Short-range Communication Systems Research Articles

Dual-Slope Path Loss Model for Integrating Vehicular Sensing Applications in Urban and Suburban Environments.

The development of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), and autonomous driving (AD) has progressed rapidly in recent years, driven by artificial intelligence (AI), the internet of things (IoT), and their integration with dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) systems and fifth-generation (5G) networks. This has led to improved mobility conditions in different road propagation environments: urban, suburban, rural, and highway. The use of these communication technologies has enabled drivers and pedestrians to be more aware of the need to improve their behavior and decision making in adverse traffic conditions by sharing information from cameras, radars, and sensors widely deployed in vehicles and road infrastructure. However, wireless data transmission in VANETs is affected by the specific conditions of the propagation environment, weather, terrain, traffic density, and frequency bands used. In this paper, we characterize the path loss based on the extensive measurement campaign carrier out in vehicular environments at 700 MHz and 5.9 GHz under realistic road traffic conditions. From a linear dual-slope path loss propagation model, the results of the path loss exponents and the standard deviations of the shadowing are reported. This study focused on three different environments, i.e., urban with high traffic density (U-HD), urban with moderate/low traffic density (U-LD), and suburban (SU). The results presented here can be easily incorporated into VANET simulators to develop, evaluate, and validate new protocols and system architecture configurations under more realistic propagation conditions.

60 GHz millimeter-wave indoor propagation path loss models for modified indoor environments

The 60 GHz band has been selected for short-range communication systems to meet consumers’ needs for high data rates. However, this frequency is attenuated by obstacles. This study addresses the limitations of the 60 GHz band by modifying indoor environments with square loop (SL) frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) wallpaper, thereby increasing its utilization. The SL FSS wallpaper response at a 61.5 GHz frequency has been analyzed using both MATLAB and CST Studio Suite software. ‘Wireless InSite’ is also used to demonstrate enhanced wave propagation in a building modified with SL FSSs wallpaper. The demonstration is applied to multiple input multiple output system to verify the effectiveness of FSSs on such systems’ capacity, as well as the effect of the human body on capacity. Simulation results presented here show that modifying a building using SL FSS wallpaper is an attractive scheme for significantly improving the indoor 60 GHz wireless communications band. This paper also presents and compares two large-scale indoor propagation path loss models, the close-in (CI) free space reference distance model and the floating intercept (FI) model. Data obtained from ‘Wireless InSite’ over distances ranging from 4 to 14.31 m is analyzed. Results show that the CI model provides good estimation and exhibits stable behavior over frequencies and distances, with a solid physical basis and less computational complexity when compared to the FI model.

Designing a Novel Hybrid Technique Based on Enhanced Performance Wideband Millimeter-Wave Antenna for Short-Range Communication.

This paper presents the design of a performance-improved 4-port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna proposed for millimeter-wave applications, especially for short-range communication systems. The antenna exhibits compact size, simplified geometry, and low profile along with wide bandwidth, high gain, low coupling, and a low Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC). Initially, a single-element antenna was designed by the integration of rectangular and circular patch antennas with slots. The antenna is superimposed on a Roger RT/Duroid 6002 with total dimensions of 17 × 12 × 1.52 mm3. Afterward, a MIMO configuration is formed along with a novel decoupling structure comprising a parasitic patch and a Defected Ground Structure (DGS). The parasitic patch is made up of strip lines with a rectangular box in the center, which is filled with circular rings. On the other side, the DGS is made by a combination of etched slots, resulting in separate ground areas behind each MIMO element. The proposed structure not only reduces coupling from -17.25 to -44 dB but also improves gain from 9.25 to 11.9 dBi while improving the bandwidth from 26.5-30.5 GHz to 25.5-30.5 GHz. Moreover, the MIMO antenna offers good performance while offering strong MIMO performance parameters, including ECC, diversity gain (DG), channel capacity loss (CCL), and mean effective gain (MEG). Furthermore, a state-of-the-art comparison is provided that results in the overperforming results of the proposed antenna system as compared to already published work. The antenna prototype is also fabricated and tested to verify software-generated results obtained from the electromagnetic (EM) tool HFSS.

Modeling of radio monitoring systems on signals of short-wavelength adaptive radio communication systems

The article describes the structure of a model that allows to evaluate the effectiveness of the radio monitoring system on the signals of flexible shortwave radio communication systems in adverse conditions of external interference. This model is characterized by the ability of modern short-range communication systems to establish radio communication and automate the processes of guaranteed transmission of information, adapt to the noise situation in the shortwave range, the organization of analog and digital communication networks.

Prospects for the use of radio photonic oscillators in short-range radar and communication systems

Prospects for the use of radio photonic oscillators in short-range radar and communication systems

Algorithm development for Vehicle-To-Vehicle (V2V) communication

This paper presents the development of an algorithm for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, a crucial technology in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) that holds significant potential for enhancing road safety and traffic efficiency. One of the most common types of vehicle collisions occurs at intersections, particularly those without traffic lights. This study focuses on creating a V2V algorithm designed to prevent collisions in such scenarios. The findings were presented through visual simulations that depict various scenarios involving vehicles approaching an intersection. The algorithm follows a two-step process: Firstly, it utilizes Dedicated Short-Range Communication Systems (DSRCS) to accurately estimate the distance between vehicles. Leveraging this distance information, the algorithm dynamically adjusts the speed of each vehicle. The algorithm’s performance is assessed using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), which enables a comprehensive evaluation of its reliability and efficiency in V2V communication. The algorithm demonstrates notable enhancements in the reliability and efficiency of V2V communication. This paper serves as a validation of the feasibility of developing more advanced V2V communication algorithm and potentially making significant contributions to the advancement of ITS.

Design and analyses of shipborne multifunctional Automatic Identification System (AIS) antenna

ABSTRACT This paper is introducing analyses of new design of the automatic identification system (AIS) ships antenna that will serve for both VHF-band radio and satellite tracking and identification system for maritime applications. The current AIS network is an automatic tracking system used by ships of vessel traffic service for identification and location of vessels by electronically exchanging data between nearby ships and on-shore base station. In the AIS system for the electronic data exchange, the very high frequency (VHF) range is used. Utilizing of the VHF range makes the AIS as short-range communication, identification and collision avoidance system between AIS equipped ships and base station is possible in the antennas line-of-sight . In order to widen the range of the AIS from short range up to long or global range, AIS communication should be used via a satellite. In order to provide communication via satellite as well should be designed multifunctional antenna for both radio AIS (R-AIS) and satellite AIS (S-AIS) communication antenna. The analyses and design of a new multifunctional antenna, calculation and development, including implementation and testing of helical VHF antenna for R-AIS and S-AIS equipment are discussed.

Spherical lens aberration minimization method for short-range free-space light transmission

Spherical aberrations of lenses lead to increased spot radii on the focal plane. Several methods, such as optimizing thickness and radii or building lens groups, are known to minimize these spherical aberrations. Here, an innovative method for spherical aberration minimization is introduced; it can be used for short-range free-space optical communication systems, such as unit power afocal relay trains, lens waveguides, and periodic lens systems. This spherical aberration compensation principle is based on the combination of two identical spherical convex lenses at an optimal distance. Due to the higher refractive power for rays with an larger axis distance, rays from the outer area of the first lens intersect the inner area of the second lens, and vice versa. With this setup, the radial refractive power deviation of the two lenses compensate each other. Analytic calculations and numerical simulations are done to confirm this behavior, and measurements using two symmetric spherical lenses with polymer optical fibers as light feed confirm the calculations. Simulations and measurements show a very good matching behavior except for an unknown systematic error. At a lens distance of 300 mm, the optical attenuation decreased by ∼2 dB compared with a very small lens distance. This leads to the conclusion that this proposed spherical aberration minimization method works as theoretically predicted.

Signalized intersection delay analysis using transit signal priority (TSP) and dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) system for bus rapid transit (BRT)

Signalized intersection delay analysis using transit signal priority (TSP) and dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) system for bus rapid transit (BRT)

A Compact 60GHz Power Amplifier in 65nm CMOS Technology

A compact 60GHz power amplifier chip in 65nm CMOS technology of three-stage common source structure is presented. The first two amplifiers offer sufficient gain to pre-amplify the small input power. The third stage amplifier uses two sets of differential pairs to achieve power synthesis. On-chip transformer coupling is adopted to realize inter-stage impedance matching as well as input and output matching. The compact structure of on-chip transformer can reduce the chip size and improve the integration degree. The measured small signal gain at 60GHz of 22.3dB, the saturation power of 20.2dBm, the output P-1dB of 17.3dBm, the PAE of 14%, and the core area is 0.19mm2. The power amplifier can be used in high-speed short-range wireless communication system to enhance communication data transmission capacity.

Optical dendrites for spatio-temporal computing with few-mode fibers [Invited

Multimode fibers have been extensively used in short-range communication systems and optical imaging. More recently, they have been considered for optical computing by exploiting the complex spatial and spatio-temporal transformation at the fiber end. Mimicking the dendrites of real neurons, we consider here the spatial modes that propagate with different group velocities along the fiber as different dendritic branches. The multimode fiber plays the role of an optical dendritic unit and the signals obtained from the different dendritic branches are temporally mixed and used for spatio-temporal information processing. We numerically demonstrate the use of a few-mode, step-index fiber as a linear computing element in an ultra-fast spatio-temporal coincidence detector that operates at 40 Gb/s data encoding rate. We evaluate this detector as a linear classifier in header recognition and bit counting tasks.

Secure Visible Light Communication System via Cooperative Attack Detecting Techniques

With the recent development of fourth industrial technology, the need for a broadband short-range wireless communication system to realize an ultraconnected, ultra-low latency, and ultra-realistic intelligent information society has emerged. Among the next-generation communication network technologies that can fulfill the technical demands, visible light communication (VLC) is a promising technology that can use illuminated light as a communication light source, which is convenient and environmentally friendly and has high energy and frequency efficiency. However, although VLC has a high level of security owing to the straightness and transparency of visible light, if some of the VLC nodes in a dense mesh network environment are hacked by external attacks, there can be critical performance degradation by jamming attacks. Although several studies have suggested the possibility of VLC jamming attacks, only a few have studied how to effectively detect and respond to these attacks. This study proposes a method to collaboratively detect and respond to jamming attacks in smart LED-based VLC systems. According to the experimental results of this study, the proposed cooperative method showed 91% attack detection accuracy and 1.82 times better than the k-random method. The proposed method showed a minimum detection rate of 84% even in an obstacle-rich environment, proving outstanding attack detection performance 1.68 times better than the k-random method.

100 Hertz frame-rate switching three-dimensional orbital angular momentum multiplexing holography via cross convolution

The orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light has been implemented as an information carrier in OAM holography. Holographic information can be multiplexed in theoretical unbounded OAM channels, promoting the applications of optically addressable dynamic display and high-security optical encryption. However, the frame-rate of the dynamic extraction of the information reconstruction process in OAM holography is physically determined by the switching speed of the incident OAM states, which is currently below 30 Hz limited by refreshing rate of the phase-modulation spatial light modulator (SLM). Here, based on a cross convolution with the spatial frequency of the OAM-multiplexing hologram, the spatial frequencies of an elaborately-designed amplitude distribution, namely amplitude decoding key, has been adopted for the extraction of three-dimensional holographic information encoded in a specific OAM information channel. We experimentally demonstrated a dynamic extraction frame rate of 100 Hz from an OAM multiplexing hologram with 10 information channels indicated by individual OAM values from –50 to 50. The new concept of cross convolution theorem can even provide the potential of parallel reproduction and distribution of information encoded in many OAM channels at various positions which boosts the capacity of information processing far beyond the traditional decoding methods. Thus, our results provide a holographic paradigm for high-speed 3D information processing, paving an unprecedented way to achieve the high-capacity short-range optical communication system.

Signalized Intersection Delay Analysis Using Transit Signal Priority (Tsp) and Dedicated Short-Range Communication (Dsrc) System for Bus Rapid Transit (Brt)

Signalized Intersection Delay Analysis Using Transit Signal Priority (Tsp) and Dedicated Short-Range Communication (Dsrc) System for Bus Rapid Transit (Brt)

An Efficient Approach towards Vehicle Number Estimation with Ad-hoc Network under Vehicular Environment

Ad-hoc network usability extends the application for Dedicated Short-Range Communication. This type of ad-hoc network technology is non infrastructure and due to this fact, it can be used for Direct Short Range Communication System to provide the quick and real time message to the vehicular operator to prevent the damage and fatality of life by meeting accidents and crashes. In this paper, we present a holistic approach to estimate the number of vehicles in specified range of one KM distance. The designed system for vehicle number estimation is based on the Time Division Multiple Access mechanism which further estimates the number of reserved slots by vehicular nodes. This estimation methodology is tested under the digital simulator and approximately 34 number of vehicles for 24 seconds are defined to test the slot reservation. We found that in case of vehicular nodes greater than 20, slot reservation accuracy is 95% and when the vehicular nodes are less than 20 then the slot reservation is 100%.

LED-to-LED wireless communication between divers

<p class="Abstract">For military divers, having a robust, secure, and undetectable wireless communication system available is a fundamental element. Wireless intercoms using acoustic waves are currently used. These systems, even if reliable, have the defect of being easily identifiable and detectable. Visible light can pass through sea water. Therefore, light can be used to develop short-range wireless communication systems. To realize secure close-range underwater wireless communication, the Underwater Optical Wireless Communication (UOWC) can be a valid alternative to acoustic wireless communication. UOWC is not a new idea, but the problem of the presence of sunlight and the possibility of using near-ultraviolet radiation (near-UV) has not been adequately addressed in the literature yet. In military applications, the possibility of using invisible optical radiation can be of great interest. In this paper, a feasibility study is carried out to demonstrate that UOWC can be performed using near-ultraviolet radiation. The proposed system can be useful for wireless voice communications between military divers as well as amateur divers.</p>

Об одной реализации стайного поведения в группе подводных роботов

This paper discusses underwater robotic networks from the standpoint of stealthy surveillance by means of bio-inspired drones. “Bio-inspired” means that various hardware, software and technology solutions implemented in a robot have biological basis and rely on the studies in ethology and morphology of living organisms. In underwater robotics, this approach makes it possible to develop the vehicles that resemble sea life in terms of appearance and behavior and therefore are harder to detect for both animal and human observer, which facilitates the tasks of water area surveillance and fauna research observations. This work is meant to develop and refine a number of basic collective behavior patterns for this kind of robots, which is necessary to make robots as similar to the sea life in their operation area as possible to reduce their chances of being detected. Basic behavior algorithms for robots were developed as per the findings of ichthyological and ethological studies and also relying on certain points of the automata theory. A number of functions for the lower-level control systems were developed through simulation. The experiments were mostly performed in Robotic Test Tank of the Kurchatov Institute on a real shoal of underwater robots developed under this project. The results of this study made it possible to develop one of the basic patterns in shoaling behavior of robots, i.e. schooling after a non-established leader whose position is disputed. In real environment, this pattern was tested on three fish-like underwater robots with two-level control system. Another output of the study is a short-range infrared communication system for limited data exchange between drones. Experimental validation of this system and the pattern of schooling after a non-established leader implemented at the top level of robot control system have confirmed the viability of suggested solutions. This mechanisms, as well as technical and technological solutions yielded by this work will become the basis for further efforts towards development of a bio-inspired underwater robot. The algorithm of schooling after a non-established leader plays a key role in further improvement of collective behavior patterns for drones, like shoaling.

Two Decades of UWB Filter Technology: Advances and Emerging Challenges in the Design of UWB Bandpass Filters

The past two decades have witnessed an unprecedented growth in the study and implementation of different short-range wireless services. However, the deployment of multiple short-range communication techniques has led to an overpopulation of the radio spectrum. Ultrawide-band (UWB) technology aims to offer an alternative to this spectrum scarcity as it can coexist with other radio technologies [Bluetooth, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)] while causing minimal interference. The prospects of UWB technology allowing high data rate (up to 500 Mb/s) with low power consumption (<;0.5 mW) up to a typical range of 10 m have escalated their demands over other short-range communication systems.

Wideband monopole antenna with dual band rejection characteristics

Abstract A wideband printed monopole antenna with two rejection bands is proposed in this article. The antenna provides a wideband from 5.4 GHz to 17.2 GHz with two rejection bands covering 6.9 to 7.4 GHz and 8.3 to 9.2 GHz with two peak notch frequencies of 7.2 GHz and 8.6 GHz respectively. Tested peak gain at two peak notch frequencies of 7.2 GHz and 8.6 GHz are 2.5 dBi and −1.5 dBi respectively. These two rejection bands are effectively used to avoid undesired intrusion from the C band and the X band. The lower rejection band has been realized by cutting an open ring circular slot on the metal patch whereas U like slot has been inserted on the ground plane just beneath the feed line to achieve the upper rejection band. Simulated and tested S 11 parameter, gain, radiation efficiency, E-H radiation patterns, and surface currents of the antenna are presented here. The antenna uses small dimensions and it is very simple to design. The proposed antenna confirms that it is useful for short-range and fast data communication systems.

Generation of rotational orbital angular momentum beams in the radio frequency based on an optical-controlled circular antenna array.

The orbital angular momentum (OAM) has been widely used in the wireless short-range communication system, but for long-distance communication, the huge difficulty of beam receiving is a great challenge. In this paper, to overcome this challenge, a generation system of radio-frequency rotational orbital angular momentum (RF-ROAM) beams based on an optical-controlled circular antenna array (CAA) is proposed. The ROAM beam is an OAM beam rotating at a certain speed around the beam axis. According to the rotational Doppler effect, the rotation of the OAM beam will induce a frequency shift proportional to the OAM mode and the rotation speed. Thereby, by rotating an OAM beam at a fixed speed scheduled in advance in the transmitting end, the beam can be mode-distinguished by just detecting the frequency shift without receiving the whole wavefront vertical to the beam axis in the receiving end. This provides a partial reception scheme for the OAM-based wireless communication system. The generation system of RF-ROAM beams is proposed and constructed, and the proof-of-concept experiment is performed. In the system, the optical-controlled CAA is constructed to generate the general RF-OAM beam, the optical signal processor (OSP) is employed to control the phase shifts to further control the OAM mode, and the signal with time-varying phase is generated as the rotation factor to control the rotation speed. In the experiment, the RF-ROAM beams with different mode and mode combination are generated and successfully measured by detecting the frequency shift of the signal received in a fixed point.