Shorter Storage Research Articles

Groundwater‐surface water interaction, dissolved organic carbon oxidation and dissolution in carbonate aquifers

AbstractThe high primary porosity and permeability of eogenetic karst aquifers permit water recharged through secondary dissolution features to be temporarily stored in aquifer matrix porosity. The recharged water contains elevated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations that, when oxidized, enhance limestone dissolution and impact carbon cycling. We evaluate the relationship between DOC oxidation and limestone dissolution using observations at a stream sink‐rise system and reversing spring in the Floridan aquifer, north‐central Florida, USA, where subsurface residence times of recharged water are days and months, respectively. We estimate water chemical compositions during surface water‐groundwater interactions at these two systems with mixing models of surface water and groundwater compositions and compare them with measured DOC, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), Ca2+ and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations. Differences between measured and modelled concentrations represent net changes that can be attributed to calcite dissolution and redox reactions, including DOC oxidation. DOC losses and Ca2+ gains exhibit significant (p < 0.01) inverse linear correlations at both the reversing spring (slope = −0.9, r2 = 0.99) and the sink‐rise system (slope = −0.4, r2 = 0.72). DOC oxidation in both systems was associated with decreases in the molar C:N ratio (DOC:DON). Significant (p < 0.01) positive linear correlations between increases in Ca2+ and DIC concentrations after correcting for DIC derived from calcite dissolution occurred at both the reversing spring (slope = 1.3, r2 = 0.99) and the sink‐rise system (slope = 1.61, r2 = 0.75). Greater deviations from the expected slope of −1 or +1 at the sink‐rise system than at the reversing spring indicate DOC oxidation contributes less dissolution at the sink‐rise system than at the reversing spring, likely from shorter storage in the subsurface. A portion of the deviation from expected slope values can be explained by the dissolution of Mg‐rich carbonate or dolomite rather than pure calcite dissolution. Despite this, slope values reflect kinetic effects controlling incomplete consumption of carbonic acid during dissolution reactions.

Changes in nutritional and technological properties of heat-treated milk and cream at dairy production scale during storage

Changes in nutritional and technological properties during storage of milk and cream subjected to different heat treatments at dairy production scale (high-temperature-short-time pasteurisation, extended shelf-life treatment and ultra-high temperature treatment) were investigated. Results indicate a decrease in pH with longer storage times, whereas no changes in ionic calcium concentration occurred during shorter storage. Vitamin losses ranged from 1 to 22% for different heat treatments and more pronounced effects of vitamin degradation was observed with more intense heat treatment and longer storage times. Vitamin B12 concentration tended to decrease more over time than vitamins B1, B2 and E and more losses in vitamin concentration were found after storage than after heat treatment. Significant effects on physical stability and colour changes in milk and cream were observed during prolonged storage. This suggests that larger changes in nutritional and technological quality of heat-treated milk and cream at dairy production scale occur during longer storage times.

Oxidation stability of diesel fuel during storage

Over the last 25 years, the diesel fuel has undergone major changes in its composition, which have fundamentally affected its long-term storage possibilities. An oxidation stability is a main parameter characterising the storage of the diesel fuel and it is strongly affected by a diesel fuel composition. The oxidation stability decreases in a line saturated hydrocarbons – aromatic hydrocarbons – unsaturated hydrocarbons. The mandatory use of FAME as a biocomponent of the diesel fuel negatively affect its oxidation stability. The FAME contain unstable double bonds C=C and their mixtures with mineral diesel fuel cannot be storage for a long time. The use of antioxidants with FAME has not effect in the long time storage. A recommended usable life of diesel fuel with FAME accor-ding to ČSN 65 6500 is from 1 to 3 months according to the FAME content. However, in some cases it is ne-cessary to store diesel fuel for a long time. State material reserves or back-up diesel generators are examples, when the diesel fuel is stored for the long time. The oxidation stability of the fuel expresses a resistance to an oxygen action. The oxygen, which is dissolved in the fuel, attacts molecules of the fuel and various oxidation products create. Hydroperoxides are the primary oxidation products. Secondary oxidation reactions give aldehydes, ketones, karboxylic acids and insoluble deposits. The oxidation products negatively affect the diesel fuel properties. Besides the composition the oxidation stability of the fuel is negatively affected by a high temperature,a high content of dissolved oxygen, an UV radiation and a presence of metals with a catalytic effect. An overview of methods used for the measuring or the observing oxidation stability was prepared in the article. It means not only the oxidation stability measuring but also a measuring of the content of different oxidation products which are related to the various oxidation degree . The aim of the article was to summarize the possibilities of a predicting the storage time of the diesel fuel and to propose a procedure for the monitoring and the predicting its longterm durability. Only one standardized storage test according to the ASTM D4625 can be found in the literature. The test is based on the storage of 400 ml of the diesel fuel at 43 °C for periods of 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks. After aging for a selected period, a sample is analyzed for insolubles. The correlation of the test results is: a week at 43 °C is roughly equivalent to a month of the storage at the temperature of 21 °C. The test is a time and material consuming and the correaltion was determined for diesel fuels made up to 1990´s. The new shorter storage test based on the standard test according to ASTM D4625 was proposed to predict diesel storage stability. The temperature was rised and the the time was shortened up to one month. During the test short laboratory analyses can be used for monitoring oxidation of the diesel fuel for example: the oxidation stability by PetroOxy, the peroxide number, the oxidation index by infrared spectroscopy, the acid number, the bromine number or the antioxidant content. The sample consumption is about 100 ml according to the selected analyses.

Fractionation of carbohydrates and proteins and in vitro rumen kinetics of corn silage under various storage durations

The experiment evaluated the effects on the chemical composition (fermentation, kinetic parameters, and protein and carbohydrate fractions) of corn silage after various storage durations (45, 90, 180, and 360 days). Experimental mini silos of the corn plants were made and opened after various storage periods. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and four replications per treatment. Variables such as pH, lactic acid and acetic acid showed a quadratic effect, whereas effluent and gas losses increased linearly with prolonged storage. Proteolysis was observed with an increase in storage, resulting in a rise in ammonia-N, soluble N, and non-protein N concentration and reduction in true protein. The soluble carbohydrate fractions were reduced, and digestible and indigestible fibre were increased. For the kinetic degradation parameters of the silages obtained through in vitro gas methodology, the highest fermentation rate occurred in the first 12 hours of incubation, and the highest volume of gas produced within 96 hours was obtained for silages with shorter storage (45 days). The increase in storage resulted in greater losses and lower ruminal degradability in vitro, causing a decrease in protein quality and nutritional value.

Development of a Pediatric Mini-Tablet Formulation for Expedited Preclinical Studies.

Multiple considerations are essential to address the main challenges of dose flexibility and patient adherence in pediatric drug development, particularly for oncology. Mini-tablets, 2mm in diameter, were manufactured using a rotary tablet press at a set weight and compression force level. The physical characteristics were consistent for mini-tablets throughout multiple batches. Polymeric amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) was used as a solubility enhancing technique to increase solubility and exposure of lapatinib. The effects of the polymeric excipient and disintegrant on drug release properties were investigated. While having a lower apparent solubility and shorter storage stability, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E3 (HPMCE3) formulation provided a higher percentage of drug release compared to hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP). The intermolecular interaction within the ASD system plays a role in the level of apparent solubility, physical stability, and concentration of free drug available in an aqueous environment. Juvenile porcine models at two different weight groups (10 and 20kg) were used to obtain the pharmacokinetic parameters of lapatinib. While the dose-normalized exposure of drug was found to be lower in the pig study, the dose flexibility of mini-tablets enabled a constant dose level to be administered to achieve equivalent plasma concentration-time profiles between the two groups. This linear scaling in the amount of drug in pediatric and adult population has also been observed in human clinical studies.

Modeling Electrical Resistivity of Naturally Aged Al–Mg–Si Alloys

Isothermal ageing of Al–Mg–Si alloys, stored at room temperature for more than 5 months, is associated with an unexpected significant increase in the overall electrical resistivity. This unexpected anomalous increase is not observed in alloys with shorter storage (natural ageing) times. This phenomenon is explained with a scenario, based on the evolution of the size distribution of Guinier–Preston (GP) zones during natural ageing and during subsequent artificial ageing. The proposed scenario can explain the contribution of natural ageing atomic clusters to this anomalous increase in the electrical resistivity. A physically based combined precipitation–electrical resistivity model, with the former being based on simultaneous nucleation-growth-coarsening reactions and the latter based on the Bragg scattering of electrons from atomic clusters, has been used to explain the electrical resistivity evolution. It is shown that the proposed model is capable of reproducing the experimental data in both short natural ageing (less than 5 months) and long natural ageing (more than 5 months) regimes.

Characterizing hybrid populations of Actinidia arguta var. arguta and related species

Commercial cultivars from the genus Actinidia are mainly derived from larger fruited species like Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis and A. chinensis var. deliciosa. Small-fruited species such as Actinidia arguta var. arguta have been of interest for their smooth fruit skins and novel flavours, but have had limited commercial success to date, primarily because of their shorter storage ability and less robust handling properties. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR)'s Motueka site has intra- and inter-specific populations based on A. arguta and other small-fruited Actinidia sp. We present data frequency distributions and correlations to demonstrate the variation in agronomically important traits. This is done by using various descriptive statistics, as well as fitting a mixed model which incorporates the pedigree structure in addition to year and trial effects, to obtain the best linear unbiased predictions (BLUPs) for all species and hybrids.

The age of blood in pediatric intensive care units (ABC PICU): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThe “Age of Blood in Children in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit” (ABC PICU) study is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) that aims to determine if red blood cell (RBC) unit storage age affects outcomes in critically ill children. While RBCs can be stored for up to 42 days in additive solutions, their efficacy and safety after long-term storage have been challenged. Preclinical and clinical observational evidence suggests loss of efficacy and lack of safety of older RBC units, especially in more vulnerable populations such as critically ill children. Because there is a belief that shorter storage will improve outcomes, some physicians and institutions systematically transfuse fresh RBCs to children. Conversely, the standard practice of blood banks is to deliver the oldest available RBC unit (first-in, first-out policy) in order to decrease wastage.Methods/designThe ABC PICU study, is a double-blind superiority trial comparing the development of “New or Progressive Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome” (NPMODS) in 1538 critically ill children randomized to either transfusion with RBCs stored for ≤ 7 days or to standard-issue RBCs (oldest in inventory). Patients are being recruited from 52 centers in the US, Canada, France, Italy, and Israel.DiscussionThe ABC PICU study should have significant implications for blood procurement services. A relative risk reduction of 33% is postulated in the short-storage arm. If a difference is found, this will indicate that fresher RBCs do improve outcomes in the pediatric intensive care unit population and would justify that use in critically ill children.If no difference is found, this will reassure clinicians and transfusion medicine specialists regarding the safety of the current system of allocating the oldest RBC unit in inventory and will discourage clinicians from preferentially requesting fresher blood for critically ill children.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT01977547. Registered on 6 November 2013.

The effect of deep-freezing on the structure of patellar and Achilles tendon allografts used for ACL reconstruction

According to the literature and to our recent studies, utilization of different types of allografts is a useful method for the reconstruction of the injured anterior crucial ligament. Of the different kind of allografts, in our practice, the patellar and Achilles tendons are the most commonly used types. Following our protocol, these allografts are subjected to cryopreservation at −80 °C until utilization. The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of cryopreservation at −80 °C on the histological and structural properties of the human patellar and Achilles tendons. Total of four patellar and five Achilles tendons with human origin were collected for this study. The samples were subjected to fresh freezing and cryopreservation at −80 °C. After 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 weeks, the structure of the frozen tendons was compared to freshly collected samples by standard histological examination and thermal analyses, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermal denaturation of different parts of human samples was monitored by a SETARAM Micro DSC-II calorimeter. The data treatment after ASCII conversion was done by Origin 6.0. DSC scans clearly demonstrated significant differences between the fresh and frozen samples. The decrease in collagen fibril density was supported by calorimetric and histological analyses in a time-dependent fashion. Our data suggest that application of allografts requires special attention paid to the proper storage time. The selection of grafts with possibly shorter storage time is recommended.

B-type natriuretic peptide and plasma hemoglobin levels following transfusion of shorter-storage versus longer-storage red blood cells: Results from the TOTAL randomized trial

Prior studies have suggested that transfusion of stored red blood cells (RBCs) with increased levels of cell-free hemoglobin might reduce the bioavailability of recipient nitric oxide (NO) and cause myocardial strain. Ugandan children (ages 6-60 months) with severe anemia and lactic acidosis were randomly assigned to receive RBCs stored 1-10 days versus 25-35 days. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), vital signs, renal function test results, and plasma hemoglobin were measured. Most children had either malaria or sickle cell disease and were thus at risk for reduced NO bioavailability. Seventy patients received RBCs stored 1-10 days, and 77 received RBCs stored 25-35 days. The median (interquartile range) cell-free hemoglobin was nearly 3 times higher in longer-storage RBCs (26.4 [15.5-43.4] μmol/L) than in shorter-storage RBCs (10.8 [7.8-18.6] μmol/L), P < .0001. Median (interquartile range) BNP 2 hours posttransfusion was 156 (59-650) pg/mL (shorter storage) versus 158 (59-425) pg/mL (longer storage), P = .76. BNP values 22 hours posttransfusion were 110 (46-337) pg/mL (shorter storage) versus 96 (49-310) pg/mL (longer storage), P = .76. Changes in BNP within individuals from pretransfusion to 2 hours (or 22 hours) posttransfusion were not significantly different between the study groups. BNP change following transfusion did not correlate with the concentration of cell-free hemoglobin in the RBC supernatant. Blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and change in plasma hemoglobin were not significantly different in the 2 groups. In a randomized trial among children at risk for reduced NO bioavailability, we found that BNP, blood pressure, creatinine, and plasma hemoglobin were not higher in patients receiving RBCs stored for 25-35 versus 1-10 days.

Effect of Transfusion of Red Blood Cells With Longer vs Shorter Storage Duration on Elevated Blood Lactate Levels in Children With Severe Anemia: The TOTAL Randomized Clinical Trial.

Although millions of transfusions are given annually worldwide, the effect of red blood cell (RBC) unit storage duration on oxygen delivery is uncertain. To determine if longer-storage RBC units are not inferior to shorter-storage RBC units for tissue oxygenation as measured by reduction in blood lactate levels and improvement in cerebral tissue oxygen saturation among children with severe anemia. Randomized noninferiority trial of 290 children (aged 6-60 months), most with malaria or sickle cell disease, presenting February 2013 through May 2015 to a university-affiliated national referral hospital in Kampala, Uganda, with a hemoglobin level of 5 g/dL or lower and a lactate level of 5 mmol/L or higher. Patients were randomly assigned to receive RBC units stored 25 to 35 days (longer-storage group; n = 145) vs 1 to 10 days (shorter-storage group; n = 145). All units were leukoreduced prior to storage. All patients received 10 mL/kg of RBCs during hours 0 through 2 and, if indicated per protocol, an additional 10 mL/kg during hours 4 through 6. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with a lactate level of 3 mmol/L or lower at 8 hours using a margin of noninferiority equal to an absolute difference of 25%. Secondary measures included noninvasive cerebral tissue oxygen saturation during the first transfusion, clinical and laboratory changes up to 24 hours, and survival and health at 30 days after transfusion. Adverse events were monitored up to 24 hours. In the total population of 290 children, the mean (SD) presenting hemoglobin level was 3.7 g/dL (1.3) and mean lactate level was 9.3 mmol/L (3.4). Median (interquartile range) RBC unit storage was 8 days (7-9) for shorter storage vs 32 days (30-34) for longer storage without overlap. The proportion achieving the primary end point was 0.61 (95% CI, 0.52 to 0.69) in the longer-storage group vs 0.58 (95% CI, 0.49 to 0.66) in the shorter-storage group (between-group difference, 0.03 [95% CI, -0.07 to ∞], P < .001), meeting the prespecified margin of noninferiority. Mean lactate levels were not statistically different between the 2 groups at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 24 hours. Kaplan-Meier analysis and global nonlinear regression revealed no statistical difference in lactate reduction between the 2 groups. Clinical assessment, cerebral oxygen saturation, electrolyte abnormalities, adverse events, survival, and 30-day recovery were also not significantly different between the groups. Among children with lactic acidosis due to severe anemia, transfusion of longer-storage compared with shorter-storage RBC units did not result in inferior reduction of elevated blood lactate levels. These findings have relevance regarding the efficacy of stored RBC transfusion for patients with critical tissue hypoxia and lactic acidosis due to anemia. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01586923.

HemaSpot, a Novel Blood Storage Device for HIV-1 Drug Resistance Testing.

HemaSpot, a novel dried-blood storage filter device, was used for HIV-1 pol resistance testing in 30 fresh United States blood samples and 54 previously frozen Kenyan blood samples. Genotyping succeeded in 79% and 58% of samples, respectively, improved with shorter storage and higher viral load, and had good (86%) resistance mutation concordance to plasma.

Regeneration of Spent Lubricant Refining Clays by Solvent Extraction

Step-by-step solvent extraction was used to regenerate spent clay by recovering the adsorbed oil in lubricating oil refining clay. Several polar and nonpolar solvents were tested, and petroleum ether (90–120°C) and ethanol (95 v%) were selected as the nonpolar and polar solvents, respectively. The spent clay was first extracted using petroleum ether (90–120°C) to obtain ideal oil and then extracted with a mixed solvent of petroleum ether (90–120°C) and ethanol (95 v%) two or three times to obtain nonideal oil before being extracted with ethanol and water. Finally, the clay was dried at 130°C to obtain regenerated clay. The total oil recovery can be more than 99 wt% of the adsorbed oil. The recovered ideal oil can be used as lubricating base oil. Shorter storage times for spent clay produce better regeneration results. The regenerated clay can be reused to refine the lubricating base oils.

Short Duration Needle Trap Sampling with Gas Chromatography Analysis to Determine Nearly Instantaneous Concentrations of Selected Organic Vapor Contaminants

Needle trap device samplers were used for rapid (60 s) quantitative sampling of short-term exposure limit (STEL) and peak exposure standard concentrations using a manually operated pump to collect small volume (10 mL) gas phase samples containing methylene chloride, benzene, toluene, and tetrachloroethylene vapors. Solventless introduction of chemical samples for gas chromatography analysis with flame ionization detection yielded linear results (R2 > 0.99) for vapor standard mixtures of the four target analytes ranging from 10% to 200% of their respective nominal STEL or peak exposure standard concentrations. Needle trap samplers showed ≥86% recovery (as GC-FID peak area responses) following 14-day storage at room temperature compared to the same samplers analyzed immediately, with better recovery values observed with shorter storage (≥95% at room temperature for seven days, except for methylene chloride) or with storage at 4°C. Calibration for quantitation of concentrations of benzene, toluene, and tetrachloroethylene was shown to be possible with the use of an internal standard to account for injector discrimination between the solventless NTD approach and injections of target analytes in carbon disulfide. Due to the simple sampling method (no field calibration and battery-free pumping) and the avoidance of solvent dilution, a needle trap sampling approach could simplify sample collection and analysis to chromatographically determine nearly instantaneous (1 min) exposure concentrations.

IS THE 6.2 °BRIX SOLUBLE SOLIDS HARVEST INDEX SUITABLE FOR 'HAYWARD' KIWIFRUIT FROM HIGH PRODUCTIVITY ORCHARD MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS?

Recent changes to 'Hayward' kiwifruit vine management, productivity and climate may affect maturation, softening behaviour and storage performance of the fruit and, in particular, the relationships between maturation and storage performance. If so, is the 6.2 °Brix soluble solids harvest index used by the New Zealand industry still relevant under these changed circumstances? The relationship between soluble solids accumulation and postharvest performance was investigated using fruit from ten orchard management regimes. Soluble solids content (SSC) was monitored throughout April and May 2009 and fruit were harvested for storage when on average at an SSC of 5.2, 5.9, 6.4, 8.0 and 10.0 °Brix. Current orchard management practices for high productivity affect fruit carbohydrate metabolism, resulting in higher SSC values earlier in the season. The pattern of SSC accumulation is also changed, with the rate of SSC accumulation when fruit are at 6.2 °Brix being slower. The postharvest implications are that fruit may be harvested when less mature than equivalent fruit from orchards not using high productivity practices: this may result in reduced capacity to ripen normally and tolerate low temperatures and thus shorter storage and shelf-life. If harvested later, at a higher SSC, the fruit are more likely to have more typical storage and shelf-life behaviour. Overall, whilst 6.2 °Brix as a harvest index is not incorrect, more attention should be paid to the actual nature and pattern of change in SSC accumulation when fruit are at 6.2 °Brix, rather than the simple numerical value.

Review on rain induced fruit cracking of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.), its causes and the possibilities of prevention

The rain induced fruit cracking is a big, serious and costly problem for cherry growers. Cracked fruits lose their value and they are not marketable because of the poor fruit quality. Cracked fruits have different storage diseases and shorter storage and shelf life.&#x0D; There are many influencing factors of the cherry fruit cracking such as: water uptake; fruit characteristics (fruit size, fruit firmness; anatomy and strength of the fruit skin, stomata in fruit skin, cuticular properties, osmotic concentration, water capacity of the fruit pulp, growth stage of the fruit,); orchard temperature and other environmental conditions;&#x0D; The most effective protection technique is the plastic rain cover over the tree rows. The installation of these equipments is too expensive for the cherry growers. That is the reason why researchers tried to find other less expensive and sufficiently effective ways against the Lim induced fruit cracking.&#x0D; Several calcium formulas: calcium chloride (CaC1,), calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2) and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2 ) can be sprayed in appropriate concentration. Spraying with other mineral salts (aluminium and copper salts, borax) and PBRs (Plant Bioregulators) may be also effective to reduce fruit cracking.

BULB PRODUCTION OF NERINE BOWDENII AND YEAR ROUND STORAGE

Traditionally Nerine bowdenii is grown in glasshouses in a one year cycle. The period that the crop is growing in the glasshouse is 8-9 months and after harvesting of the flowers, the bulbs are stored at 2-5°C for 3-4 months. A shorter storage period will lead to problems with dormancy while a storage period longer than 5 months will lead to inflorescence-abortion. Apparently the optimal culture cycle is one year, and consequently bulbs have to be planted each year in the same period. In theory, Nerine bowdenii bulbs can be planted throughout the year which leads to a year round supply of flowers. When however, flowering is planned from February until June, abortion of the inflorescence is likely to occur due to the climatic conditions during winter or, to the hot growing conditions of the bulbs after flowering in the previous years. It was found that flower production in the period from February to June is possible when bulb production and flower production are separated: outdoor bulb production with an extended storage period of the bulbs (at lower temperatures) is combined with flower production in the glasshouse. Bulbs grown outdoors could be stored for 13 months. Storage at 0-l°C gave much better flowering percentage than at 2-5°C. In addition, 1-2 months at 13°C before cool storage is necessary to prevent rotting, without affecting abortion of the inflorescence.

Effects of treatment with elevated carbon dioxide levels on the sensory quality of asparagus

Abstract Asparagus spears (Asparagus officinalis L. cv. Limbras 10) were stored for 3–5 days in atmospheres containing between 40 and 90% carbon dioxide (CO2) to evaluate the effect of insecticidal CO2 atmospheres on sensory quality based on sensory panel ratings of characteristic asparagus flavour, off‐flavours, flavour acceptability, andoverall acceptability. Sensory quality of spears after 4 days storage in 60% CO2 was similar to air‐stored spears but 5 days storage caused deterioration in the CO2‐stored spears relative to the air‐stored spears. Using higher CO2 levels than this for shorter storage times resulted in spears with CO2 injury and poor sensory quality. Spear quality deteriorated with shelf period but previous CO2 treatment did not affect the rate of deterioration. Storing spears at 5°C in 60% CO2 or 0°C in air gave consistently higher (lower for off‐flavours) sensory quality ratings for all characteristics assessed than vice versa. Thick spears had more flavour and were more acceptable than...

Keeping Time of Frozen Redfish (Sebastes marinus mentella) Fillets in Relation to Handling of the Raw Material and Storage Temperatures after Processing and Freezing

The effect of various periods of prefreezing storage for iced, whole redfish (Sebastes marinus mentella) on the frozen-storage keeping times (at −23 C) of the fillets and the effect of various periods of fillet storage at temperatures equal to and higher than −23 C are reported. The fish were caught on the Grand Bank and on Banquereau in May and June. Assessment was by taste panel with chemical tests for protein solubility, rancidity, and pH made for purposes of comparison.Fish iced 2 days, then processed and frozen, were of acceptable quality for 83–94 weeks; those iced for 12 days, then filleted and frozen, had a storage life to unacceptability of 51 weeks. Samples processed and frozen after 4 days in ice and subjected to variation in temperature (−23 C; −12 C) during initial frozen storage, then stored at a final temperature of −18 C, as in transportation aboard a refrigerated vessel and in cold storages used in the marketing chain, had initial quality characteristics similar to fish iced for 12 days (then processed and frozen) but had a shorter storage life to unacceptability, 44 weeks. Fish iced 15 days were unacceptable for freezing.

Shallow Irradiation of Citrus Unshiu by Cathode Ray

Citrus Unshiu (Japanese mandarin orange Satsuma) is particulary susceptible to gamma ray irradiation and the adverse effects on flesh flavor and peel appearance were found when fruit was subjected to 50 Krad or more. The work has conducted on shallow irradiation (surface radurization) of Citrus Unshiu by cathode ray to prevent the off-flavor.Pasteurizing effect on Pen. digitatum inoculated to lower shoulder of fruit was decreased with the time from inoculation to irradiation even the inoculated fruits were stored at 5°C before irradiation. With higher dose softening of peel and the destruction of oil-gland developed during the postirradiation storage and finally the browning of peel appeared. These phenomena depended on the storage time from the harvest to the radiation treatment; deterioration was more severe with the shorter storage after harvest. The browning was accelerated at room temperature but repressed at 5°C storage. The browning was not affected by curing treatment (RH: 75-80%, 5-7°C for 3 weeks) immediately after harvest.There was same pasteurizing effect by the cathode ray of 1.0 and 0.5 Mev. Pannel test detected the deteriorated flavor change with gamma ray irradiation over 50 Krad and the acceptability was lost over 100 Krad, but the shallow irradiation with 1.0 Mev of cathode ray did not change the flavor acceptability up to 250 Krad.Analytical data of fruit flesh and juice showed no significant differences between irradiated and non-irradiated spmples after the long term storage. Shallow irradiation of 100-300 Krad appeared to cause some advantages in score of acceptability after the long term storage.