Short-range Wireless Communication Research Articles

BLE Bluetooth remote-controlled car based on ESP32

Abstract. With the rapid advancement of information technology, Bluetooth technology has been widely used in the field of short-range wireless communication, playing an important role in information exchange. As one of the main technologies for short-range wireless communication, Bluetooth technology has broad application prospects, especially in robotic applications such as remote-controlled cars. This paper provides a detailed introduction to the design and implementation process of a Bluetooth remote-controlled car system based on the ESP32. It covers the classic Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) functionalities of the ESP32, the hardware design and assembly of the car (including the DC motor drive module, Bluetooth module, and speed measurement module), and methods for establishing a connection between the ESP32 and Bluetooth module, data transmission, and remote control of the car's movement. The paper also evaluates the system's performance through experiments, discusses the application and parameter adjustment of the PID control algorithm in enhancing speed control, and finally summarizes the research findings and suggests directions for future work.

Design of New BLE GAP Roles for Vehicular Communications.

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a prominent short-range wireless communication protocol widely extended for communications and sensor systems in consumer electronics and industrial applications, ranging from manufacturing to retail and healthcare. The BLE protocol provides four generic access profile (GAP) roles when it is used in its low-energy version, i.e., ver. 4 and beyond. GAP roles control connections and allow BLE devices to interoperate each other. They are defined by the Bluetooth special interest group (SIG) and are primarily oriented to connect peripherals wirelessly to smartphones, laptops, and desktops. Consequently, the existing GAP roles have characteristics that do not fit well with vehicular communications in cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS), where low-latency communications in high-density environments with stringent security demands are required. This work addresses this gap by developing two new GAP roles, defined at the application layer to meet the specific requirements of vehicular communications, and by providing a service application programming interface (API) for developers of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) applications. We have named this new approach ITS-BLE. These GAP roles are intended to facilitate BLE-based solutions for real-world scenarios on roads, such as detecting road traffic signs or exchanging information at toll booths. We have developed a prototype able to work indistinctly as a unidirectional or bidirectional communication device, depending on the use case. To solve security risks in the exchange of personal data, BLE data packets, here called packet data units (PDU), are encrypted or signed to guarantee either privacy when sharing sensitive data or authenticity when avoiding spoofing, respectively. Measurements taken and their later evaluation demonstrated the feasibility of a V2X BLE network consisting of picocells with a radius of about 200 m.

Graphene based series feed linear array antenna for terahertz short range wireless communication

Graphene based series feed linear array antenna for terahertz short range wireless communication

The Enhanced Speech Recognition in Automated Home Lighting System using Adaptive Time-Frequency Domain Noise Removal Algorithm Filter

Numerous studies have explored speech recognition performance in Smart Home environments. However speech recognition accuracy diminishes when voice commands are captured in noisy areas of the home. This study aims to enhance speech recognition performance in such noisy environments. Instead of relying on remote control signals, a Bluetooth system is employed for short-range wireless communication to identify speech commands. Various sound levels are measured in decibels (dB) at different distances using the Smart Noise Application. A filter algorithm with Adaptive Filtering is used to minimize unwanted noise. The algorithm uses Adaptive Time-Frequency Domain Noise Removal (TFDNR) to mitigate background noise. Overall, the integrated system comprising Smartphone, Bluetooth, Arduino microcontroller, and noise detection software exhibits improved performance compared to previous studies, highlighting its potential for seamless smart home automation.

Advances in High–Speed, High–Power Photodiodes: From Fundamentals to Applications

High–speed, high–power photodiodes play a key role in wireless communication systems for the generation of millimeter wave (MMW) and terahertz (THz) waves based on photonics–based techniques. Uni–traveling–photodiode (UTC–PD) is an excellent candidate, not only meeting the above–mentioned requirements of broadband (3 GHz~1 THz) and high–frequency operation, but also exhibiting the high output power over mW–level at the 300 GHz band. This paper reviews the fundamentals of high–speed, high–power photodiodes, mirror–reflected photodiodes, microstructure photodiodes, photodiode–integrated devices, the related equivalent circuits, and design considerations. Those characteristics of photodiodes and the related photonic–based devices are analyzed and reviewed with comparisons in detail, which provides a new path for these devices with applications in short–range wireless communications in 6G and beyond.

Medical Data in Wireless Body Area Networks: Device Authentication Techniques and Threat Mitigation Strategies Based on a Token-Based Communication Approach

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs), low power, and short-range wireless communication in a near-body area provide advantages, particularly in the medical and healthcare sector: (i) they enable continuous monitoring of patients and (ii) the recording and correlation of physical and biological information. Along with the utilization and integration of these (sensitive) private and personal data, there are substantial requirements concerning security and privacy, as well as protection during processing and transmission. Contrary to the star topology frequently used in various standards, the overall concept of a novel low-data rate token-based WBAN framework is proposed. This work further comprises the evaluation of strategies for handling medical data with WBANs and emphasizes the importance and necessity of encryption and security strategies in the context of sensitive information. Furthermore, this work considers the recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI), which are opening up opportunities for enhancing cyber resilience, but on the other hand, also new attack vectors. Moreover, the implications of targeted regulatory measures, such as the European AI Act, are considered. In contrast to, for instance, the proposed star network topologies of the IEEE 802.15.6 WBAN standard or the Technical Committee (TC) SmartBAN of the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI), the concept of a ring topology is proposed which concatenates information in the form of a ‘data train’ and thus results in faster and more efficient communication. Beyond that, the conductivity of human skin is included in the approach presented to incorporate a supplementary channel. This direct contact requirement not only fortifies the security of the system but also facilitates a reliable means of secure communication, pivotal in maintaining the integrity of sensitive health data. The work identifies different threat models associated with the WBAN system and evaluates potential data vulnerabilities and risks to maximize security. It highlights the crucial balance between security and efficiency in WBANs, using the token-based approach as a case study. Further, it sets a foundation for future healthcare technology advancements, aiming to ensure the secure and efficient integration of patient data.

Research on Detection System for Machinery Parts Based on ZigBee Technology

ZigBee technology is a low-power, low-cost, short-range wireless communication technology for various IoT (Internet of Things) applications. Machinery parts detection system monitors the quality, size, shape, and other parameters of machinery parts in real time to ensure the accuracy and quality of the production process. In this article, we propose a machinery parts detection scheme based on ZigBee technology. By deploying wireless sensor networks, the detection data concerning machinery parts could be transmitted in real time, thus reducing the complexity of wiring and improving detection efficiency. ZigBee based machinery parts detection system would provide an efficient and convenient means of detection for the manufacturing industry, thus enjoying a wide range of application prospects.

Access Control, Key Management, and Trust for Emerging Wireless Body Area Networks.

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are an emerging industrial technology for monitoring physiological data. These networks employ medical wearable and implanted biomedical sensors aimed at improving quality of life by providing body-oriented services through a variety of industrial sensing gadgets. The sensors collect vital data from the body and forward this information to other nodes for further services using short-range wireless communication technology. In this paper, we provide a multi-aspect review of recent advancements made in this field pertaining to cross-domain security, privacy, and trust issues. The aim is to present an overall review of WBAN research and projects based on applications, devices, and communication architecture. We examine current issues and challenges with WBAN communications and technologies, with the aim of providing insights for a future vision of remote healthcare systems. We specifically address the potential and shortcomings of various Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) architectures and communication schemes that are proposed to maintain security, privacy, and trust within digital healthcare systems. Although current solutions and schemes aim to provide some level of security, several serious challenges remain that need to be understood and addressed. Our aim is to suggest future research directions for establishing best practices in protecting healthcare data. This includes monitoring, access control, key management, and trust management. The distinguishing feature of this survey is the combination of our review with a critical perspective on the future of WBANs.

Ultrafast All-Optical Switching Modulation of Terahertz Polarization Conversion Metasurfaces Based on Silicon.

With the development of ultrafast optics, all-optical control of terahertz wave modulation based on semiconductors has become an important technology of terahertz wave regulation. In this article, an ultrawideband terahertz linear polarization converter consisting of a double-layered metasurface is first proposed. The polarization conversion ratio of the device is ∼ 100% at 0.2-2.2 THz, and the transmission of copolarization approaches zero in the full band, which demonstrates the ability of high-purity output with rotating input linear polarization of 90° over an ultrawideband. By analysis of the surface current and electric field distribution, the physical mechanism of polarization conversion is elucidated. In addition, the influence of important geometric parameters on the device is discussed and analyzed in detail, which provides theoretical support for the design of high-performance polarization converters. More importantly, by introducing semiconductor silicon to construct an actively controllable metasurface, we design all-optical polarization converters based on a meta-atomic molecularization metasurface and all-dielectric metasurface; the dynamically tunable ultrawideband linear polarization conversion is realized under optical pumping, which solves the inherent problem of the performance of the metasurface polarization converters. Numerical simulation shows that the switching response of the two types of actively controllable devices under optical pumping is about 700 and 1800 ps, respectively, and can manipulate polarized wave conversion ultrafast, which brings new opportunities for all-optical controlled ultrafast terahertz polarization converters. Our results provide a feasible scheme for the development of state-of-the-art active and controllable ultrafast terahertz metasurface polarization converters, which have great application potential in short-range wireless terahertz communication, ultrafast optical switches, the transient spectrum, and optical polarization control devices.

Effects of LED Device Size on UV-C Short-Range LoS Optical Wireless Communication

Effects of LED Device Size on UV-C Short-Range LoS Optical Wireless Communication

Millimeter-Wave and Short-Range Wireless Communication Antenna Based on High-Conductivity Graphene-Assembled Film.

Millimeter-wave and short-range wireless communication is an important part of the Internet of Things due to its advantages of high transmission speed and large data capacity. In this paper, two antenna arrays operating at typical millimeter-wave bands (45 and 60 GHz) based on graphene-assembled films (GAF) are proposed for short-range wireless communication application. The 45 GHz graphene-assembled film antenna array is in the form of a magnetoelectric dipole antenna with a strip slot coupling to achieve bidirectional radiation, which offers an operating bandwidth of 40-49.5 GHz with a realized gain of 11.8 dBi. The 60 GHz graphene-assembled film antenna utilizes a microstrip discontinuous radiation array to achieve radiation with an operating bandwidth of 59-64 GHz, reaching the peak realized gain of 14.92 dBi over the working frequency. Finally, we proposed an experimental validation to verify the transmission performance of both antenna arrays in an actual conference room. The results show that the signal drops slowly in the room with drop rates of 0.064 dB/cm (at 45 GHz) and 0.071 dB/cm (at 60 GHz), while it steeply dropped through the wall with the drop rates of 2.3 and 3.13 dB/cm, more than 35-fold difference in signal drop rates in the room and through the wall. It has been confirmed that the proposed antenna arrays can successfully realize fast indoor short-range wireless communication while also preventing signal leakage through walls, thereby enhancing the security of information. In summary, this is the first time that we have applied graphene-based materials to millimeter-wave and short-range wireless communications, revealing the significant potential of carbon-based materials in high-frequency communication systems.

A novel slotted dumbbell-shaped dielectric resonator antenna with enhanced bandwidth for C-band and 5G sub-6 GHz applications

Abstract This manuscript presents a novel aperture-coupled fed slotted dumbbell-shaped (SDS) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with enhanced bandwidth for 5G sub-6 GHz, short-range wireless communications, and C-band applications. The DRA is excited by HEM11δ mode. The proposed SDS-DRA is designed by assembling the four frustums of conical DRAs with the base and apex of one on top of another. The measured operating frequency of SDS-DRA is from 3.5 GHz to 9.6 GHz (impedance bandwidth of 93.1 %). The SDS-DRA shows a peak gain of 9.7 dBi in the operational frequency range, with an average peak gain of 6.02 dBi. The antenna’s average radiation efficiency is found to be 84.6 %. The proposed SDS-DRA produces omnidirectional-like radiation patterns with significantly low cross-polarization in the broadside direction. The size (l × w × h) of the proposed SDS-DRA is 1.55λ g × 1.55λ g × 0.67λ g where, λ g is the guided wavelength in mm at 3.5 GHz for effective permittivity (ϵ eff ), 7.1. To validate the simulation results, the proposed antenna structure is built, and its performance is measured. The findings of simulation and measurement results are found to be quite congruent.

Ultra-Wideband Fractal Ring Antenna for Biomedical Applications

In this paper, an efficient, coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed printed circular ring fractal ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is presented for biomedical applications. In UWB technology, short-range wireless communication is possible with low transceiving power, a characteristic that is particularly advantageous in the context of microwave and millimeter-wave (mmWave) medical imaging. In the proposed antenna configuration, the UWB response is achieved by introducing wedged slots in the radiating patch, designed on a low-loss substrate. A CPW partial ground plane is truncated from the edges to optimize the antenna impedance. Experimental results indicate the antenna’s robust performance across the frequency range of 3.2–20 GHz. The well-matched measured and simulated results confirm our contribution’s employability. Furthermore, a time-domain study offers valuable insights into how the antenna responds to transient signals, highlighting its responsiveness and adaptability to biomedical applications.

Review of wireless communication transmission technology

With the advancement of modern science and technology, wireless communication technology has grown rapidly. A number of common standards for wireless data transmission have emerged, primarily for long-distance and short-range wireless communication. This paper compares several common wireless communication transmission technologies, including satellite communication, Bluetooth, WiFi, NFC, etc. Wireless communication technology has now entered the 5G stage. From the previous SMS to the current video conference, the transmission rate and transmission accuracy have been greatly improved. Wi-Fi facilities everywhere in the city, Bluetooth transmission, mobile phone NFC payment, etc. are convenient and improve people's lives. Wireless communication technology also has many applications, such as 5G technology, Internet of Things technology, and the development of artificial intelligence technology.

The application of bluetooth technology in the internet of things

With the development of the Internet of Things, Bluetooth technology has gradually become one of the most important means of communication between IoT devices. It is a short-range wireless communication technology. This paper summarizes the existing research results and technological applications, and explores the application prospects of Bluetooth technology in the Internet of Things. Firstly, the basic principles and standards of Bluetooth technology are introduced, including Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Bluetooth Classic. Then, the application schemes and implementation methods of Bluetooth technology in smart homes, smart cities, and smart healthcare are explained separately. Finally, this article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of Bluetooth technology in the Internet of Things, and puts forward future development trends and challenges for Bluetooth technology, such as improving communication distance and transmission speed, enhancing security and privacy protection, etc. This research has a certain reference value for promoting the application and development of Bluetooth technology in the Internet of Things.

Wireless Signal Transmission at the 2 and 3 THz-Band Enabled by Photonics-Based Transmitter and Hot Electron Bolometer Mixer

We have demonstrated terahertz (THz) wireless transmission of quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signals at 2 and 3 THz-bands. Despite higher atmospheric attenuation at frequencies above 1 THz, it might be applicable for short-range wireless communications. The proposed system is composed of a photonics-based transmitter using an optical comb source and a heterodyne receiver system using a hot electron bolometer mixer (HEBM). In the transmitter, THz signals are generated by photomixing of optical carriers extracted from broadband optical combs. The receiver system consists of a quasi-optical HEBM and a phase-locked THz quantum cascade laser (THz-QCL) as a local oscillator (LO). Although the emission power of the photonics-based transmitter was on the order of tens of nW, it could be received with sufficient SNRs due to high sensitivity of the HEBM. Demonstrations of signal transmission were carried out with 2 and 3 THz-band. Optical carriers were modulated with basic LTE FDD R9 uplink signals with full filled QPSK, and converted to THz signals, transmitting to the receiver system. The THz signals were successfully demodulated, in which error vector magnitude (EVM) values of the demodulated signal was about 22% and 30% for 2 and 3 THz-band, respectively.

Single Antenna and No Circulator Full-Duplex With 52 dB Wideband Self-Interference Suppression

Full-duplex (FD) enables high spectrum efficiency and dynamic spectrum accessing, although its application is restricted by significant self-interference. In this work, we present an integrated, single antenna, wideband FD self-interference suppression front-end solution, targeting for short-range wireless communication. Based on the characteristic of bi-directional signal transparency of N-phase passive mixer, a mixer-first active electrical balance self-interference suppression architecture is proposed. As no costly and space-consuming out-of-chip circulator is needed, compared with traditional single antenna suppression solutions, it is attractive for cost and area saving In addition, to alleviate the multi-path effect, a two-tap baseband self-interference suppression is adopted, which also helps broaden the self-interference suppression bandwidth. The fabricated FD front-end chip, employing 180nm CMOS process, has a noise figure (NF) of 8.6dB, and at the maximum TX power, the NF is degrade by 4.9dB. Test results show the achieved self-interference suppression depth is up to 52dB over 30MHz, with a much smaller antenna interface and chip size which is 0.75 mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{2}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> , compared with other dual and signal antenna solutions. The wireless communication function of the propose FD front-end has been verified and the operation carrier frequency range is 0.4-1.2GHz.

Tag in the Park: Paving the Way for Proximity-Based AI Pervasive Games

In this paper we introduce "Tag in the Park", a mobile platform merging short-range wireless communication and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to create an interactive gamified experience through virtual treasure hunts. Central to this is a mobile app that revolves around the interaction with a network of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons and Near Field Communication (NFC) tags. These miniature smart devices provide contextual information, AI challenges, quizzes and nudges for a gamified, and active visitor experience which can help increase engagement and promote physical activity. "Tag in The Park" is currently available for download on both Google Play and Apple Store and the platform is fully set up and open to visitors at Rufford Abbey Park, Nottinghamshire. Results indicate the mobile platform helps engage visitors, encourages exploration and increases visitor economy.

Metamaterial-Based LTCC Compressed Luneburg Lens Antenna at 60 GHz for Wireless Communications

In this study, a metamaterial-based LTCC compressed Luneburg lens was designed, manufactured and measured. The lens was designed at 60 GHz to utilize the unlicensed mm-wave spectrum available for short-range high-capacity wireless communication networks. The transformation optics method was applied to ensure the compression of the Luneburg lens antenna and thus maintain a low-profile structure. The two different types of unit cells for low and high permittivity regions were considered. The parametric study of the effect of compression on lens performance was presented. The antenna is implemented with a standard high-permittivity LTCC process, and details of the manufacturing process for the metamaterial lens are discussed. The low-profile lens is thinner than 2 mm and measures 19 mm in diameter. A size reduction of 63.6% in comparison with a spherical lens was achieved. The near-field to far-field mm-wave measurement technique is presented, and the measurement results show a peak antenna gain of 16 dBi at 60 GHz and a beam-scanning capacity with 1 dB scan loss within a 50° field of view.

Particle Swarm Optimization Based Design of a Terahertz Antenna with a Modified Photonic Band Gap Substrate for 6G Future Wireless Communications

In this study, an antenna is proposed that operates at THz spectrum for sixth generation (6G) short-range future wireless communications. A modified photonic band gap (MPBG) substrate is employed to design an octagonal ring shaped microstrip patch antenna with wideband and high gain properties. Unlike the conventional photonic band gap (PBG) form, the proposed MPBG substrate structure is created by variable sized cylindrical air holes. The radii of each air cylinder in the row is determined with the help of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, where the goal is set to achieve the highest gain and impedance bandwidth (S_11≤-10 dB) possible. The simulation results of the antennas that are built on 1) non-PBG, 2) conventional PBG and 3) the proposed MPBG substrate structures are compared. It is observed that the radiation performance is most enhanced by implementing MPBG structure. In comparison to the antenna without PBG, the reported MPBG structure offers almost 300% gain and 11% bandwidth improvement. To summarize, the designed antenna with its proposed MPBG substrate structure achieves an excellent radiation performance within a wide operating bandwidth.