gangetica leaves were not significantly different (P&gt;0.05). The results also showed that different forages had no significant effect (P&gt;0.05) on the weekly increase in body size measurements, including body length, shoulder height and chest girth. It can be concluded that giving jackfruit leaves can increase the ADG of Kacang goats. The use of jackfruit leaves solely can be recommended to increase the growth of goats.

Influence of brick laying height on biomechanical load in masons: Cross-sectional field study with technical measurements.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) located in the low back and neck/shoulder regions are major concerns for both workers, workplaces, and society. Masons are prone to WMSD, because their work is characterized by repetitive work and high physical workload. However, the knowledge on the physical workload during bricklaying is primarily based on subjective measurements. This cross-sectional field study with technical measurements aimed to quantify physical workload in terms of muscular activity and degree of forward bending during bricklaying at different working heights among masons, i.e., knee, hip, shoulder, and above shoulder height. Twelve male (36.1±16.1 years) experienced masons participated in a cross-sectional field study with technical measurements. Surface electromyography from erector spinae longissimus and upper trapezius muscles and an inertial measurement unit-sensor placed on the upper back were used to assess the physical workload (level of muscle activation and degree of forward bending) different bricklaying heights. Manual video analysis was used to determine duration of work tasks, frequency, type, and working height. The working heights were categorized as 'knee', 'hip', 'shoulder', and 'above shoulder'. The 95 percentiles of the normalized Root Mean Square (RMSn) values were extracted assess from erector spinae and trapezius recordings to assess strenuous level muscle of muscle activation. The RMSn of dominant erector spinae muscle increased from hip- to shoulder height (from 26.6 to 29.6, P < 0.0001), but not from hip to above shoulder height and decreased from hip to knee height (from 26.6 to 18.9, P < 0.0001). For the dominant trapezius muscle, the RMSn increased from hip- to shoulder- and above shoulder height (from 13.9 to 19.7 and 24.0, respectively, P < 0.0001) but decreased from hip- to knee height (from 13.9 to 11.5, P < 0.0001). Compared to hip height (27.9°), an increased forward bending was detected during bricklaying at knee height (34.5°, P < 0.0001) and a decreased degree of forward bending at shoulder- and above shoulder height (17.6° and 12.5°, P < 0.0001, respectively). Based on technical measurements, bricklaying at hip height showed the best compromise between muscular load and degree of forward bending. This study contributes to the development of the work environment for masons and can help guide preventive initiatives to reduce physical workload.

Scratch visibility modeling on flat & textured polymeric surfaces

Polymer materials have gained widespread usage in the marketplace due to their lightweight properties, versatility, and cost-effectiveness. However, their susceptibility to scratches has been a longstanding issue. To overcome this shortcoming, surface texturing is one of the most low-cost, efficient ways to improve scratch performance by utilizing the inherent moldability of polymers. Textures rely on both the improvement of contact properties in terms of reduction in surface friction and the perceived visibility of scratches by masking the scratch-induced deformations. The current testing of the effectiveness of a particular texture design on scratch resistance requires tedious and costly psychophysical and/or experimental verification. In this paper, we present a comprehensive framework for scratch visibility analysis in virtual reality, integrating a novel scheme and finite element methods simulation. Our approach considers material, topographical, and optical properties, replicating perceived scratch visibility within the virtual space. The FEM model was found to overpredict the scratch depth and underpredict the shoulder height. A parametric study based on the material constitutive and surface properties has been carried out to highlight the effect of different material and surface factors on scratch performance and visibility. This study opens the door for a complete virtual design-development-analysis cycle for scratch performance evaluation of polymers.

大型贮罐清理机器人吸尘系统的设计与研究

Taking the large storage tank as the cleaning object, a cleaning robot integrating shoveling, crushing, sweeping and dust-absorbing was developed, and its dust-absorbing system was analyzed and optimized. Firstly, Fluent-EDEM gas-solid coupling was utilized to simulate the dust-absorbing system. By analyzing the fluid distribution and particle trajectory, the internal structure of the dust collection box was optimized to reduce the dust particles entering the fan box. Then, by analyzing the structural parameters of the suction nozzle, the influence of the nozzle shoulder angle, nozzle length, and shoulder height on the dust-absorbing effect was explored, and the parameters were determined, so as to reduce the energy loss and increase the flow rate on both sides of the nozzle. Finally, through the dust suction test, different models of nozzles were tested for dust suction, and the wind speed at the nozzle was measured, and the leakage of dust particles on both sides of the nozzle was significantly reduced after optimization, which verified the reliability of the simulation results and provided a theoretical basis for the design of the sweeping robot.

POSTURE CORRECTION IN MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS USING APPLIED KINESIOLOGY

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of using applied kinesiology in a posture correction program for middle school children. The study involved 20 children aged 14-15 years (10 girls and 10 boys) who had postural disorders in the frontal plane. Three methods were used to assess posture: visual diagnosis, diagnosis by plumb line, and scoliosis measurement. Visual diagnosis included the evaluation of posture symmetry by shoulder height, scapula angles, and waist triangles symmetry. Diagnosis by plumb line assessed the alignment of spinous processes along a vertical line. Scoliometry was used to measure the degree of spinal curvature. The posture correction program included manual muscle testing, kinesio taping, manual techniques (ischemic pressure of trigger points, fascial release using a vibration gun, deep point massage), and special corrective exercises. The results showed a significant decrease in scoliosis measurements in all students, from 8.6 to 4 degrees. This indicates the effectiveness of applied kinesiology in correcting postural disorders in middle school children. Performing the exercises helped inhibit old and establish new connections in the cerebral cortex by building new motor pathways. Additionally, it fostered an understanding and habit of maintaining correct posture in children. Overall, the study demonstrated that applied kinesiology is an effective method for correcting postural disorders in middle school-aged children, leading to better posture habits and improved spinal alignment.

Relationship between Learning Environment Design and Musculoskeletal Disorders in Learners

Introduction: Students spend most of their day at school sitting in their classroom furniture which is not quite the right size for students. This can be uncomfortable and even lead to back pain, leg cramps, and other problems. Method: Students’ body size for good posture while sitting, include popliteal to floor height, elbow to seat height, thigh thickness, sitting height, buttock to popliteal length, buttock to knee length, elbow to elbow breadth, the width of bitrochanter, subscapular height, and sitting shoulder height, and one standing is stature. Similarly, dimensions of chair-with-table, like seat height, the upper edge of the backrest, seat width, seat depth, table length, table width, table height, backrest height, and footrest currently used in the classroom were taken. The study compared students' anthropometry data with the furniture dimension data to obtain a match or mismatch between them with the help of standard mismatch equations. Results: The study reported that the mean body measurements of males are larger than females except for the width of bitrochanter. Seat width, seat depth, backrest height, and the upper edge of the backrest showed high mismatch percentages in students when patronising chairs. Table length reported high mismatch percentages among students. Conclusion: Using the users’ body sizes for furniture design will reduce musculoskeletal disorders and improve users’ sitting position. The recommended dimensions in furniture design will ergonomically fit students’ anthropometric measurements.

The estimation of different body dimensions of children aged 6-11 years for the needs of furniture designers.

There are some rules that furniture designers must take into consideration to design ergonomic furniture. The main design principle is the target group for which the furniture will be designed, considering the dimensions of people who use the furniture. The paper presents the correlation between 12 parts of children's body, as well as the proportion between stature and 11 other parts of the body which are used for the purposes of furniture and interior designers. Field measurements include: Stature (S), Sitting height (She), Shoulder height (Sh), Popliteal height (Ph), Hip width (Hb), Elbow rest height (Erh), Buttock-popliteal length (Bpl), Buttock-knee length (Bkl), Thigh clearance (Tc), Eye height sitting (Eh), Knee height (Kh) and Shoulder breadth (Sb) to pupils aged 6-11 (grades 1 to 5). The measurements were done in 687 children in 12 primary schools in 4 different regions in Kosovo. The data of the study shows that, in general, there is a correlation (in some parts strong and in some medium) for the measured parts. Also, the study presents the proportion between the stature and other parts of the body which are necessary for the design of children's furniture. Using this data will enable furniture designers to easily target the dimensions of the group they will design, even by measuring only one dimension, i.e. stature and then setting the proportions for each piece separately.

The adaptability of Garut sheep grazing on oil palm and rubber plantations in tropical conditions of Indonesia.

The productivity of sheep in humid tropical plantation areas relies on their ability to adapt. Oil palm plantations serve as potential grazing lands for livestock. This study aimed to identify Garut sheep adaptations in oil palm and rubber plantations of the Garut district, West Java, Indonesia. The total number of sheep used was 103 as the object of this study. Each individual of sheep was used for several different observations, including: Physiological assessment using 24 sheep of various ages, molecular analysis of heat stress using 31 sheep, worm egg count using 59 sheep, and for morphological assessment using 98 sheep. A general linear model was employed to analyze rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, number of eggs in each gram of sample feces, body weight (BW), body condition score, and morphometric measurements according to age and sex. Forage was compared between oil palm and rubber plantations during the vegetation analysis. RT, HR, and panting frequency were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the age and sex of the sheep. The mutation was found in the coding region of the HSP70 gene, which is approximately 232 bp long. Fecal eggs were found in 99% of the fecal samples, consisting of 100% Strongyle eggs and 1.75% Moniezia eggs. BW, body condition score, shoulder height, body length, pelvic height, chest circumference, and number of eggs were significantly affected (p < 0.05) by the age and sex of the sheep. The average fresh matter of vegetation under the plantation was 248.69 ± 120.94 g/m2 and 718.15 ± 249.93 g/m2 for oil palm and rubber plantations, respectively. Garut sheep were adapted to oil palm and rubber plantations in the humid tropical region. Plantations are potential sources of sheep grazing and roughage. Further research is needed regarding the consumption of forages in oil palm and rubber plantations.

Risk Factors for Injury in Border Collies Competing in Agility Competitions.

Border Collies are the most common breed in agility and their reported injury rate is much higher than that of other breeds. We aimed to identify demographic, training, and competition variables associated with the injury risk for this breed. We hypothesized that higher jump heights and competition at national/international levels would increase the injury risk. Data were collected from an internet-based survey. A logistic regression model was built using backward selection. There were 934 Border Collies in the sample, with 488 reporting an injury. The jump height relative to the shoulder height was associated with injury, with dogs jumping noticeably above or below shoulder height more likely to report a history of injury. Other identified risk factors included the number of weekends spent competing/year, the number of competitions at the national level, the age when starting elbow height jumps and backside jumps, the acquisition of the dog from a breeder, and the age of the handler. Factors associated with prolonged injury (>3-month duration) were the age when starting elbow height jumps and having a veterinary assistant as a handler. Border Collies jumping above shoulder height had an increased risk of injury. However, those jumping below shoulder height were also at a higher risk, which could have been due to reverse causality. Similarly, the observed associations regarding differences based on the number of trial weekends/year may have been impacted by reverse causality as well. The increased risk of injury with elbow height jump training at <10 months of age may indicate that the repetitive impact of jump training prior to skeletal maturity negatively influences musculoskeletal development. These data provide valuable information for further prospective studies.

Does levelling of T1 tilt intra-operatively affect post-operative shoulder balancein adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients?

Previous studies have shown that T1 tilt is positively correlated with post-operative shoulder balance (SB). The aim of this study was to explore the role of intra-operative T1 tilt, among other shoulder parameters as a potential parameter to predict post-operative SB in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. A retrospective review of AIS patients with structural thoracic curves with minimum 2year follow up was conducted from a single tertiary center. Standing pre-operative, 1st erect, 1year and 2-year follow-up; and intra-operative final prone radiographs were reviewed along with clinical data. Patients were stratified into 2 cohorts: Group A-Final intra-operative T1 tilt ≤5° and Group B-Final intra-operative T1 tilt >5°. These groups were compared for post-operative SB as a whole and separately for patients with baseline right or left shoulder high and if UIV was T2 or T3/T4. Patients with optimal SB (Radiographic shoulder height (RSH) <2cm) at 2years were compared to sub-optimal SB (RSH ≥ 2cm) with respect to multiple SB variables. 55 patients (mean age 15.1years-old, 43 F, mean BMI 22, mean thoracic Cobb-49.8°) were included. Based on Lenke curve types, there were 13 patients with type 1A, 10 patients with 1B, 12 patients with 1C, 7 patients with 2A, 4 patients with 2B and 9 patients with type 3C. T1 tilt was significantly correlated with RSH, Clavicle angle difference (CAD), First Rib Angle (FRA), and UIV tilt at first erect, 1-year, and 2-year post-op radiographs (p < 0.05 for all). When comparing groups, A and B, Group A patients showed significantly better restoration of their 2-year SB parameters; RSH (6.8 vs 11.8mm, p = 0.01), CAD (3.9 vs 9.1 p < 0.001) and T1 tilt (4.7 vs 7.8° p = 0.01). Similar results were found for patients with baseline right shoulder high; RSH (p = 0.04), CAD (p < 0.001) and T1 tilt (p < 0.001) and whether UIV was T2 or T3/T4. Eight patients with sub-optimal SB had worse intra-operative T1 tilt (p = 0.03) compared to 47 patients with optimal SB despite no difference in MT Cobb correction (83.1 vs 79.8%, p = 0.57). Post-operative T1 tilt correlates with lateral shoulder parameters at first erect, 1year, and 2-year radiographs. Therefore, T1 tilt can potentially be used as a surrogate to predict post-operative SB. Leveling intra-operative T1 tilt ≤5° is associated with better 2-year post-operative shoulder balance parameters irrespective of whether the UIV was T2 or T3/T4. Patients with sub-optimal SB at 2years had worse final intra-operative T1 tilt despite similar percent correction of main thoracic curve for all patients.

Fusion of Target and Keypoint Detection for Automated Measurement of Mongolian Horse Body Measurements

Accurate and efficient access to Mongolian horse body size information is an important component in the modernization of the equine industry. Aiming at the shortcomings of manual measurement methods, such as low efficiency and high risk, this study converts the traditional horse body measure measurement problem into a measurement keypoint localization problem and proposes a top-down automatic Mongolian horse body measure measurement method by integrating the target detection algorithm and keypoint detection algorithm. Firstly, the SimAM parameter-free attention mechanism is added to the YOLOv8n backbone network to constitute the SimAM–YOLOv8n algorithm, which provides the base image for the subsequent accurate keypoint detection; secondly, the coordinate regression-based RTMPose keypoint detection algorithm is used for model training to realize the keypoint localization of the Mongolian horse. Lastly, the cosine annealing method was employed to dynamically adjust the learning rate throughout the entire training process, and subsequently conduct body measurements based on the information of each keypoint. The experimental results show that the average accuracy of the SimAM–YOLOv8n algorithm proposed in this study was 90.1%, and the average accuracy of the RTMPose algorithm was 91.4%. Compared with the manual measurements, the shoulder height, chest depth, body height, body length, croup height, angle of shoulder and angle of croup had mean relative errors (MRE) of 3.86%, 4.72%, 3.98%, 2.74%, 2.89%, 4.59% and 5.28%, respectively. The method proposed in this study can provide technical support to realize accurate and efficient Mongolian horse measurements.

Direct Vertebral Rotation versus Simple Rod Derotation Techniques in Correction of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Abstract Background One method for treating adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), which is characterised by abnormal spinal alignment in the coronal, sagittal, and rotational planes, is surgical correction. The two surgical techniques most typically used to correct spine alignment are simple rod derotation (SRD) and direct vertebral rotation (DVR). Aim The study's goal was to assess the effectiveness of two treatment methods for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: simple rod derotation and direct vertebral rotation. Subjects and Methods A randomised controlled research involving 36 adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis was done. patients were randomly split into one of two groups: 18 patients in group A had DVR treatment, while 18 patients in group B received SRD with a 2-year follow-up. Results Apical Vertebral Rotation measured from CT scans in DVR group was 24.4° ±8.38° preoperatively and it decreased significantly postoperatively to 14.4°±4.61 °with (42.22%) correction rate while in SRD group it was 25.03°±7.99° preoperatively and it also decreased significantly postoperatively to a mean value of 21.41°±7.01° with (14.65%) correction rate. There were statistically significant differences between both groups postoperative (P &amp;lt; 0.001) Conclusion The most noticeable difference between DVR and SRD was clinical rib hump correction, which was explained by apical vertebral rotation correction determined on an axial CT scan. It also demonstrates that there is no significant difference in coronal curve correction, shoulder height difference, or patient satisfaction between the two techniques.

Comparison of Effects of Pectoralis Minor Self-Myofascial Release and Self-Stretching Exercise on Shoulder Height and Muscle Tone in Teachers of Child Care Center with Round Shoulder Posture

Comparison of Effects of Pectoralis Minor Self-Myofascial Release and Self-Stretching Exercise on Shoulder Height and Muscle Tone in Teachers of Child Care Center with Round Shoulder Posture

POMEN SKLADNOSTI TELESA ZA VZPOSTAVITEV RAVNOTEŽJA V STOJI PO SKOKU

The aim of the study was to determine if body symmetry influences establishing stand balance after drop jump. Thirty-two healthy sports students participated in this study, with an average age 19.8 ± 1.4 years, height of 182.9 ± 6.8 cm and weight of 79.1 ± 8.1 kg. Morphological characteristics were assessed by measuring the differences between the left and right side of forearm girth, upper arm girth, calf girth, thigh girth, long shoulder height, lean mass of legs and lean mass of arms. The standing balance result was calculated based on factor scores obtained from nine measurements taken for 30 seconds after jumping from a 25 cm height platform. These measurements included three for normal stand, three for blind stand, and three for deaf stand. The data was collected using a pressure insoles system and by measuring the difference in ground reaction force between the left and right leg. Regression analysis revealed that 27% of the differences in leg load could be explained by differences in morphological characteristics between the left and right side. Two significant predictors were identified: the difference in long shoulder height (explaining 16% of the variance) and the differences in arm lean mass (explaining 11% of the variance). Both variables showed a negative relationship with the factor jump standing. It was observed that imbalances in body symmetry could increase the long-term risk of acute or chronic injuries.