Short Temperament Scale For Children Research Articles

Exploring the Relationship Between Age at Nap Cessation and Social-Emotional Functioning in Children.

The objective of this study was to examine variations in age at nap cessation and identify whether there is an association with social-emotional functioning (SEF) as measured by internalizing/externalizing behavior, child temperament, and social skills in a sample of early childhood education and care-attending children. The sample comprised 1117 children from the Australian Effectiveness Early Educational Experiences for Children longitudinal early childhood study. We used children's age at nap cessation as retrospectively recalled by caregivers in 2011 or 2013 when children were between ages 2 and 7 years. Each child's SEF was reported by a caregiver using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Short Temperament Scale for Children, and the Social Skills Inventory Scale. Associations between children's age of nap cessation and SEF were tested using linear regressions. The children's age at nap cessation ranged from 6 months to 6 years. For each additional year of napping, children's total , conduct , externalizing , and peer behavior problems decreased by 0.39 (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.70 to -0.09), 0.11 (95% CI, -0.21 to -0.01), 0.11 (95% CI, -0.51 to -0.06), and 0.11 (95% CI, -0.20 to -0.02) units on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scale, respectively. No further significant associations were found. This is the first study reporting the age range of nap cessation and its associations with social-emotional functioning. Our findings demonstrate earlier cessation ages in Australian children attending Early Childhood Education and Care programs than previously reported and a small association with externalizing and peer problems.

TEMPERAMENT AND PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP AS PREDICTORS OF PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF 60-72-MONTH-OLD CHILDREN

This research aims to determine to what extent temperament and parent-child relationship predict the prosocial behaviors of 60-72-month-old children. The study group of the research consists of 313 mothers and 126 fathers. Data analyzes were carried out separately in mother and father groups. "Personal Information Form", "Child Prosocialness Scale", "Short Temperament Scale for Children", "Child-Parent Relationship Scale" were used as data collection tools. Data were analyzed using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. The results obtained from the mothers in the study group revealed that approach, persistence, rhythmicity, reactivity which are the child temperament, and negative mother-child relationship together significantly predicted children’s prosocial behaviors. As for the results obtained from the father participants in the study group, it was found that approach, the persistence of the child temperament, and negative father-child relationship together significantly predicted children’s prosocial behaviors. As a result of the study, the importance of the relationship between child temperament and the child-parent relationship with prosocial behaviors was revealed. The findings of the research were discussed in light of the literature and research, and suggestions were presented.‎

The Relationship of Dental Anxiety, Behaviour, Temperament and Dental Caries in Children

The first dental examination is a major step that is affected by many factors and determines the dental treatment process. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the association of child temperament with child dental anxiety, parental dental anxiety, dental behaviour and dental caries. The study consisted of 100 children aged 3 to 6 who were attending their first dental examination and their accompanying parents. The Facial Image Scale (FIS), Frankl’s Behaviour Scale (FBS), Corah’s Dental Anxiety Scale (CDAS) and the Short Temperament Scale for Children (STSC) were used for assessment. The DMFT (decayed, missing and filled teeth) score of each child was recorded. Children who exhibited negative behaviour on the FBS had the highest rhythmicity scores (p = 0.008). The mean DMFT score of children in the rhythmicity temperamental dimension was relatively high (p = 0.008). The parents of children defined as negative on the FBS had high dental anxiety levels on CDAS (p < 0.001). Children whose parents had higher dental anxiety levels showed higher dental anxiety (p = 0.007). The success rate of dental treatment procedures may be increased by improving dentists’ knowledge of dental anxiety related to the child’s temperament and integrating parental support to reduce dental anxiety.

Investigation of the Relationship of Physical and Relational Aggression of Pre-schoolers with Temperament Characteristics

Çocuğun hayatında sürekli hale gelebilecek saldırganlık yönelimi ve saldırganlık davranışının temeli okul öncesi dönemde başlamaktadır. Bu dönemde çocuk saldırganlık yönelimi göstermekte ve bunu kalıcı hale getirmektedir. Çocukların saldırgan davranışlar göstermelerinde çocukların mizaçsal özellikleri de bir risk faktörüdür. Mizaç biyolojik temelli bir özelliktir. Yürümeye başlayan çocuğun saldırgan davranışında, çocuğun zor mizacı ve zayıf sosyalleşme ortamları önemli rol oynar. Çocukta zor bir mizaç; sert, tutarsız ve olumsuz sosyalleşme davranışlarını ortaya çıkartır ve bu davranışlar agresif veya yıkıcı davranışlara dönüşebilir. Saldırgan davranışlar üzerinde etkili olan mizaç, bireyler arasında farklılık gösteren ve biyolojik etkilerle ortaya çıkan duygusal ve davranışsal özelliklerdir. Bununla birlikte, erken çocukluk müdahaleleri bu riskleri önlemede etkilidir. Bu çalışmada çocukların fiziksel ve ilişkisel saldırgan davranışları ile mizaç özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini İstanbul’da resmi iki anaokulunda okul öncesi eğitime devam eden 48-72 ay arasındaki 231 çocuk oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada veriler “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Sosyal Davranış Ölçeği” ve “Çocuklar İçin Kısa Mizaç Ölçeği” kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucuna göre cinsiyet ve yaş fiziksel saldırganlıkta anlamlı farklılık oluştururken, kardeş sayısı, okula devam süresi anlamlı farklılık oluşturmamıştır. İlişkisel saldırganlıkta ise yaş ve kardeş sayısı gruplar arasında anlamlı farklılık oluştururken cinsiyet ve okula devam süresi anlamlı farklılık oluşturmamıştır. Saldırganlığın mizaç özellikleri ilişkisinde ise fiziksel saldırganlık ile sebatkarlık mizaç özelliği arasında negatif yönde hafif düzeyde, tepkisel mizaç özelliğiyle pozitif yönde hafif düzeyde anlamlı ilişki, İlişkisel saldırganlık boyutunda ise ritmiklik ile ilişkisel saldırganlık arasında negatif yönde hafif düzeyde anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur.

The Investigation of Children's Persistent and Reactive Behavior With Respect to Parenting Attitudes

The aim of the current study is to investigate the contributions of maternal attitudes to children’s persistent and reactive behaviors. The study sample is made up of 202 preschoolers aged 48-72 months and their mothers. A demographic form was used to collect data on children’s age, gender and mothers’ working status. Persistence and Reactivity Subdimensions of the The Short Temperament Scale for Children and Parenting Attitude Scale for maternal attitudes were used for the data collection. Both forms were completed by the mothers. An independent sample t-test, a Pearson Product-Moment Correlation and multiple regression were used to test the data collected from the mothers. The results showed that girls, 6-year-olds (60-72 months) and children with working mothers were more persistent compared to boys, 5-year-olds and children with unemployed mothers, respectively. The findings indicated a negative and significant relationship between persistence and overprotective parenting attitudes and a positive and significant relationship between reactivity and permissive and overprotective parenting attitudes. Parenting attitudes explained %5 and %7 of the variation in children’s persistent and reactive behavior, respectively. Overprotective and permissive parenting attitudes significantly predicted persistence and reactivity, respectively.

Factors Affecting Level of Children Resilience and Teachers’ Opinions about Resilience

This research mainly focuses on two purposes, the first of which is to examine the relationship between the resilience levels of 5-6-year-old preschool children, their temperament, and their ages. The second purpose of the research is to determine the opinions of their teachers on resilience and resilient children, the risk factors that affect the resilience and the protective factors. Accordingly, the mixed- method design was used in the study. The sample in the quantitative part of the study consisted of the parents and teachers of the 151 children enrolled in preschool education under the Usak Provincial Directorate for National Education. Qualitative data were collected from the interviews with 15 preschool teachers. The quantitative data were collected using the "Early Childhood Resilience Scale" and "The Short Temperament Scale for Children". The qualitative data were collected using the "Semi-structured Interview Form” which consists of 4 questions regarding the 15 preschool teachers’ opinions on resilience. According to the results, the age and temperament (i.e., persistence and reactivity) were found to be significant predictors of resilience. It was also found that the resilience scores of the children increased with age. The qualitative data were analyzed using descriptive and content analysis methods. The teachers expressed the highest rate of resilience as “being able to struggle”, while the characteristics of the children, who have resilience behaviour, were described as “being determined”. They expressed the concept of “domestic violence” as a risk factor that may influence resilience, and “personality traits” as the protective factor.

The Contributions of Temperament Characteristics to Attachment in 6-Year-Old Children

The aim of the current study is to investigate whether 6-year-old children’s temperament predict their level of attachment. The study has a descriptive design. During the Spring term of the academic year 2017-2018, 59 children (60-72-month old) and their mothers in City of Tekirdağ (Süleymanpaşa District) volunteered to participate in the study. Demographics Form, Incomplete Stories with Doll Family and Short Temperament Scale for Children were used for the data collection. Descriptive statistics were performed to summarize the ISDF and STSC scores in the first step of the data analysis. A multiple linear regression was carried out and attachment scores and temperament sub-dimension scores were assigned as the dependent and independent variables, respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that the independent variables in the model predicted 16% of the dependent variable (R2 = .157), which meant that the children’s temperament predicted 16% of their attachment levels. Reactivity, sociability, rhythmicity and the linear combination of children’s reactivity, persistence, sociability and rhythmicity did not predict children’s attachment, but persistence did.

The Predictive Effect of Preschool Children’s Temperament Characteristics and Parenting Styles of Mothers on Ego Resiliency Level of Children

The aim of the study is to investigate the predictive effect of the temperament charecteristics of preschool children and their mothers’ parenting styles on ego resiliency level of children. The study was designed in survey method. The sample of the study was selected by random sampling method from central districts of Istanbul, Turkey. The sample consists of 367 children in total and 198 (54%) of these children are girls and 169 (46%) of them are boys. Demographic Information Form, Children’s Ego Resiliency Scale, Short Temperament Scale for Children and Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire were used to collect data. The data was collected during fall semester in 2015-2016 academic year. Multiple regression analyses were used to test the relation between childrens’s ego resiliency level, temperament charecteristics and their parents’ parenting styles. Authoritarian and permissive parenting styles and persistence and reactivity traits of temperament together explained 33% of the variance in ego resiliency and the relation between these variables was found to be as moderate (r = 0.58, p<0,05). The authoritarian parenting style among other explanatory variables is the most powerful variable on ego resiliency of children and these variables are inversely related.

A Study on Social Competence and Temperament of Pre-School Children’s

&lt;p&gt;The purpose of this research is to explore the social competence and temperament of 4-6 age group children attending pre-school education institutions, to identify whether their social competence levels vary by gender, and to show the relationship between the sub-dimensions of social competence and those of temperament. The study group consists of n=148 female children and n=180 male children in 4-6 age group receiving pre-school education. The data were collected via the Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation Scale-SCBE 30 and the Short Temperament Scale for Children. The data were analyzed via independent-samples t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The findings were evaluated at .05-.001 significance level. The research findings indicated that children’s social competence levels significantly vary by gender (p&amp;lt;05), and there are positive and negative significant relationships between the sub-dimensions of social competence and those of temperament (p&amp;lt;.05, p&amp;lt;.001). The findings of the research were discussed in the light of some research and literature, some suggestions have been made.&lt;/p&gt;

English

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between gender and the temperamental characteristics of children between the ages of five and six, as well as to assess their behavioural problems. The sample included 128 children selected by simple random sampling from 5-6 year old children, receiving preschool education in the city centre of Ýzmir province in Turkey. Of the children, 65 were girls (50.8%) and 63 (49.2%) were boys. The data collection instruments were the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales and the Short Temperament Scale for Children, respectively. The results of this study reveal that there is no significiant difference between gender and the child temperament subscales of approach/withdrawal; persistence and rhythmicity; and a child’s behavioural problems, respectively. However, the gender of the children was found to be significantly related to the reactivity sub-dimension of their temperament (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between the temperament subscale of reactivity and externalising problems subscale of behavioural problems (p < 0.05). On the other hand, a negative correlation was observed between the persistence temperament dimension and the behavioural problem dimension of self-centredness (p < 0.05). In the opinion of the researcher, it is important to know the children’s personality features, monitor their behaviour, and take respective measures when necessary. These research results contributed positively to this end. Keywords : behavioural problems; gender; preschool children; temperament

The Role of Child’s Temperament Predictor on Preschool Social Competence

This research has been conducted to examine the predictor effects that children’s temperament traits have on the social competence variable. In total of 112 preschool children (57 boys, 55 girls), and their mothers and teachers participated in the study. To collect data, the Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation scale, short form (SCBE-30) as well as the Short Temperament Scale for Children were completed by their mothers and teachers. According to the results, there is a significantly positive relationship between the level of social competence and the persistence and rhythmicity level of temperament traits. In other results there was found to be a significant positive relationship between the level of anger/aggression and the reactivity temperament trait. According to the results of the multiple regression analysis social competence also has a significant effect related to temperament traits.

Peer preference: a way of evaluating social competence and behavioural well-being in early childhood

This study investigated the differences in peer preference, gender and temperamental characteristics of children aged five to six in relation to their social competence (SC) and behavioural adaptation. The data were collected through the use of ‘Picture Sociometry Scale’, ‘SC and Behaviour Evaluation Scale’ and ‘Short Temperament Scale for Children’. The participants in the study were 42 preschoolers, their mothers and the children's teachers. The study was carried out in a preschool in Ankara, Turkey. The results revealed that children with higher peer preference showed more SC. Moreover, children with higher level of persistence and approach revealed increased SC while children with higher reactivity had greater anger-aggression behavioural orientation.

Child Sleep Problems and Parental Depression: Testing a Risk and Resistance Model

Although extensive studies demonstrate a link between infant sleep problems and parental depression, limited research explores this relation in parents of primary school aged children. Using cross-sectional data, we investigated direct, moderating and mediating risk and resistance factors in the relation between child sleep problems and parental depressive symptomatology in a sample of 145 Australian parents of primary school aged children. Parents completed the children’s sleep habits questionnaire, the short temperament scale for children, the perceived stress scale and the depression sub-scale of the depression, anxiety and stress–short form. Correlational analyses confirmed bivariate relations between parental stress and parental depressive symptomatology, and between child sleep problems and parental depressive symptomatology. Multiple regression analyses identified parental stress as a mediator of the relation between child sleep problems and parental depressive symptomatology, and the approach component of child temperament as a moderator of the relation between child sleep problems and parental depressive symptomatology. Findings suggest that parents of children with sleep problems experience increased stress levels and increased levels of depressive symptomatology and may be at increased risk of depression if their child has a difficult temperament characterized by low approachability. Implications for clinical intervention and future research are discussed.

Temperament and peer relations: investigating the effect the temperament of 5–6-year-olds has on their peer relations

The purpose of this study is to investigate the predictor effect temperamental characteristics of Turkish children aged between 5 and 6 have on peer relationship variables (social impact, prosocial behaviour, aggression, asocial behaviour, exclusion, fear–anxiety, and victimisation). About 140 children, aged between 5 and 6, and their mothers, from Denizli in Turkey, participated in this study. The Short Temperament Scale for Children was used to measure the temperamental characteristics of children. The Child Behaviour Scale, the Victimisation Scale, and the sociometric technique based on peer nomination were used to assess peer relationship variables. Results of this study concluded that there was a significant positive relationship between the level of approach, persistence, and rhythmicity and social impact and prosocial behaviour; there was a significantly adverse relationship between the level of aggression, asocial behaviour, exclusion, fear–anxiety, and victimisation. The children's level of inflexibility/reactivity had a significant inverse relationship with social impact and prosocial behaviour and a significant positive relationship with aggression, asocial behaviour, exclusion, fear–anxiety, and victimisation levels. All temperamental characteristics taken into consideration for this study had a significant predictor effect on peer relationship variables of children aged between 5 and 6.

381 Language and Behaviour Followup From the Dino (DHA for the Improvement of Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Preterm Infants) Trial

Background: Higher-dose docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, (∽1% total fats) compared with standarddose (∽0.3%) in infants born < 33 weeks gestation improved the mental development of girls (JAMA, 2009). We aimed to evaluate the effect of higher- DHA milk on behaviour and language development in early childhood. Method: Follow-up of a subgroup of infants (n=143) enrolled in the DINO trial. DINO was a multicentre randomised controlled trial, n=657, with stratification for sex, birth weight (< 1250g, ≥1250g) and centre. Lactating women took tuna oil capsules (higherdose DHA) or soy oil capsules (standard); preterm infant formula with matching DHA composition was given if needed. Language was assessed using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (MCDI) at 26 months corrected age (CA). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Short Temperament Scale for Children (STSC) were used to assess behaviour at 3-5 years CA. Results: MCDI scores did not differ between groups (Vocabulary Production: higher-DHA (mean±SD) 308±79; control 316±92; P=0.8). Overall, there was a higher incidence of behavioural difficulties in these children compared with term-born children. However, the SDQ and STSC composite scores did not differ between groups (SDQ total difficulties: higher-DHA 10.3±6.0; control 9.5±5.5; P=0.5; STSC score: higher-DHA 3.1±0.7; control 3.0±0.7; P=0.3). Conclusions: In this subgroup of infants, feeding preterm infants milk containing 3 times the standard DHA level did not result in any clinically meaningful change to language development or behaviour in early childhood.

The effects of temperament and behaviour problems on sedation failure in anxious children after midazolam premedication

Midazolam is one of the most frequently used agents for sedation in paediatric dentistry. It is unclear how temperament traits and behaviour problems are related to sedation failure in children. We investigated whether sedation failure after premedication with oral midazolam can be predicted by behaviour problems and temperament traits. Sixty children (aged 4-8 years) referred for dental treatment under sedation (40/60% N2O/O2), who had a Frankl Behaviour Scale score of at least 3, were premedicated with oral midazolam (0.75 mg kg(-1)). The level of sedation was assessed at defined time intervals, according to the Houpt Sedation Rating Scale. Children's sedation success during dental treatment was classified as satisfactory or unsatisfactory. Heart rate and oxygen saturation were evaluated by an oxygen saturation monitor in the sedation period. On the treatment day, parents completed 'The Revised Conners' Parent Rating Scale' and 'Short Temperament Scale for Children' to assess their child's behaviour problems and temperament, respectively. The rates of sedation success were found to be satisfactory in 78.4% and unsatisfactory in 21.6%. Student's t-test demonstrated that in addition to the Short Temperament Scale for Children Inflexibility subscale being significant the Revised Conners' Parent Rating Scale: Long Form Psychosomatic subscale was also found to be a significant predictor of sedation failure. Psychosomatic behaviour problems and an inflexible temperament trait might contribute to sedation failure in children undergoing dental treatment under midazolam premedication and N2O/O2 sedation. Appropriate patient selection based on the evaluation of childhood behavioural problems and temperament characteristics might increase midazolam sedation success in children.

Feeding preterm infants milk with a higher dose of docosahexaenoic acid than that used in current practice does not influence language or behavior in early childhood: a follow-up study of a randomized controlled trial

The visual and mental development of preterm infants improved after feeding them milk enriched with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in amounts matching the fetal accretion rate. The objective was to evaluate whether feeding preterm infants milk with a higher DHA content than that used in current practice influences language or behavior in early childhood. This was a follow-up study in a subgroup of infants enrolled in the DINO (Docosahexaenoic acid for the Improvement in Neurodevelopmental Outcome) trial. In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, infants born at <33 wk of gestation were fed milk containing 1% of total fatty acids as DHA (higher-DHA group) or approximately 0.3% DHA (control group) until reaching full-term equivalent age. The longer-term effects of the intervention on language, behavior, and temperament were measured by using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (MCDI) at 26-mo corrected age, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and the Short Temperament Scale for Children (STSC) between 3- and 5-y corrected age. Mean (+/-SD) MCDI scores did not differ significantly (adjusted P = 0.8) between the higher-DHA group (308 +/- 179, n = 60) and the control group (316 +/- 192, n = 67) per the Vocabulary Production subscale. Composite scores on the SDQ and STSC did not differ between the higher-DHA group and the control group [SDQ Total Difficulties: higher-DHA group (10.3 +/- 6.0, n = 61), control group (9.5 +/- 5.5, n = 64), adjusted P = 0.5; STSC score: higher-DHA group (3.1 +/- 0.7, n = 61), control group (3.0 +/- 0.7, n = 64), adjusted P = 0.3]. Feeding preterm infants milk containing 3 times the standard amount of DHA did not result in any clinically meaningful change to language development or behavior when assessed in early childhood. Whether longer-term effects of dietary DHA supplementation can be detected remains to be assessed. This trial was registered with the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry at www.anzctr.org.au as 12606000327583.

Effect of iron supplementation during pregnancy on the behaviour of children at early school age: long-term follow-up of a randomised controlled trial

Although routine Fe supplementation in pregnancy is a common practice, its clinical benefits or risks are uncertain. Children born to mothers in the Fe group in a trial of Fe supplementation in pregnancy have been found to have a significantly higher risk of abnormal behaviour at 4 years of age than those born to mothers in the placebo group. The objective of the present study therefore was to determine whether Fe supplementation in pregnancy influences child behaviour at early school age. The study was a follow-up of children at 6-8 years of age after women (n 430) were randomly allocated to receive a daily Fe supplement (20 mg) or placebo from 20 weeks gestation until delivery. The supplement reduced the incidence of Fe-deficiency anaemia at delivery from 9 % to 1 %. Child behaviour and temperament were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Short Temperament Scale for Children. Of the children, 264 (61 %) participated in the follow-up. Mean behaviour and temperament scores and the proportion of parent-rated and teacher-rated abnormal total difficulties scores did not differ between the Fe and placebo groups. However, the incidence of children with an abnormal teacher-rated peer problems subscale score was higher in the Fe group (eleven of 112 subjects; 8 %) than in the placebo group (three of 113 subjects; 2 %); the relative risk was 3.70 (95 % CI 1.06, 12.91; P = 0.026). We conclude that prenatal Fe supplementation had no consistent effect on child behaviour at early school age in this study population. Further investigation regarding the long-term effects of this common practice is warranted.

A systematic assessment of the specific fears, anxiety level, and temperament of children with imaginary companions

This study investigated the specific fears, anxiety level, and temperament characteristics of children with and without imaginary companions. Mothers of children with and without imaginary companions (37 mothers in each condition) whose children were aged between 3.2 and 8.7 years were asked to complete the Fear Survey Schedule for Children – II Parent (FSSC-IIP), the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale – Parent (RCMAS-P), and the Short Temperament Scale for Children (STSC). Examination of mothers' ratings indicated no differences between groups on the fear and temperament scales. The scores for anxiety were significantly higher for imaginary companion children as a result of differences on the concentration and worry-over sensitivity subscales. However, the mean scores were still within the normal range. Consequently, it is concluded that whereas the presence of imaginary companions may be associated with some difference in levels of anxiety, overall there is no indication that children with imaginary companions experience emotional difficulties.