Short-term Working Research Articles

Acute optogenetic induction of the prodromal endophenotype of CA1 hyperactivity causes schizophrenia-related deficits in cognition and salience attribution.

Hyperactivity of the human anterior hippocampus has been reported to spread from its CA1 subfield to the subiculum around the onset of first-episode psychosis and could be a cellular target for early therapeutic intervention in the schizophrenia prodrome. However, to what extent CA1 hyperactivity actually causes schizophrenia-related symptoms remains unknown. Here, we mimic this endophenotype by direct optogenetic activation of excitatory cells in the homologous mouse region, ventral CA1 (vCA1) and assess its consequence in multiple schizophrenia-related behavioural tests. We find that hyperactivity of vCA1 causes hyperlocomotion and impairments of spatial and object-related short-term habituation (spatial novelty-preference and novel-object recognition memory) and spatial working memory, whereas social interaction, spatial exploration, and anxiety remain unaltered. Stimulation of the ventral subiculum, in contrast, only increased locomotion and exploration. In conclusion, CA1 hyperactivity may be a direct driver of prodromal cognitive symptoms and of aberrant salience assignment leading to psychosis.

Effects of long-term exposure to high-altitude on episodic memory: The moderating role of daytime dysfunction

Chronic exposure to high-altitude hypoxic environments may influence short-term memory and working memory. However, its impact on long-term memory, specifically episodic memory, remains understudied. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of long-term exposure to high altitude (3650 m) on episodic memory, including item memory and source memory. Moreover, we examined the moderating role of daytime dysfunction on the relationship between altitude and episodic memory. In total, 97 participants were enrolled in the study: 49 were from the high-altitude (HA) group, comprising those born and raised in low altitude (LA) areas (< 500 m) and had migrated to HA for 2∼3 years after turning 18; and 48 were from the LA group, who had never lived at high altitudes. Episodic memory was evaluated using a what-when-where task, whereas daytime dysfunction was measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. For item memory, hit rate and correct rejection rate were significantly lower in the HA group relative to the LA group. For source binding memory, the performance in what-where binding and what-when-where binding were decreased in the HA group, but the what-when binding did not differ between the two groups. Furthermore, the effects of altitude on hit rate, what-where binding, and what-when-where binding were significantly pronounced in individuals with higher levels of daytime dysfunction. These findings suggest that long-term exposure to high-altitude hypoxic environments influences episodic memory performance, including item recognition and source-binding memory. Specifically, spatial source memory is affected by high-altitude exposure, whereas temporal source memory remains unaffected. Moreover, these results highlight the importance of considering sleep quality, especially good daytime function, in maintaining optimal episodic memory function following chronic exposure to high altitudes.

New technology and workers’ perceived impact on job quality: Does labor organization matter?

There is an emerging literature focusing on the impact of technological change on work quality. This study contributes to the literature by examining (1) workers’ expectations regarding the effect of technological change on perceived job insecurity, as well as physical and psychological job demands, and (2) how these expectations are shaped by the degree of labor organization within countries. The article uses cross-national data for 25 OECD countries. It is found that labor organization decreases perceived levels of job insecurity related to technological change, but also lowers workers’ expectations of technology improving the quality of their work. These findings may indicate that in environments where technological change is less strongly moderated by organized labor, workers put greater emphasis on technology as a driver of (short-term) work changes. Alternatively, these findings may signal a lack of ‘worker power’ of organized labor to enforce technologies that improve the quality of employment.

Rise of the Gig Economy and Its Business Models

The gig economy, characterized by the proliferation of short-term, freelance, and independent work arrangements, has undergone a remarkable ascent in recent years. This paradigm shift in the labor market is reshaping the way people work and businesses operate. This article delves into the gig economy, tracing its historical roots. It illustrates how the gig economy transitioned from the fringes to the mainstream and discusses how the B2B (business-to-business) and B2C (business-to-consumer) models have shaped the current gig market.

Influence of Short-Term Employment Contracts on Performance of Health Care Workers at Nakuru County Level 4 and 5 Public Hospitals

Purpose: The study investigated the impact of short-term employment contracts on the performance of health workers at Nakuru County public hospitals, focusing on 490 contracted workers from PGH Nakuru and Naivasha Referral Hospital. Methodology: Using stratified random sampling and a sample size of 220 respondents, data was collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed with SPSS version 25 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: The analysis revealed that employment continuity had a minimal and statistically insignificant effect on performance (p=.923), whereas benefits award significantly improved performance (p=.025). Increased supervision had the most substantial impact, significantly enhancing performance (p=.000). Employment relations also positively influenced performance but was statistically insignificant (p=.060). The results suggest that supervision is the most critical factor affecting the performance of short-term contract workers, followed by benefits award. In contrast, employment continuity and employment relations were less influential. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study recommends that hospitals should invest in mentorship programs to enhance employment continuity and job satisfaction, thereby improving performance. These programs would support personal and career development, contributing to better overall performance for contracted health workers.

Manajemen Seni Pertunjukan di Sanggar Sri Indera Bupala Kecamatan Bengkong Kota Batam

This research aims to know, describe and explain how Performing Arts Management in Sanggar Sri Indera Bupala, Bengkong District, Batam City. This type is qualitative research with a descriptive method. The research instruments are the researchers themselves and are assisted by supporting instruments such as stationery, cameras and voice recorders. Data were collected through literature studies, observations, interviews and documentation. The steps of analyzing the data are data reduction, data description and conclusion. The results of the study show that the steps in the management of Sanggar Sri Indera Bupala are planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling. The planning stage includes determining the name, objectives, policies, procedures, and work programs consisting of long-term work programs, short-term work programs, and incidental work programs. The level of organization in the Sri Indera Bupala studio is to give positions to several members of the management as a form of sense of responsibility for the members in the studio. At the mobilization stage at the Sri Indera Bupala studio, the studio leaders gave direct briefings to studio members and also provided motivation to studio members in the form of rules such as, if studio members are diligent and active in participating in training, they will have the opportunity to continue to participate in studio performances, both scheduled and unscheduled. As well as other mobilization is to carry out all activities and programs that have been planned and determined in advance. The supervision stage at the Sri Indera Bupala studio is the studio leader who directly supervises in coordination with the management and team involved both during the rehearsal process and during the performance.

Benefits of Playing at School: Filler Board Games Improve Visuospatial Memory and Mathematical Skills.

The aim of the study was to test the effectiveness of cognitive interventions based on modern board games in school settings to improve memory outcomes and math skills. A parallel, quasi-experimental study was carried out with children (n = 234) into third and fourth grades (8-10 years old). School centres were allocated into a general domain intervention (playing memory board games), a specific domain intervention (playing mathematical board games) or a control group (regular classes without playing). Teachers carried out bi-weekly sessions during the last 30 min of mathematical lessons (8 weeks, 15 sessions). Before and after intervention, we individually measured verbal and visuospatial memory outcomes (short-term memory and working memory updating) and mathematical skills (number operations, number ranking, number production and problem solving). The results showed significant transfer effects of both memory and math trainings. In third grade, we found that playing math games showed medium-large effect sizes in visuospatial short-term memory and updating memory, number operations and number ranking compared to the control group. In fourth grade, we found that playing memory games showed significant small effect sizes in problem solving compared to the control group. Playing board games could be a methodology that enhances cognitive and mathematical development in children.

Advancing safety in short-term utility work zones: Assessing the role of work zone intrusion alert technologies (WZIATs)

Work zone safety is significantly impacted by vehicle intrusions, which are challenging incidents to control. Although the Federal Highway Administration and US state transportation agencies have implemented safety procedures to enhance worker and motorist safety, the rate of intrusions in work zones remains high, necessitating the development of additional solutions. Work zone intrusion alert technologies (WZIATs) have shown promise in highway work zones; however, their application in short-term utility settings remains insufficiently studied. This research aims to characterize the features of intrusion alert systems that can enhance the safety of workers in utility work zones. To achieve this aim, the study adopted a mixed-method design approach, relying on literature review, archival data analysis, experimental assessments, and a case study. The study reveals that motorist/driver behavior is a primary safety risk factor in utility work zone intrusions. Insights from deploying two technologies, AWARE and Alpha SafeNet, in experimental and live utility work zones indicate that an effective WZIAT must be able to alert both drivers and workers, be deployable in less than three minutes, integrate audio, visual, and haptic alarms, have an adjustable warning light, incorporate a pneumatic tube triggering mechanism, and be waterproof. This study contributes to both knowledge and practice by characterizing the safety risks associated with utility work zones and identifying key performance and operational features for deploying WZIATs in short-term work zones.

Individual differences in visual search: A systematic review of the link between visual search performance and traits or abilities

Visual search (VS) comprises a class of tasks that we typically perform several times during a day and requires intentionally scanning (with or without moving the eyes) the environment for a specific target (be it an object or a feature) among distractor stimuli. Experimental research in lab-based or real-world settings has offered insight into its underlying neurocognitive mechanisms from a nomothetic point of view. A lesser-known but rapidly growing body of quasi-experimental and correlational research has explored the link between individual differences and VS performance. This combines different research traditions and covers a wide range of individual differences in studies deploying a vast array of VS tasks. As such, it is a challenge to determine whether any associations highlighted in single studies are robust when considering the wider literature. However, clarifying such relationships systematically and comprehensively would help build more accurate models of VS, and it would highlight promising directions for future research. This systematic review provides an up to date and comprehensive synthesis of the existing literature investigating associations between common indices of performance in VS tasks and measures of individual differences mapped onto four categories of cognitive abilities (short-term working memory, fluid reasoning, visual processing and processing speed) and seven categories of traits (Big Five traits, trait anxiety and autistic traits). Consistent associations for both traits (in particular, conscientiousness, autistic traits and trait anxiety – the latter limited to emotional stimuli) and cognitive abilities (particularly visual processing) were identified. Overall, however, informativeness of future studies would benefit from checking and reporting the reliability of all measurement tools, applying multiplicity correction, using complementary techniques, study preregistration and testing why, rather than only if, a robust relation between certain individual differences and VS performance exists.

Dexmedetomidine-mediated improvement of perioperative neurocognitive disorders by miR-184-3p-mediated NLRP3

BackgroundPerioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) is a neurological complication in the perioperative period, which may lead to severe poor prognosis. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is a commonly used sedative in the perioperative period. However, the effect of intraoperative anesthetic Dex on PND remains complicated and confusing. MethodsPND model was established using aged male mice, treated with Dex, and subjected to behavioral tests. The effect of Dex on pyroptosis was assessed by western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence. In addition, the miRNA expression profile of PND mice was identified by small RNA sequencing and performed PCR to detect miRNAs. Finally, the effect of miRNA on mice neuron pyroptosis was verified in vitro. ResultsWe found postoperative cognitive was declined in PND mice compared with control group, while preoperative injection of Dex improved short-term working memory and anxious exploration behavior, alleviated the cognitive impairment. Intriguingly, Dex ameliorated hippocampal inflammation and neuron pyroptosis in PND mice as evidenced by the reduced GSDMD, NLRP3, IL-1β and IL-18. The miRNA expression profile of PND mice hippocampus was disordered, including 5 miRNAs up-regulated and 17 miRNAs down-regulated, compared to the sham group. Dysregulated miRNAs were mainly enriched in biological functions related to neuronal development and signaling pathways related to pyroptosis. MiR-184-3p was the key miRNA, overexpression of miR-184-3p blocked the inhibitory effect of Dex on neuron pyroptosis, which was manifested as increased expression of GSDMD and NLRP3, increased inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-18. ConclusionsThis study revealed that miR-184-3p may mediate NLRP3 to prevent the alleviating effect of Dex on PND, which provides a new potential way to improve the therapeutic intervention of PND.

IGF-1 gene therapy prevents spatial memory deficits and modulates dopaminergic neurodegeneration and inflammation in a parkinsonism model

Cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease is considered an indicator of the prodromal stages of this condition, occurring prior to the onset of classic and pathognomonic motor symptoms. Among other factors, neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as a potential mediator of this neurodegenerative process, and glial cells are directly involved. However, the use of neurotrophic factors is associated with neuroprotection and cognitive improvements. Among all those factors, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has attracted considerable attention. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of IGF-1 gene therapy in an early animal model of 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA)- induced parkinsonism.For this purpose, we employed male Wistar rats. The animals were first divided into two groups according to the bilateral injection into de Caudate Putamen unit (CPu):(a) VEH group (vehicle solution) and (b) 6-OHDA group (neurotoxic solution). After that, the animals in each group were divided, according to the bilateral injection into the dorsal hippocampus, in a control group (who received a control virus RAd-DSRed) and an experimental group (who received a therapeutic virus (RAd-IGF1). After three weeks of exposure to 6-OHDA, our study showed that IGF-1 gene therapy improved cognitive deficits related to short-term and spatial working memory, it also increased expression levels of tyrosine hydroxylase in the CPu. In addition, the therapy resulted in significant changes in several parameters (area, perimeter, roundness, ramification, and skeleton ́s analyses) related to microglia and astrocyte phenotypes, particularly in the CPu and dorsal hippocampal areas.Our data support the use of IGF-1 as a therapeutic molecule for future gene transfer interventions, that will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms correlating cognitive function and inflammatory process.

ROLE OF AI IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT :

AI can help pick up the pace by helping managers nurture each potential hire automatically, and it allows them to receive notifications when a candidate applies for an open position. Artificial intelligence (AI) can help usher in a new era of human resource management, where data analytics, machine learning and automation can work together to save people time and support higher-quality outcomes. As AI technology moves beyond automation to augmentation, companies may be looking at how AI tools can make the work of human resources (HR) better for employees and job seekers. It’s not just about saving time; it’s also about providing information, insights and recommendations in near real-time. And that’s just the start of AI in human resources. Keywords: Professional learning and development, Candidate sourcing and hiring, Procurement of short-term workers, Automating HR service, Enhanced employee support, Increased Efficiency, Enhanced candidate experiences, Reskilling talent and restructuring job role.

Class 1 histone deacetylases differentially modulate memory and synaptic genes in a spatial and temporal manner in aged and APP/PS1 mice

Epigenetics plays a vital role in aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, whether epigenetic alterations during aging can initiate AD and exacerbate AD progression remains unclear. In this study, using 3-, 12- and 18- month-old APP/PS1 mice and age matched WT littermates, we conducted a series of memory tests, measured synapse-related gene expression, class 1 histone deacetylases (HDACs) abundance, and H3K9ac levels at target gene promoters in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Our results showed impaired recognition and long-term spatial memory in 18-month-old WT mice and impaired recognition, short-term working, and long-term spatial reference memory in 12-and 18- month-old APP/PS1 mice. These memory impairments are associated with changes of synapse-related gene (nr2a, glur1, glur2, psd95) expression, HDAC abundance, and H3K9ac levels; more specifically, increased HDAC2 was associated with synapse-related gene expression changes through modulation of H3K9ac at the gene promoters during aging and AD progression in the hippocampus. Conversely, increased HDAC3 was associated with synapse-related gene expression changes through modulation of H3K9ac at the gene promoters during AD progression in the PFC. These findings suggest memory impairments in aging and AD may associated with a differential HDAC modulation of synapse-related gene expression in the brain.

Contribution to the Research on New Belgrade: The Unbuilt Projects and the Concepts of Nikola Dobrović

&amp;lt;p class=&amp;quot;Abstract&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;text-align: justify;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span lang=&amp;quot;sr-Cyrl-BA&amp;quot; style=&amp;quot;mso-fareast-language: BS-LATN-BA;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Architect Nikola Dobrović is best known in Serbia for his only constructed building in Belgrade, the complex of the State Secretariat of National Defense (DSNO), better known as the General Staff, today an endangered cultural heritage and a crumbling building with an uncertain future. However, his short-term engagement as the head of the Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Serbia from 1946-1947, and his later professorship at the Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade, are equally significant for Belgrade and Serbia. Documents testifying to the post-war period of his work are scattered in several places: in the Urban Planning Institute of Belgrade, the Museum of Science and Technology, the Historical Archive of Belgrade, and the rare publications can only be found in a few libraries in Serbia. In the course of his short-term work on New Belgrade, Dobrović provided several conceptual projects and sketches for New Belgrade within the Urban Planning Institute: the perfomance square, road schemes and the urban planning solution of the zone between the Palace of the Federation and the Railway Station - today&amp;#039;s Central Zone of New Belgrade. Finally, at different stages of his career, Dobrović also designed individual objects, such as the project for the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, which remained in the domain of &amp;#039;paper architecture&amp;#039;, unbuilt, and which provides an insight into the way he thought about the process of urban and spatial planning, through the positioning of builidngs which would&amp;#039;ve generated the character of their immediate and distant surroundings.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

“I can almost recognize its voice”: AI and its impact on ethical teacher-centaur labor

PurposeThis study builds on previous theoretical work that considered artificial intelligence (AI) and its potential for creating “teacher-centaurs” whose labor could be accelerated through the use of generative AI (Fassbender, in review). The purpose of this paper is to use empirical methods to study centaur teachers and the division of labor (Durkheim, 1893/2013) that arise from outsourcing teaching tasks to AI.Design/methodology/approachMultiple case study (Stake, 2006) was used to collect data on two secondary English teachers who were early adopters of generative AI. Data included semi-structured interviews as well as ChatGPT chat logs, which helped in describing how teaching approaches evolved using AI technology.FindingsResults showed that teachers used AI for planning, instruction and assessment. AI-augmented teaching practices allowed teachers to complete tasks with greater speed, which in turn increased stamina and short-term work–life balance. Given the novelty of AI, concerns about data privacy and academic integrity raised ethical questions.Originality/valueChatGPT’s rise to popularity in 2023 brought with it significant discussions about education, specifically how students would use AI primarily as a tool for plagiarism. This study takes a different focus, considering how early adoption of AI has begun changing teacher labor, offering implications for the future of the teaching profession.

Differing patterns of employment for university students: the role of family background, educational choices and access to benefits

ABSTRACT Student employment is on the increase in many European countries. It takes many forms, from full-time employment to various types of flexible work, which involves short-term, non-standard and informal work. Despite its relevance and complexity, the connection between higher education and concurrent employment has been only partially explored in scholarly debate. This paper investigates the differing patterns of employment for university students, focusing on the role played by parental background, educational choices (i.e. field of study and residential status) and access to benefits. The analyses apply to the Italian higher education system and are based on data collected through a survey carried out among students enrolled at the University of Bologna, which has a highly developed student grant system and a large number of away from home students. Using multinomial logistic regression, the paper shows that students native of Bologna from lower socio-economic backgrounds and enrolled in the humanities and social sciences are more likely than their peers to be in employment. The findings on Right to Study are hence particularly important from a policy perspective, as they highlight the different roles that scholarships and tuition fee waivers play in employment choices whilst at university.

Productivity losses from short-term work absence due to neoplasms in Poland

Previous evidence on productivity losses from neoplasms focuses mostly on the economic burden from mortality, covers single cancer diagnoses and neglects non-malignant neoplasms. This study aims to broaden this perspective by analysing losses resulting from work absence and all neoplasm diagnoses. The analysis applies the human capital method and social insurance data to estimate productivity losses attributable to neoplasm-related short-term work absence in Poland in the period 2012–2022. The productivity losses due to work absence attributable to all neoplasms in Poland were €583 million in 2012 (0.143% of gross domestic product) and they increased to €969 million in 2022 (0.164%). Around 60% of the losses were associated with cancers while the remaining part of the burden was due to non-malignant neoplasms. The neoplasms that led to the highest losses were benign neoplasms, breast cancer, colorectum cancer and prostate cancer. The cancer sites characterised by the greatest losses per absence episode were brain cancer, lung cancer and oesophageal cancer. For most of the neoplasms, we observed increasing losses in an 11-year period analysed. Investing in effective public health policies that tackle neoplasms has the potential to reduce both the health burden and economic losses resulting from these diseases.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Profitabilitas Pada Perusahaan Sektor Usaha Industri Barang Konsumsi Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Business profit is the main goal of establishing a company by a group of individuals who run their business. Every year, the owner will set a profit target to be achieved so that management as directors try to optimize all assets owned by the company, both short-term and long-term assets. To achieve profit goals from business activities, the company will try to maintain short-term ratio stability, fast payments, inventory turnover, receivables turnover, DER system and working capital turnover so that every year the company operates well and stably and is relatively stable in the business as it runs. The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of the current ratio, quick ratio, inventory turnover, accounts receivable turnover, DER and partial working capital turnover as well as on the profitability of consumer goods industrial companies listed on the IDX. The basic group includes no less than 73 companies in the consumer goods industry, the sampling method is purposive sampling so that sample includes 37 companies and no less than 111 observations were made. Data analysis techniques are multiple linear regression, classical assumption testing and hypothesis testing. The research results show that the current ratio, debt ratio, inventory turnover, accounts receivable turnover, and DER ratio partially have a positive and significant effect on the profitability (ROA) of consumer goods companies listed on the IDX, while working capital circulation has no significant effect on the company’s profitability. Meanwhile, the current ratio, quick ratio, inventory turnover, receivables turnover, DER ratio and working capital turnover have a significant effect on the ROA of consumer goods companies on the IDX.There is a strong correlation between a company’s current metrics, short-term metrics, inventory turnover, receivables turnover, DER, working capital turnover and ROA. ROA can be explained by the Current ratio, Quick Ratio, Inventory Turnover, Receivables Turnover, DER and Working Capital Turnover. 55,5% the remaining 44.5% can be explained by other variables that have not been tested. &#x0D; Keywords: Current ratio, Quick Ratio, Inventory Turnover, Receivables Turnover, DER, Working Capital Turnover, ROA

MANAJEMEN STRATEGI DALAM MENINGKATKAN DAYA SAING SD GMIT SE-KECAMATAN LOBALAIN, KABUPATEN ROTE NDAO

The Decreasing of public interest about the underdeveloped GMIT schools resulting in a decrease of interest continuing education. GMIT schools think of strategic steps to increase the competitiveness of institutions their education. The purpose of this is to analyze the strategic management of GMIT Elementary School in Lobalain District which was conducted to increase the schools’ competitiveness. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The subjects in this study consist of 18 respondents consisting of 1 Principal and 2 teachers from each GMIT Elementary School in Lobalain District. The data collection techniques used is observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis techniques that used are Analysis Interactive which is divided into 4 parts, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that strategic management has been implemented by school principals according to the implementation stages strategic management, namely observation, strategy formulation/strategy planning, implementation strategy, evaluation and control or supervision. This is done according to the conditions in each school. Efforts to increase the competitiveness of GMIT Elementary School in Lobalain District carried out in the form of observations in the internal and external environment to find out the strengths and the weaknesses of schools, preparing short-term and long-term work programs, implementing work programs and conducting regular evaluations.

Relationship between psycho-physiological indicators and task performance under various indoor space designs for telecommuting environment by introducing mixed-reality

The increase in telecommuting during COVID-19 and advances in digital technology have necessitated the establishment of guidelines for maximizing productivity through indoor space design for telecommuters. Additionally, understanding the physiological response of individuals working in indoor spaces has attracted attention. This study applied mixed-reality environment to alter the design of the indoor space in real-time, while monitoring the task performance and representative psycho-physiological indicators (electroencephalogram and heart rate variability) of 30 individuals with telecommuting experience. To this end, four tasks, including spatial memory, attention, execution, and working memory, were conducted, and the psycho-physiological data from these tests were statistically analyzed. The results revealed that the design of the indoor space did not affect the spatial memory; however, the parasympathetic nerves were stimulated in visually non-preferred spaces, thus reducing mental stress and leading to high efficiency in short-term work. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, the working memory of an individual is generally efficient and physically stable over time if they adjust to a preferred or decision-making space. Thus, the future design of telecommuting spaces must consider the type of work being done, and guidelines for spatial design should be developed by recognizing the psycho-physiological status of users, while increasing efficiency.