Short Message Service Messages Research Articles

Bayesian Classification for SMS Spam Detection in Mobile Devices

Abstract: The abundance of unwanted spam messages complicates the use of Short Message Service (SMS) for efficient communication in modern times. This study investigates developing and utilizing a Naive Bayes Theorem-based Ham/Spam detection system. Because of its ease of use and effectiveness in text classification tasks, the Naive Bayes classifier is used. A collection of SMS messages labeled as” spam” or” ham” (non-spam) makes up the dataset that was used for testing and training. Preprocessing methods, including tokenization, stop-word elimination, and stemming, are employed to extract pertinent features from the text messages. The Naive Bayes classifier learns how words relate to whether they’re in a spam or non-spam message by looking at some examples from the dataset. Utilizing criteria such as accuracy, precision, and confusion matrix on a separate testing set, the classifier’s performance is evaluated. Additionally, the impact of varying parameters such as smoothing techniques and feature selection methods on the classifier’s performance is analyzed. The experimental results used to distinguishing between ham and spam messages in SMS communication

Demonstrating Spoofability of an Originating Number when Sending an SMS using SMPP

The short message service (SMS), a service for exchanging texts via mobile networks, has become a universal means of communication. SMS is a mechanism for sending a text message to a specific mobile phone number. Its protocol enables the sender to specify the destination phone number but not the originating number. However, the short message peer-to-peer (SMPP) protocol, which forwards SMS messages, enables the sender to specify the originating number. If the SMPP protocol allows the sender to specify another person’s phone number as the originator, an attacker can use it to send a short message impersonating another person. In this study, short messages were sent from an SMPP gateway service with any phone number specified as the originator, and their delivery to the Japanese mobile network was verified. All the verified mobile network operators (MNOs) were able to spoof the origin to any international phone number, and one MNO was able to spoof it to any national phone number. The results of this study reveal that SMPP can potentially be exploited to spoof the originating number of an SMS. Furthermore, a threat scenario was devised using spoofing and mitigation measures.

An intelligent auto-response short message service categorization model using semantic index

Short message service (SMS) is one of the quickest and easiest ways used for communication, used by businesses, government organizations, and banks to send short messages to large groups of people. Categorization of SMS under different message types in their inboxes will provide a concise view for receivers. Former studies on the said problem are at the binary level as ham or spam which triggered the masking of specific messages that were useful to the end user but were treated as spam. Further, it is extended with multi labels such as ham, spam, and others which is not sufficient to meet all the necessities of end users. Hence, a multi-class SMS categorization is needed based on the semantics (information) embedded in it. This paper introduces an intelligent auto-response model using a semantic index for categorizing SMS messages into 5 categories: ham, spam, info, transactions, and one time password’s, using the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) algorithm. In this approach, each SMS is classified into one of the predefined categories. This experiment was conducted on the “multi-class SMS dataset” with 7,398 messages, which are differentiated into 5 classes. The accuracy obtained from the experiment was 97%.

User-Centered Design to Develop Automated Short Message Service Messaging for Patient Support of Rheumatic Heart Disease Secondary Antibiotic Prophylaxis.

The Active Community Case Management Platform is a cloud-based technology developed to facilitate rheumatic heart disease case management by health care providers. This study aimed to design and pilot an automated short message service (SMS) intervention to support secondary prophylaxis adherence. We developed a concise library of messages to support secondary antibiotic prophylaxis. The SMS intervention used TextIT, an interface that enables users to send out interactive SMS messages at scale. The message bank was piloted in a cohort of 50 patients with rheumatic heart disease randomized into 2 groups. Group 1 received standard support (nurse-led/Active Community Case Management Platform). Group 2 received standard support plus SMS intervention for 2 months in the Lira and Gulu districts of Northern Uganda. We collected qualitative data on participants' experiences and assessed treatment adherence. Using a sequential user-centered process consisting of 4 phases (phases 1-4), we developed a message bank (n=43) deployed during our pilot study. There were no between-group differences in treatment adherence or acceptance. Interviews of participants indicated that the intervention was viewed positively. A total of 75% of SMS recipients responded to the messages, and 25% called the study staff to acknowledge receipt of text messages. This study has successfully developed a bank of SMS messages to support secondary antibiotic prophylaxis adherence. We have demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of SMS technology in rheumatic heart disease care management. Future work will include integrating automated SMS into the Active Community Case Management Platform and a larger study of integrated SMS to reduce health care worker burden for patient support and improve adherence to secondary antibiotic prophylaxis.

SMS Security by Elliptic Curve and Chaotic Encryption Algorithms

Short message services (SMS) represent one of the components of the global communications network and are one of the important developments in communication technologies and communications technology. SMS messages without a password are stored in the SMS server. For the purpose of review and dispute resolution. The security of SMS content cannot be protected because it is transmitted in plain text and is accessible to network operators and employees. Therefore, the end-to-end key is based on encryption and decryption technology can provide SMS security. The security protocols used for SMS security on contemporary mobile devices were examined in this study. SMS security system encryption time affects how well mobile devices work. This shows that security technologies take longer to generate keys and encrypt keys as the key size increases. Due to the limited processing power of mobile devices, large-scale algorithms such as DES, AES, RC4, and Blowfish are not suitable for SMS encryption. SMS may be encrypted using the elliptic curve technique because it provides great security with a smaller key on devices with limited resources, such as mobile phones. And chaotic theory, encryption is simple, fast and secure data encryption. As a result, a combination of elliptic curve algorithm and chaotic encryption algorithm is proposed to achieve a high level of security. In this paper, several tests have been done to compare the algorithms in terms of throughput, power consumption, SMS size, encoding time, and decoding time. The results indicate that the proposed method is better than the comparison method.

The Impact of Brief Text Messages on Critical Care Nurses’ Ability to Interpret Arrhythmia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: A lack of electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation competency could threaten patient safety, and there is an urgent need to improve nurses’ abilities to identify life-threatening arrhythmias. Aim: To check the hypothesis that Coronary Care Units (CCUs) nurses who received Short Message Service (SMS) data concerning irregular cardiac rhythms can better interpret cardiac arrhythmias than the control group. Methods: WhatsApp messages were sent to the intervention group two times a week for 10 weeks. At the baseline line, the test was given to both groups, while reassessment was done on the same day as the last WhatsApp SMS. Results: The intervention score increased after receiving SMS messages compared to the control group (M[SD]; 16.60 ± 2.23 vs. 11.40 ± 3.10, t=10.40, p <0.001). Implications for Nursing: Text messaging is a cost-effective, time-saving, and practical tool of mobile learning and enhance nurses’ ECG interpretation skills. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that sending SMS messages using WhatsApp is practical and useful for improving nurses’ cardiac arrhythmia interpretation skills. Clinical Trial Study Registration Number: NCT 05419554

Twelve-month effectiveness of telephone and SMS support to mothers with children aged 2 years in reducing children’s BMI: a randomized controlled trial

Background/objectivesFew quality intervention studies have assessed whether a combined telephone and short message service (SMS) intervention to mothers is effective in reducing BMI and obesity risk behaviors of children at 3 years of age. This study aimed to assess effectiveness of telephone and SMS support in reducing children’s body mass index (BMI) and obesity risk behaviors.Subjects/MethodsA randomized controlled trial (RCT) with 662 women of 2-year-old children (with the proportion of overweight and obesity being similar to the general population) was conducted in Sydney, Australia, March 2019–October 2020. The mothers in the intervention group received three telephone support sessions plus SMS messages and mailed-intervention-booklets over a 12 months period i.e., 24–26, 28–30, and 32–34 months of the child’s age. Mothers in the control group received usual care and two mailed booklets on information not related to the intervention. The primary outcome was child’s BMI at 3 years of age. Secondary outcomes were children’s dietary and activity behaviors. All outcome measures were based on mothers’ self-report using standardized tools due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions.Results537 (81%) mothers completed the post-intervention assessment at 3 years with only 470 (71%) children having weight and height measures. Multiple imputation analysis showed no statistically significant difference in mean BMI between the groups. Children in the intervention group were more likely not to eat in front of the TV [AOR 1.79 (95% CI 1.17–2.73), P = 0.008], more likely to meet the dietary recommendations [AOR 1.73 (95% CI 0.99–3.02), P = 0.054] and meet the activity recommendations [AOR 1.72 (95% CI 1.11–2.67), P = 0.015] than those in the control group respectively. Among those with an annual household income (<AUD$80,000), the intervention was significantly associated with a lower mean BMI [16.26 (SD 2.22) kg.m−2] in the intervention group than [16.84 (SD 2.37)] in the control, a difference of −0.59 kg/m2 (95% CI: −1.15 to −0.03, P = 0.040).ConclusionsA staged telephone and SMS support intervention to mothers with children aged 2 years was associated with improved dietary and activity behaviors. The intervention was also associated with reduced children’s BMI at age 3 years only for those from lower income households.Trial registrationThe trial is registered with the Australian Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12618001571268)

Reasons for non-attendance in youth mental health clinics: Insights from mobile messaging communications.

Non-attendance at appointments in youth mental health services is a common problem which contributes to reduced service effectiveness and unmet needs. Reasons cited by young people for non-attendance are poorly understood. Information derived from short-message-service (SMS) conversations about appointments between patients and clinicians can uncover new insights about the circumstances leading to 'did not attend' events. Text messages between young people and clinicians were examined in a retrospective audit of medical records in two youth mental health services in Perth, Australia. Frequently non-attending young people aged 16-24 (n=40) engaged in 302 SMS message chains about appointments. Mixed methods included quantitative data and qualitative thematic analysis of textual data. Medical reasons (32/190, 16.8%) and forgetfulness (20/190, 10.5%) were the most frequent reasons for non-attendance. Major issues included non-avoidable events while others were potentially preventable and could be addressed by the service. The analysis of mobile communications in clinical practice can be used for service evaluation and to reveal barriers that impede attendance to ongoing care.

Acceptability of short message service (SMS) as a tool for malaria treatment adherence in the Brazilian Amazon: a qualitative study.

Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity worldwide, and patient adherence to prescribed antimalarials is essential for effective treatment. This cross-sectional study, with in-depth telephone interviews, analyzed participants' perceptions of short message service (SMS) in adherence to treatment. Five thematic categories emerged: decreased forgetfulness, the novelty of the tool, easy-to-understand language, the impact of SMS messages during treatment, and suggestions for improvement and complaints. SMS could assist patients in adhering to prescribed antimalarials.

Metaheuristic Optimized Ensemble Model for Classification of SMS Spam in Computer Networks

By use of electronic communication, we are able to communicate a message to the recipient. In this digital age, a collaboration between several people is possible thanks to a variety of digital technologies. This interaction may take place in a variety of media formats, including but not limited to text, images, sound, and language. Today, a person's primary means of communication is their smart gadget, most commonly a cell phone. Spam is another side effect of our increasingly text-based modes of communication. We received a bunch of spam texts on our phones, and we know they're not from anyone we know. The vast majority of businesses nowadays use spam texts to advertise their wares, even when recipients have explicitly requested not to receive such messages. As a rule, there are many more spam emails than genuine ones. We apply text classification approaches to define short messaging service (SMS) and spam filtering in this study, which effectively categorizes messages. In this paper, we use machine learning algorithms and metaheuristic optimization to determine what percentage of incoming SMS messages are spam. This is why we used the optimized models to evaluate and contrast many classification strategies for gathering data.

SMS Spam Detection using Relevance Vector Machine

Spam in Short Message Service(SMS) is a serious issue that impacts mobile phone consumers all around the world. Many strategies have been applied using several deep learning and machine learning techniques to overcome these issues. The bagging approach is used in the study to combine four different algorithms, namely RVM, SVM, Naive Bayes, and KNN. Then the final prediction is calculated from the predictions obtained from each of these algorithms by using a majority-based voting approach. So, this paper offers research on the comparative analysis of various text classification algorithms for accurately detecting and classifying spam SMS messages. The dataset is first preprocessed and then vectorized using the TF-IDF method which gives more importance to the less frequent words rather than common words. The Relevance vector machine (RVM) implementation on the dataset, achieves the best performance on this dataset with an F1 score of 0.975175. According to the study's findings, the suggested RVM model may successfully categorize SMS spam messages and be applied in practical settings.

Rumour spread and control during the West African Ebola epidemic in Liberia.

The severity of the 2014-15 West African Ebola epidemic in Liberia was coupled with widespread misunderstanding of the virus among citizens and the proliferation of rumours. Rumour control during outbreaks is imperative to reduce the public's fears about a disease. In Liberia, a tracker system was developed to detect rumours as quickly as possible through SMS (short message service) text messaging. This study focused on assessing rumour circulation in newspapers and on radio and rumour control over time. It relied on a content analysis of SMS messages from the 'DeySay' tracker, print and audio communications of newspapers, and radio programmes, in the time frame between January 2014 and March 2015. The findings show that more rumours appeared in newspapers but were more likely to be overtly characterised as such on the radio. DeySay accurately predicted rumours before they appeared on the radio and in newspapers, supporting its usefulness in future health epidemics.

Islamic events reminder system via short message service notifications alert

For persons working in the field of modern technology, the lack of awareness about Islamic events remains a significant obstacle. One of the numerous reasons why the event gets forgotten on its designated date. This prompted the creation of an automatic reminder system with mobile technology integration. This paper has the purpose of assisting people in remembering their daily Islamic events, as well as serving as a model for informing people of Islamic occasions via short message service (SMS) notifications. As a result, the main goal is to develop an Islamic model that uses SMS to inform people. To develop a free system based on the concept of recalling the most significant events in Muslim history in order to keep people informed. (Microsoft Visual Studio.net and Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio Express) as our main database. The text message reminder system is made up of two parts: an SMS application for automatic text messaging and a web-based application for customer registration and automatic reminder scheduling. The automated method delivered 100% of the SMS messages to the participants throughout the pilot testing. Finally, the system displayed a notice indicating that the text messages were successfully despatched, and the application was confirmed to be functional.

Texting in a crisis-using SMS for information and emotional support during COVID-19: A mixed methods research study.

In the era of new media, short message service (SMS) is no longer seen as advantageous and it is no longer used very much by the Chinese public. However, as a traditional media, local governments managing public health crises used SMS as a way of meeting the public's need for emotional support during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study examined 108 SMS texts pushed to phones in Chongqing between January and December 2020, and carried out in-depth interviews with ten interviewees. This mixed research method of descriptive and grounded theory analysis was designed to investigate how SMS was used to communicate prevention guidelines and give emotional support during COVID-19. The results show that Chongqing Municipal Health and Health Commission gained the public's attention with SMS messages consisting of neutral, objective advice, and guidance to reduce people's anxiety and panic. However, with the stabilization of COVID-19, SMS has once again been discarded by users, including the public health sector. The study found that the emotional support offered by SMS was limited to the elderly, a subset of the population considered to be weak users of the internet. SMS has been replaced by other technologies, but along with other media, such as official media and social media, it has shaped the media communication environment and served as an emotional support channel for the public. Undoubtedly,the use of SMS during COVID-19 presents a research opportunity for exploring its capacity for prevention, control and emotional support.

Abstract 14191: Text Message Reminders Are Feasible in Haiti and May Increase Clinic Attendance for Non-Communicable Diseases: A Pilot Study

Introduction: Chronic non-communicable disease (NCD) care requires long-term compliance with clinic appointments. In rural Haiti, remembering appointments is a barrier to visit adherence. While short message service (SMS) text reminders can improve attendance in other settings, this has not been assessed Haiti. This quality improvement study assesses the feasibility and acceptability of using SMS reminders to promote clinic attendance in rural Haiti. Methods: We included patients at the NCD and type 1 diabetes clinics of Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais, Haiti. Patients with upcoming visits were sent 2 SMS reminders 3 days and 1 day before their visit. Patients who attended their clinic visit completed a survey regarding the feasibility, acceptability, and usefulness of the SMS reminders. The primary study outcome was the proportion of patients who received SMS messages. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of patients who found SMS reminders acceptable, missed clinic appointments, and could not be reached by phone. Results: Of the 96 patients with scheduled visits during the study period, we sent SMS reminders to 88 (91.2%) patients; 8 did not have recorded phone numbers. 25% of patients missed their visit and 9% were unable to be reached by phone. The 72 patients that attended their visit had a mean age of 49.5 years and 58.2% were female. Half of those who attended their visit (36) received the SMS. Of the 36 patients that received the SMS, 100% liked the reminder, 97.2% wanted to receive future messages, and 22.2% reported they would not have attended their visit without the reminder. Of the 36 patients who did not receive the SMS, 14 (38.9%) had a new phone number while 12 (33.3%) did not have access to a phone. The biggest patient-reported barriers to receiving SMS were inconsistent cellular signal (25%) and lack of access to a phone (22%). Conclusion: Sending SMS reminders was feasible and acceptable to NCD patients in rural Haiti. The messages were universally liked by the patients who received them and influenced the decision to attend their visit. For some patients, inconsistent signal and lack of phone access will need to be addressed. If implemented at full scale, SMS reminders could significantly improve appointment attendance in rural Haiti.

Systematic Literature Review of Text Messaging Interventions to Promote Medication Adherence Among People With Serious Mental Illness.

Mobile health tools are feasible options to encourage behavior change among patients with serious mental illness. Mobile health tools vary widely, both in platforms used and content delivered. This literature review assessed the use of text messaging interventions to promote medication adherence among patients with serious mental illness. A systematic literature review using PRISMA guidelines examined short message service (SMS) text messaging interventions promoting medication adherence to people with a serious mental illness diagnosis. Databases included PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Data extraction included demographic information, participant diagnoses, intervention components, medication class, adherence measures, research design, and study outcomes. Study quality was also assessed. Of 114 full-text articles screened, 10 articles were selected from nine unique interventions (N=937 people with serious mental illness). Study durations ranged from 30 days to 18 months, with frequency of SMS ranging from twice weekly to 12 times daily. Of the nine unique trials, most reported using an automated server to deliver SMS messages (N=7), two-way SMS capabilities (N=6), customized message content or timing (N=7), and additional components (e.g., provider contact, educational content, and monetary rewards) (N=7). Seven of the 10 articles reported statistically significant improvement in medication adherence and in at least one clinical outcome. Evidence to date indicates that text messaging interventions are feasible and appear to improve medication adherence and clinical outcomes among patients with serious mental illness. Future research should assess implementation approaches and how to scale up efforts in nonresearch settings.

Community health workers and mHealth systems for hearing screening in rural Nicaraguan schoolchildren.

BackgroundWe aimed to investigate the effectiveness of using minimally trained community health workers (CHW) to screen schoolchildren in rural Nicaragua for hearing loss using a tablet-based audiometric system integrated with asynchronous telehealth evaluations and mobile health (mHealth) appointment reminders.MethodsA population-based survey was conducted using community health workers (CHWs) to perform tablet-based audiometry, asynchronous telehealth evaluations, and mHealth reminders to screen 3398 school children (7-9 years of age) in 92 rural Nicaraguan communities. The accuracy of screening, test duration, testing efficiency, telehealth data validity, and compliance with recommended clinic visits were analyzed.ResultsMinimally trained CHWs successfully screened children within remote rural schools with automated audiometry (test duration = 5.8 minutes) followed by manual audiometry if needed (test duration = 4.3 minutes) with an estimated manual audiometry validity of 98.5% based on a review of convergence patterns. For children who were referred based on audiometry, the otoscopy and tympanometry obtained during telehealth evaluations were high quality (as reviewed by 3 experts) in 44.6% and 80.1% of ears, respectively. A combination of automated short message service (SMS) text messages and voice reminders resulted in a follow-up compliance of 75.2%. No families responded to SMS messages alone.ConclusionsTablet-based hearing screening administered by minimally trained CHWs is feasible and effective in low- and middle-income countries. Manual audiometry was as efficient as automated audiometry in this setting. The physical exam tasks of otoscopy and tympanometry require additional training. Mobile phone messages improve compliance for confirmatory audiometry, but the utility of SMS messaging alone is unclear in this population.

Risk factors for stillbirth and neonatal mortality among participants in Mobile WACh NEO pilot, a two-way SMS communication program in Kenya.

Globally, 2.5 million neonates die and 2 million more are stillborn each year; the vast majority occur where access to life-saving care is limited. High quality, feasible interventions are needed to reach, educate and empower pregnant women and new mothers to improve care-seeking behaviors. Mobile WACh (Mobile solutions for Women's and Children's health) NEO is a human-computer hybrid mobile health (mHealth) system that allows for two-way short message service (SMS) communication between women and healthcare workers during the peripartum period. We performed a secondary prospective cohort analysis of data from the Mobile WACh NEO pilot study to determine maternal characteristics associated with neonatal death and stillbirth and examine participant messaging associated with these events. Pregnant women were enrolled at two Kenyan public health clinics between 28-36 weeks gestation. They received personalized, educational, action-oriented SMS messages during pregnancy and through 14 weeks postpartum. Participants could message the study at any time and study nurses responded. Standardized questionnaires assessed participant characteristics at baseline and 14 weeks postpartum. Outcomes were ascertained at study visits or by SMS report. Among 798 pregnant women enrolled, median age was 24 years [IQR 21, 29], 37% were primiparous and 92% used SMS as a primary mode of communication. Seventeen neonatal deaths and 13 stillbirths occurred. Older maternal age was associated with increased risk of stillbirth [aRR 1.12 (CI 1.02-1.24), p <0.05]. We found no significant predictors of neonatal death. Participant messaging to study nurse about concerns in the week preceding death was less common prior to infant death after discharge home from facility birth (9%) than prior to stillbirth (23%). We found limited predictors of neonatal death and stillbirth, suggesting identifying women prenatally for targeted support may not be a feasible strategy. Scarce messaging from mothers whose neonates died may reflect difficulties identifying illness or rapid deterioration and needs to be better understood to design and test interventions for this high-risk period. Messaging prior to stillbirth, while at similar levels as other periods, does not appear to have an impact as most women do not experience identifiable signs or symptoms prior to the event.

Design and realization of low-cost solenoid valve remotely controlled, application in irrigation network

The remote and automated irrigation system of farmlands can avoid and minimize the waste of water and energy resources. This can be done with the remote-control of the solenoid-valves. A new solenoid-valve was designed and built from a simple valve with a motor and switches. The remote and automated irrigation system can monitor and receive requests via short message service (SMS) or web interface for controlling pump or solenoid-valves connected to the system. After each operation performed by the system, users receive notifications via SMS messages that contain the real-time status of the solenoid-valves controlled or temperature and humidity value. This system was created using Raspberry-Pi as the system control center. It has been connected to several sensors, and raspicam is used to take photo or video capture in real-time after the users’ request, and the global system mobile (GSM) module is a communication interface used to receive requests for controlling the irrigation system or to send notifications to users. A website is also developed for consultation and control of all that it contains in the system remotely. The result of this research aims to build a secure remote and automated irrigation system including low-cost solenoid-valve with Raspberry-Pi based on control and notification via SMS and web-page.

Developing a culturally tailored short message service (SMS) intervention for improving the uptake of cervical cancer screening among Ghanaian women in urban communities

BackgroundThere has been extensive research across the globe to understand the barriers and facilitators of cervical cancer (CC) screening. However, few studies have focused on how such information has been used to develop text messages for mHealth screening programs, especially in resource-poor countries. This study elicited information on barriers and facilitators, the preferences of women regarding the modalities for delivery of health SMS messages on screening for cervical cancer, and demonstrates how this information was used to create a health screening program among women in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana.MethodsFour main activities were carried out, including (1) a total of five focus group discussions, (2) a baseline survey involving 62 female bankers and 68 women from the communities, (3) a stakeholder meeting involving experts in cervical cancer research and clinical care, and (4) pilot testing of the text messages. Focus group discussions and the baseline survey data were collected concurrently between February and May 2017 and the results were used to develop 5 specific communication objectives during the stakeholder engagements held in June 2017.ResultsIn all, 32 text messages were developed and pretested in July 2017(13 addressed knowledge on CC; 6 highlighted the importance of early detection; 5 allayed fear as a barrier to CC screening; 5 encouraged women to have time for their health, and 3 messages contained information on where to go for screening and the cost involved). Although awareness about the disease was high, knowledge of CC screening was low. For two-thirds of respondents (22/33), perceived lack of time, high cost, and fear (of cc, screening procedure, and potential for negative outcome) accounted for the reasons why respondents will not go for screening, while education on CC, especially from health workers and the mass media enabled uptake of CC screening.ConclusionSeveral factors prevent women from accessing screening services for CC, however, barriers such as low levels of education on CC, lack of time, and fear can be targeted in SMS messaging programs.