Short Message Service Surveys Research Articles

Reach, Acceptability, and Patient Preferences of a Mobile Health-Based Survey to Assess COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Patients Receiving Dialysis

Rationale & ObjectiveThe majority of patients with kidney failure receiving dialysis own mobile devices, but the use of mobile health (mHealth) technologies to conduct surveys in this population is limited. We assessed the reach and acceptability of a short message service (SMS) text message-based survey that assessed COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among patients receiving dialysis. Study DesignCross-sectional SMS-based survey in January 2021. Setting& Participants: Patients receiving in-center hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or home hemodialysis in a non-profit dialysis organization in New York City. Outcomes1) Reach of the SMS survey, 2) Acceptability using the 4-item Acceptability of Intervention Measure (AIM), and 3) Patient preferences for modes of survey administration. Analytical ApproachWe used Fisher’s exact tests and multivariable logistic regression to assess sociodemographic and clinical predictors of SMS survey response. Qualitative methods were used to analyze open-ended responses capturing patient preferences. ResultsAmong 1008 patients, 310 responded to the SMS survey (response rate 31%). In multivariable adjusted analyses, participants who were age 80 and above (aOR 0.49, 95% CI 0.25 – 0.96) were less likely to respond to the SMS survey compared with those aged 18 to 44. Non-Hispanic Black (aOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.39 – 0.86), Hispanic (aOR 0.31, 95% CI 0.19 – 0.51), and Asian or Pacific Islander (aOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.28 – 0.74) individuals were less likely to respond compared with non-Hispanic White participants. Participants residing in census tracts with higher Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), indicating greater neighborhood-level social vulnerability, were less likely to respond to the SMS survey (5th vs. 1st quintile aOR 0.61, 95% CI 0.37 – 0.99). Over 80% of a sample of survey respondents and non-respondents completely agreed or agreed with the Acceptability of Intervention Measure. Qualitative analysis revealed 4 drivers of patient preferences for survey administration: 1) convenience (subtopics: efficiency, multi-tasking, comfort, synchronicity); 2) privacy; 3) interpersonal interaction; and 4) accessibility (subtopics: vision, language, fatigue). LimitationsGeneralizability, length of survey. ConclusionsAn SMS text message-based survey had moderate reach among patients on dialysis and was highly acceptable, but response rates were lower in older (age ≥ 80), non-White individuals, and those with greater neighborhood-level social vulnerability. Future research should examine barriers and facilitators to mHealth among patients on dialysis to ensure equitable implementation of mHealth-based technologies.

Active Surveillance for Safety Monitoring of XBB.1.5-Containing COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines in Korea.

The emergence of the omicron variant and its sub-lineages has necessitated vaccine updates for coronavirus disease 2019. In September 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved an updated BNT162b2 vaccine targeting the omicron XBB.1.5 variant, which was initiated in Korea in October 2024. This study demonstrates the adverse events reported through active nationwide surveillance after XBB.1.5 vaccination in Korea. Since October 19, 2023, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency has conducted daily Short Message Service surveys to collect data on health issues, fever, vaccination site reactions, systemic symptoms, impact on daily life, and healthcare visits. Among 20,180 respondents, 27.9% reported health issues. Adverse reactions peaked on day 1 (28.7%), including pain at the vaccination site, muscle pain, fatigue, and fever. These findings elucidate the short-term safety of the XBB.1.5 vaccine and support its co-administration with the influenza vaccine, reducing vaccine hesitancy and achieving herd immunity.

Feasibility of text message follow-up for pediatric asthma care after an emergency department visit

Background: Many children seen in the Emergency Department (ED) for asthma do not follow-up with their primary care provider. Text messaging via short message service (SMS) is a ubiquitous, but untested means of providing post-ED asthma follow-up care.Objective: To evaluate responses to an asthma assessment survey via SMS following an ED visit and estimate the likelihood of response by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Methods: We recruited 173 parents of children 2–17 years-old presenting for ED asthma care to receive a follow-up text (participation rate: 85%). One month later, parents received via SMS a 22-item survey that assessed asthma morbidity. We assessed response rates overall and by various sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, including age, parental education, and indicators of asthma severity.Results: Overall, 55% of parents (n = 95) responded to the SMS survey. In multivariable logistic regression (MLR), parents who graduated high school had a four-fold higher response rate compared to parents with less than a high school degree (OR: 4.05 (1.62, 10.13)). More parents of children with oral steroid use in the prior 12 months responded to survey items (OR: 2.53 (1.2, 5.31)). Reported asthma characteristics included: 48% uncontrolled, 22% unimproved/worse, 21% with sleep disruption, and 10% who were hospitalized for asthma.Conclusions: Text messaging may be a viable strategy to improve post-ED asthma assessment and to identify children with persistent symptoms in need of enhanced care or modification of care plans.

Using real-time mobile phone data to characterize the relationships between small-scale farmers’ planting dates and socio-environmental factors

Accurate and operational indicators of the start of growing season (SOS) are critical for crop modeling, famine early warning, and agricultural management in the developing world. Erroneous SOS estimates–late, or early, relative to actual planting dates–can lead to inaccurate crop production and food-availability forecasts. Adapting rainfed agriculture to climate change requires improved harmonization of planting with the onset of rains, and the rising ubiquity of mobile phones in east Africa enables real-time monitoring of this important agricultural decision. We investigate whether antecedent agro-meteorological variables and household-level attributes can be used to predict planting dates of small-scale maize producers in central Kenya. Using random forest models, we compare remote estimates of SOS with field-level survey data of actual planting dates. We compare three years of planting dates (2016–2018) for two rainy seasons (the October-to-December short rains, and the March-to-May long rains) gathered from weekly Short Message Service (SMS) mobile phone surveys. In situ data are compared to SOS from the Water Requirement Satisfaction Index (SOSWRSI) and other agro-meteorological variables from Earth observation (EO) datasets (rainfall, NDVI, and evaporative demand). The majority of farmers planted within 20 days of the SOSWRSI from 2016 to 2018. In the 2016 long rains season, many farmers reported planting late, which corresponds to drought conditions. We find that models relying solely on EO variables perform as well as models using both socio-economic and EO variables. The predictive accuracy of EO variables appears to be insensitive to differences in reference periods that were tested for deriving EO anomalies (1, 3, 5, or 10 years). As such, it would appear that farmers are either responding to short-term weather conditions (e.g., intra-seasonal variability), or longer trends than were included in this study (e.g., 25–30 years), when planting. The methodologies used in this study, weekly SMS surveys, provide an operational means for estimating farmer behaviors–information which is traditionally difficult and costly to collect.

Lockdown-Associated Hunger May Be Affecting Breastfeeding: Findings from a Large SMS Survey in South Africa.

The impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had, and will continue to have, on food security and child health is especially concerning. A rapid, Short Message Service (SMS) Maternal and Child Health survey was conducted in South Africa in June 2020 (n = 3140), with a follow-up in July 2020 (n = 2287). This was a national cross-sectional survey conducted among pregnant women and mothers registered with the MomConnect mhealth platform. Logistic regression was conducted to explore the associations between breastfeeding, maternal depressive symptoms, and hunger in the household. High breastfeeding initiation rates and the early introduction of other foods or mixed milk feeding were found. The prevalence of depressive symptoms in this survey sample was 26.95%, but there was no association between breastfeeding behaviour and depressive symptom scores (OR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.63, 1.27). A positive correlation was found between not breastfeeding and not going to the health clinic. The odds of hungry mothers breastfeeding were significantly lower (OR = 0.66; p = 0.045). This result also holds in a multivariate framework, including covariates such as depressive symptoms, attendance of a PHC facility, and whether the infant was older than 3 months. Support for breastfeeding must include support, such as economic support, for breastfeeding mothers, to enable them to access nutritious diets. Mothers also need reassurance on the quality of their breastmilk and their ability to breastfeed and should be encouraged to continue to attend the health clinic regularly.

Understanding Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Adherence in Young Women in Kenya.

To present detailed analyses of long-term pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use and associated behaviors and perceptions among young Kenyan women. Prospective, observational cohort. The Monitoring PrEP among Young Adult women Study involved 18 to 24-year-old women at high HIV risk initiating PrEP in Kisumu and Thika, Kenya. Visits for PrEP counseling and dispensing, HIV testing, and socio-behavioral data collection occurred at Month 1 and quarterly for 2 years. PrEP adherence was measured with pharmacy refill and real-time electronic monitoring, plus tenofovir diphosphate levels in 15% of participants. HIV risk behavior and perception were assessed by self-report in weekly short message service surveys from Months 6-24. Predictors of adherence were assessed with multivariable logistic regression analysis. Three hundred forty-eight women (median age 21, VOICE risk score 7) were followed for 617 person-years. Pharmacy refills steadily declined from 100% (Month 0-1) to 54% (Months 22-24). Average electronically monitored adherence similarly declined from 65% (Month 0-1) to 15% (Months 22-24). Electronically monitored adherence had moderately high concordance with tenofovir diphosphate levels (67%). High average adherence (5+ doses/week) was seen at 385/1898 (20%) participant-visits and associated with low baseline VOICE risk score, >1 current sexual partner, ≤1-hour travel time to clinic, and the Kisumu site. short message service-reported behavior and risk perception were not associated with adherence. Four women acquired HIV (incidence 0.7/100 person-years). PrEP adherence was modest and declined over time. HIV risk was inconsistently associated with adherence; clinic access and site-level factors were also relevant. Relatively low HIV incidence suggests participants may have achieved protection through multiple strategies.

From program suspension to the pandemic: A qualitative examination of Australia’s vaccine pharmacovigilance system over 10 years

BackgroundIn 2010, the Australian seasonal influenza vaccination program for children under 5 years of age was suspended due to an unexpected increase in fever and febrile convulsions causally associated with one particular influenza vaccine brand. A subsequent national review made seven recommendations to improve vaccine pharmacovigilance. Ten years on, in advance of implementing the COVID-19 immunisation program, we evaluated views on the capacity of Australia’s vaccine pharmacovigilance system to promptly detect, examine and communicate a signal. MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted between July and October 2020 with individuals with expertise in vaccine safety in Australia using an interview guide informed by key Australian and international frameworks. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was used to code data using a deductive approach. ResultsInterviews with seventeen participants enabled six themes to be identified. Participants described improvement and significant innovation within Australia’s vaccine pharmacovigilance system over the decade since 2010, particularly through establishment of a new active, cohort event monitoring system using short message service surveys. Participants thought Australia had a good foundation for COVID-19 vaccine safety surveillance; implementation of the COVID-19 immunisation program was seen as a potential driver for ongoing enhancement through: a) improved integration of the active surveillance and spontaneous reporting systems, and; b) development of population-level active surveillance, including through data linkage. Transparent communication was considered essential to address the unprecedented challenges of COVID-19 and broader vaccine safety concerns. ConclusionsVaccine safety experts in Australia convey confidence in the innovative pharmacovigilance systems implemented over the past 10 years. While Australia has a multifaceted system incorporating both active surveillance and spontaneous reporting systems, COVID-19 vaccine implementation represents an opportunity to enhance current systems and to develop new, systematic approaches to vaccine pharmacovigilance that should make both a local and global contribution.

Utility of Short Message Service (SMS) for Remote Data Collection for HIV in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Purpose of ReviewShort message system (SMS) communication is widespread in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and may be a viable approach to address challenges with in-person data collection for HIV-related research and monitoring and evaluation. We reviewed the literature to characterize potential benefits and challenges with using SMS for remote data capture, including examples from HIV and sexual and reproductive health.Recent FindingsIn our review, we found that studies that have used SMS to capture sensitive, self-reported data found this was an acceptable and feasible strategy, and may reduce social desirability bias of self-reported data; but studies are limited. Shared phones and privacy concerns have been described as challenges, but can be addressed with enhanced security features. Response rates to SMS surveys varied significantly by topic, population, and setting.SummarySMS may improve generalizability and precision of health and behavior data for HIV in research and programs, but use in LMICs is limited. SMS systems should be carefully designed to overcome potential implementation hurdles.

Use of short message service for monitoring Zika-related behaviors in four Latin American countries: lessons learned from the field.

Effective response to widespread epidemics relies in part on rapidly changing information from affected communities as individuals react to emergency response efforts. The short message service (SMS) approach was used to monitor knowledge, prevention, and behavior during an outbreak of Zika cases in Honduras, El Salvador, the Dominican Republic, and Guatemala in 2017. SMS methods supported collection of monitoring data at a time of heightened reliance on communication via mobile phones, and when the use of phones for epidemic-related communication was amplified. SMS methods were used to collect monitoring data on knowledge of Zika risk and prevention, and behaviors to prevent Zika infection. Serial SMS surveys were conducted over a seven-month period to capture changing community perceptions of risk and behaviors to prevent Zika during the epidemic. This article discusses the development of the SMS surveys, from planning and designing tools to collecting the data, and the unique experiences encountered during survey implementation. Special considerations for the effective use of SMS for data collection are described, including market penetration of mobile phones, predominant phone types in use, preparation of communities and the target audience, options for tailoring questionnaires to the available technology, relationships with telecommunication companies, and supporting participants' ability to complete questionnaires. The article discusses issues related to the development of the questionnaires, context-specific challenges before and during implementation of the surveys, and creative strategies to overcome barriers. Lessons learned, and recommendations to increase opportunities for a successful SMS survey, are included. Understanding the social and economic context of mobile phone use in the target area and careful crafting of SMS questionnaires can produce useful data that may rival information captured through other approaches, such as Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) surveys. Despite the challenges experienced, there is room for more consistent and widespread use of SMS for data collection in Latin America.

A prospective cohort study comparing expulsion after postplacental insertion: the levonorgestrel versus the copper intrauterine device

ObjectivesTo compare the expulsion rate at 6 months after postplacental insertion by intrauterine device (IUD) type. Study designThis prospective cohort included participants with a postplacental IUD inserted after vaginal or cesarean delivery, aged 18–45 and ≥24 weeks’ gestation. Study enrollment took place after IUD selection and insertion. Participants returned for a postpartum visit and received a short message service survey regarding IUD expulsion, removal, vaginal bleeding and breastfeeding weekly from weeks 0 to 5 and on weeks 12 and 24 postpartum. Multivariable logistic regression examined 6-month expulsion rate by IUD type adjusting for variables that differed between the groups at baseline and in the bivariate analyses. ResultsOf 114 participants, 75 (65.8%) chose a levonorgestrel 52-mg IUD and 39 (34.2%) chose a copper IUD; 58 (50.9%) had a vaginal delivery, and 56 (49.1%) had a cesarean delivery. Groups were similar except that copper IUD users had a higher median parity (3 vs. 2, p=.03) and a higher proportion of senior residents compared to junior residents had performed insertion (46.2% vs. 22.7%, p=.02). The expulsion rate at 6 months was similar between the levonorgestrel and copper groups (26.7% and 20.5%, respectively; p=.38). Multivariable logistic regression also demonstrated that the odds of expulsion did not differ by IUD type (adjusted odds ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.22–4.48). ConclusionThe expulsion rate at 6 months after postplacental insertion did not differ between the levonorgestrel and copper IUD type. ImplicationsPrior studies demonstrate a wide range of expulsion after postplacental insertion, and recent data suggest a higher expulsion rate for the levonorgestrel compared to the copper intrauterine device. However, many studies did not control for patient-level factors or delivery route. We found that when controlling for these confounding variables, the expulsion rate at 6 months postpartum did not differ by intrauterine device type.

A clinic-based tablet application to support safer conception among HIV serodiscordant couples in Kenya: feasibility and acceptability study.

HIV serodiscordant couples are at heightened risk of HIV transmission when attempting to conceive, yet reproductive goals can outweigh concerns about HIV exposure. Safer conception strategies support fertility desires while minimizing HIV transmission risk and novel mHealth tools can optimize their use. The objective of this analysis is to examine the feasibility and usability of short message service (SMS) messages and a mobile application to support safer conception for HIV serodiscordant couples. We enrolled 74 heterosexual HIV serodiscordant couples with immediate pregnancy desires into a pilot safer conception intervention study in Thika, Kenya. Prior to pregnancy, women received daily 6-item SMS surveys to capture fertility indicators (e.g., menses, basal body temperature) and sexual behavior. The intervention also provided daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for the HIV-negative partner and in-depth counseling to accompany publicly-provided antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the HIV-infected partner. Couples attended monthly visits until pregnancy occurred. We measured PrEP use with medication event monitoring system (MEMS) caps and ART use via quarterly viral load quantification. We imported SMS, MEMS, and viral load data into an Android tablet application designed specifically for this setting for couples to view during clinic visits and included predictions of peak fertility days using SMS data. We used descriptive statistics to summarize SMS response data and developed a Google Analytics platform to monitor tablet application usage during follow-up. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 5 healthcare providers and 19 couples. Qualitative data were analyzed using a modified constant comparative approach to identify themes related to mHealth intervention feasibility and acceptability. In our sample, 34 (45.9%) couples had an HIV-infected female partner. The median age of the female partner was 30 years [interquartile range (IQR), 27-35 years], education was 10 years (IQR, 8-12 years), and partnership duration was 3 years (IQR, 2-7 years). Couples were followed for a median of 218 days (IQR, 116-348 days) prior to pregnancy. Participants completed 13,181 of 16,905 (78.0%) SMS surveys surveys sent with a median of 167 completed surveys (IQR, 74-299) per participant. Most participants completed at least 75% of the total SMS messages received (N=58; 77.3%). The tablet application was opened by counselors 1,806 times during the study period (March 2016 through April 2018). In qualitative interviews, the SMS messages were reportedly easy to respond to and "part of the daily routine". Few participants had concerns about message confidentiality. mHealth tools were also found to be acceptable for tracking fertility indicators and enhancing provider-patient communication. mHealth strategies are feasible to use and acceptable to support the delivery of safer conception intervention services among HIV serodiscordant couples in Kenya.

Short Message Service (SMS) Surveys Assessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Adherence and Sexual Behavior are Highly Acceptable Among HIV-Uninfected Members of Serodiscordant Couples in East Africa: A Mixed Methods Study.

Short message service (SMS) surveys are a promising data collection method and were used to measure sexual behavior and adherence to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among HIV-uninfected partners of serodiscordant couples enrolled in a sub-study of the Partners Demonstration Project (an open-label study of integrated antiretroviral therapy and PrEP for HIV prevention in Kenya and Uganda). Questionnaires were completed by 142 participants after study exit. Median age was 29years; 69% were male. Ninety-five percent (95%) felt SMS surveys were "easy" or "very easy", 74% reported no challenges, and 72% preferred SMS surveys over in-person study visits. Qualitative interviews involving 32 participants confirmed the ease of responding to SMS surveys. Participants also indicated that surveys acted as reminders for adherence to PrEP and condom use and were experienced as support from the study. SMS surveys were generally found to be acceptable in this population and provided real-time context of PrEP use.

Using SMS Technology to Survey Low‐Income Youth: Lessons from a Vocational Education Tracking Study in Kenya

AbstractTracking graduates of job training programs is increasingly important, given high youth unemployment and the need to understand labour market outcomes to inform policy and program decisions. We describe the strengths and weaknesses of using text messaging to survey 2180 graduates of Vocational Training Centres in three Kenyan counties. The response rate was 18 percent. The short message service survey over‐represented urban graduates and those from private Vocational Training Centres, and 39 percent were answered by someone other than the intended respondent—seriously jeopardizing data quality. We report lessons learned and offer recommendations for designing graduate tracking surveys. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

High Stakes, Low Resources: What Mode(s) Should Youth Employment Training Programs Use to Track Alumni? Evidence From South Africa

AbstractAlumni tracking surveys are critical for evaluating and improving youth employment training programmes. However, there is little evidence about how to design these surveys, especially in less developed countries. We conducted short message service and Web surveys of alumni of a South African employment training programme. Short message service surveys returned higher response rates and more representative data than Web surveys, albeit at three times the cost. Combining modes increased data quality but may not be warranted, given the additional cost and complexity. This evidence suggests that training programmes can feasibly collect quality, actionable data on their alumni, even with constrained budgets and staff. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Brief Report: Context Matters: PrEP Adherence is Associated With Sexual Behavior Among HIV Serodiscordant Couples in East Africa.

Short message service (SMS) surveys are a promising tool for understanding whether preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence aligns with risk for HIV acquisition-a concept known as prevention-effective adherence. The Partners Demonstration Project was an open-label study of integrated PrEP and antiretroviral therapy (ART) delivery among high-risk HIV serodiscordant couples in East Africa. HIV-uninfected partners were offered PrEP until their HIV-infected partner had taken ART for ≥6 months. At 2 study sites, HIV-uninfected partners were offered enrollment into the Partners Mobile Adherence to PrEP (PMAP) substudy based on ongoing PrEP use, personal cell phone ownership, and ability to use SMS. SMS surveys asked about PrEP adherence and sexual activity in the previous 24 hours; these surveys were sent daily for the 7 days before and 7 days after routine study visits in the Partners Demonstration Project. The PMAP substudy enrolled 373 HIV-uninfected partners; 69% were men and mean age was 31 years. Participants completed 17,030 of 23,056 SMS surveys sent (74%) with a mean of 47 surveys per participant over 9.8 months of follow-up. While HIV-infected partner use of ART was <6 months, mean reported PrEP adherence was 92% on surveys concurrently reporting sex within the serodiscordant partnership, and 84% on surveys reporting no sex (P < 0.001). SMS surveys provided daily assessment of concurrent PrEP adherence and sexual behavior. Higher PrEP adherence was temporally associated with increased risk for HIV acquisition.

Technological methods to measure adherence to antiretroviral therapy and preexposure prophylaxis.

The WHO's Consolidated Guidelines (2016) call for research on improved methods to proactively monitor adherence and identify those individuals who have the greatest needs for adherence support. This review aims to elucidate the latest technologies available to measure adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy and preexposure prophylaxis against HIV infection and present their utility in various settings and populations. Within the last few years, advances have been made in the features of existing technology to measure adherence (real-time electronic adherence measurements), additional approaches have been developed (digital medicine systems) and improved (short message service surveys), and point of care testing for pharmacokinetic measures are under development. Technology advances in adherence measurement are promising for improved accuracy and, in some cases, the ability to intervene with adherence challenges in real time. This progress will greatly further our understanding of adherence behavior, as well as the ability to effectively link interventions with individuals who need them, thus maximizing the clinical and public health benefits of both antiretroviral therapy and preexposure prophylaxis.

Mobile Phone Surveys for Collecting Population-Level Estimates in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Literature Review.

BackgroundNational and subnational level surveys are important for monitoring disease burden, prioritizing resource allocation, and evaluating public health policies. As mobile phone access and ownership become more common globally, mobile phone surveys (MPSs) offer an opportunity to supplement traditional public health household surveys.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to systematically review the current landscape of MPSs to collect population-level estimates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).MethodsPrimary and gray literature from 7 online databases were systematically searched for studies that deployed MPSs to collect population-level estimates. Titles and abstracts were screened on primary inclusion and exclusion criteria by two research assistants. Articles that met primary screening requirements were read in full and screened for secondary eligibility criteria. Articles included in review were grouped into the following three categories by their survey modality: (1) interactive voice response (IVR), (2) short message service (SMS), and (3) human operator or computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI). Data were abstracted by two research assistants. The conduct and reporting of the review conformed to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement.ResultsA total of 6625 articles were identified through the literature review. Overall, 11 articles were identified that contained 19 MPS (CATI, IVR, or SMS) surveys to collect population-level estimates across a range of topics. MPSs were used in Latin America (n=8), the Middle East (n=1), South Asia (n=2), and sub-Saharan Africa (n=8). Nine articles presented results for 10 CATI surveys (10/19, 53%). Two articles discussed the findings of 6 IVR surveys (6/19, 32%). Three SMS surveys were identified from 2 articles (3/19, 16%). Approximately 63% (12/19) of MPS were delivered to mobile phone numbers collected from previously administered household surveys. The majority of MPS (11/19, 58%) were panel surveys where a cohort of participants, who often were provided a mobile phone upon a face-to-face enrollment, were surveyed multiple times.ConclusionsVery few reports of population-level MPS were identified. Of the MPS that were identified, the majority of surveys were conducted using CATI. Due to the limited number of identified IVR and SMS surveys, the relative advantages and disadvantages among the three survey modalities cannot be adequately assessed. The majority of MPS were sent to mobile phone numbers that were collected from a previously administered household survey. There is limited evidence on whether a random digit dialing (RDD) approach or a simple random sample of mobile network provided list of numbers can produce a population representative survey.

Building the Evidence Base for Remote Data Collection in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Comparing Reliability and Accuracy Across Survey Modalities.

BackgroundGiven the growing interest in mobile data collection due to the proliferation of mobile phone ownership and network coverage in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), we synthesized the evidence comparing estimates of health outcomes from multiple modes of data collection. In particular, we reviewed studies that compared a mode of remote data collection with at least one other mode of data collection to identify mode effects and areas for further research.ObjectiveThe study systematically reviewed and summarized the findings from articles and reports that compare a mode of remote data collection to at least one other mode. The aim of this synthesis was to assess the reliability and accuracy of results.MethodsSeven online databases were systematically searched for primary and grey literature pertaining to remote data collection in LMICs. Remote data collection included interactive voice response (IVR), computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI), short message service (SMS), self-administered questionnaires (SAQ), and Web surveys. Two authors of this study reviewed the abstracts to identify articles which met the primary inclusion criteria. These criteria required that the survey collected the data from the respondent via mobile phone or landline. Articles that met the primary screening criteria were read in full and were screened using secondary inclusion criteria. The four secondary inclusion criteria were that two or more modes of data collection were compared, at least one mode of data collection in the study was a mobile phone survey, the study had to be conducted in a LMIC, and finally, the study should include a health component.ResultsOf the 11,568 articles screened, 10 articles were included in this study. Seven distinct modes of remote data collection were identified: CATI, SMS (singular sitting and modular design), IVR, SAQ, and Web surveys (mobile phone and personal computer). CATI was the most frequent remote mode (n=5 articles). Of the three in-person modes (face-to-face [FTF], in-person SAQ, and in-person IVR), FTF was the most common (n=11) mode. The 10 articles made 25 mode comparisons, of which 12 comparisons were from a single article. Six of the 10 articles included sensitive questions.ConclusionsThis literature review summarizes the existing research about remote data collection in LMICs. Due to both heterogeneity of outcomes and the limited number of comparisons, this literature review is best positioned to present the current evidence and knowledge gaps rather than attempt to draw conclusions. In order to advance the field of remote data collection, studies that employ standardized sampling methodologies and study designs are necessary to evaluate the potential for differences by survey modality.

Use of SMS-Based Surveys in the Rapid Response to the Ebola Outbreak in Liberia: Opening Community Dialogue

During an emerging health crisis like the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, communicating with communities to learn from them and to provide timely information can be a challenge. Insight into community thinking, however, is crucial for developing appropriate communication content and strategies and for monitoring the progress of the emergency response. In November 2014, the Health Communication Capacity Collaborative partnered with GeoPoll to implement a Short Message Service (SMS)–based survey that could create a link with affected communities and help guide the communication response to Ebola. The ideation metatheory of communication and behavior change guided the design of the survey questionnaire, which produced critical insights into trusted sources of information, knowledge of transmission modes, and perceived risks—all factors relevant to the design of an effective communication response that further catalyzed ongoing community actions. The use of GeoPoll’s infrastructure for data collection proved a crucial source of almost-real-time data. It allowed for rapid data collection and processing under chaotic field conditions. Though not a replacement for standard survey methodologies, SMS surveys can provide quick answers within a larger research process to decide on immediate steps for communication strategies when the demand for speedy emergency response is high. They can also help frame additional research as the response evolves and overall monitor the pulse of the situation at any point in time.

The Impact of SMS-Based Interventions on VMMC Uptake in Lusaka Province, Zambia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Introduction:Zambia has high HIV prevalence and low voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) rates, heightening the need for effective VMMC demand generation strategies for HIV prevention.Methods:A 3-arm randomized controlled trial measured the impact of 2 short message service (SMS) campaigns on self-reported and verified VMMC uptake over 6 months in Lusaka Province. The study enrolled 2312 uncircumcised males aged 15–30 previously subscribed on Zambia U-Report, an existing SMS platform providing confidential, free counseling services relevant to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Participants in the “Conventional” campaign group received a standard package of messages promoting VMMC. Messages sent to the “Tailored” campaign group were targeted at participants' intention level to get circumcised. The control group had routine counselor access through SMS. Data were collected using SMS surveys, and verification of self-reported VMMC uptake used health facility client data.Results:Six-month self-reported VMMC uptake was 11.6%, 12.6%, and 10.4% in the Conventional, Tailored, and control arms, respectively; verified uptake was 1.8%, 1.1%, and 1.5%. Using multivariate logistic regression, the adjusted odds ratio of self-reported VMMC uptake was 1.17 (95% CI: 0.80 to 1.72) in the Conventional campaign arm compared with the control arm and 1.24 (95% CI: 0.84 to 1.81) in the Tailored campaign arm. The adjusted odds ratios of verified VMMC uptake in the Conventional and Tailored campaign arms were 1.34 (95% CI: 0.45 to 4.02) and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.20 to 2.23), respectively.Conclusions:Neither SMS campaign had statistically significant impact on VMMC uptake compared with routine SMS counseling. Future research is necessary to fully understand the potential of SMS-based tools for VMMC demand creation.